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The Alismataceae family, widely distributed across tropical temperate swamps and wetlands, includes 15 genera post-merger with Limnocharitaceae. In Argentina, six genera are represented across three clades. Embryological characters, notably the male gametophyte and anther, are crucial in taxonomy due to their stability against environmental changes. This study aims to analyze the ultrastructure of the tapetum and pollen grain development in three economically and ecologically important species representing each clade: Sagittaria montevidensis (Clade A), Hydrocleys nymphoides (Clade B), and Alisma plantago-aquatica (Clade C). Anthers at different developmental stages were processed according to classic techniques for their observation with bright-field and transmission electron microscopy. The three studied species within the Alismataceae family exhibit similar reproductive characteristics. Seven stages of pollen grain development were identified. The microsporogenesis is successive with a regular meiosis. The ultrastructure of the tapetal cells shows similarities to other species with plasmodial tapetum. During the microspore tetrad stage, there is tapetal hyperactivity and an increase in secretion processes. In the free microspore stage, the tapetal cells lose their walls and increase the amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum forming a network of cisternae that extend into evaginations. Later cells completely invade the anther locule and fuse to form a tapetal plasmodium. No peritapetal membrane with orbicules was observed. Pollen is released at the tricellular stage. The pollen grain wall presents an ectexine with a basal layer, columellae, and tectum with supratectal spines while an endexine is not observed in any of the three species. This research enhances the understanding of tapetal cell interactions with developing pollen grains and contributes to the knowledge of the ultrastructure of plasmodial tapetum. Moreover, these findings highlight evolutionary reproductive patterns in Alismataceae, suggesting the plasmodial tapetum as a synapomorphy for the order.

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Floral nectaries are essential for plant reproduction but little is known about the relationship between these secretory structures and pollination system in cacti. To test phenotypic patterns in nectaries associated with pollination syndromes and/or with its pollinators, we selected from evolutionarily related genera Cleistocactus, Denmoza, and Echinopsis, a set of species with bird-pollinated flowers and floral traits that may fit with ornithophily or with sphingophily, and other set of sphingophilous species with moths as effective pollinator. Observations were made under light microscope and scanning and transmission electron microscopes. Nectaries are located at the base of the filaments welded to the tube, forming a chamber. The nectary consists of the epidermis with distinctive features in each genus, a secretory parenchyma which may be vascularized and a non-secretory vascularized parenchyma. Anatomical variants observed in nectaries of different species are not consistent with the floral pollination syndromes neither with groups of pollinators. The basic structure of the nectar chamber is relatively conserved, a fact that may be explained by phylogenetic conservatism among the genera investigated. Our results revalue the role of anatomical traits for the systematics of Cactaceae.

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Studies focusing on terminal drought combined with heat impacts on plants of agronomic value remain scarce, and even less under field conditions. The objective of this study was to investigate leaf structural and ultrastructural changes induced by heat stress (HS) and drought stress (DS) during seed filling and their relationship with physiological variables and yield determination. Two soybean cultivars were grown in field conditions. During seed filling four treatments were applied, including a control (without manipulation, at ambient temperature and field capacity), HS (episodes exceeding 32°C for 6 h d-1) during 21-d, DS (20% of field capacity soil water content) during 35-d, and HS×DS. Drought principally reduced leaf area, whereas heat decreased leaf thickness, possible as acclimation strategies, but also irreversible reducing CO2 assimilation sites. Both stresses damaged the outer and inner membranes of chloroplasts, causing swollen chloroplasts and accumulation of plastoglobules, loss of chlorophyll content, and negatively affecting chlorophyll fluorescence. Thus, the performance and integrity of the photosynthetic machinery were reduced. Through a morpho-functional perspective and a holistic multiscale approach, our results provide evidence of photosynthesis impairment and yield drops under stressful conditions which were associated with structural and ultrastructural (particularly at the level of chloroplasts) modifications of leaves.

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The aim of this paper is to investigate the ultrastructural events that occur during pollen grains development, with emphasis in pollen grain wall and tapetum ontogeny in Ziziphus jujuba, Z. mucronata, Paliurus spina-christi (Paliureae) and Gouania ulmifolia (Gouanieae). Anthers at different developmental stages were processed according to classic techniques for transmission electron microscopy. Differences in the number of endothecium layers and in the number of tapetal cell nuclei were found. Tapetal cells present an anastomosing tubular network and large vesicles with fibrillar content in the cytoplasm. Pollen grain development and ontogeny of pollen grain wall are similar in the four species. The number of endothecium layers, the number of nuclei of the tapetal cells and tapetal cells ultrastructure of the four species support the phylogenetic relationships previously published for the Rhamnaceae family. Tapetal vesicles with fibrillar or polysaccharide content seem to be an exclusive characteristic of the tribes Paliureae and Gouanieae. Some ultrastructural characters of the pollen grain wall development are common to other species of Rhamnaceae, such as the primexine matrix present at the microspore mother cell stage, the aperture entirely built up during the tetrad stage, the thick and fibrillar intine, and the granular infractectum.

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To study the ontogeny of the extrafloral nectaries present in the inflorescences of Vigna luteola (Jacq.) Benth (Leguminosae, Phaseolinae), the location, morphology, anatomy of the earliest stages, histology of the definitive structures and ultrastructure of the secretory stage were analyzed. The extrafloral nectaries at different developmental stages were examined with light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The secretory stage was also examined with transmission electron microscopy. The racemose inflorescence of V. luteola has six nodes. At each node, a short globose secondary axis bears two flowers and one to three extrafloral nectaries. Each extrafloral nectary originates from the abscission of a flower bud and is formed by two differentiated zones: a ring of epidermal cells surrounding a group of longitudinally enlarged papillose central cells, both with underlying secretory parenchyma. The primary secretory tissue consists of the central cells, while the ring contributes to secretion to a lesser degree. Secretion is granulocrine, by means of exocytotic vesicles and plasmalemma invaginations. Four developmental stages succeed; the third one being the secretory. The extrafloral nectaries activity period starts when the flowers of the same secondary axis open and ceases before fruit development.

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The ultrastructure of the style and pollen tube pathway before, during and after anthesis were studied in 13 species belonging to the tribes Pomaderreae, Paliureae, Colletieae and Gouanieae (Ziziphoid clade) and Rhamneae (Rhamnoid clade) using light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The aim of this study is to provide new morphological characters useful for phylogenetic analysis at suprageneric level in Rhamnaceae. The patterns of pollen tube growth and the ultrastructural changes undergone by cells of the style were also described. Species of Rhamneae (Scutia buxifolia and Condalia buxifolia) have a solid style, with the transmitting tissue forming three independent strands (S. buxifolia) or a central, single horseshoe-shaped strand as seen in transversal section (C. buxifolia) which could derive from the fusion of formerly independent strands. In contrast, Pomaderreae, Gouanieae and Paliureae showed semi-solid styles, while in Colletieae, as previously reported, the style is hollow with two or three stylar canals. The style anatomy and the ultrastructure of the pollen tube pathway show that there is a tendency towards a solid style with a single strand of transmitting tissue within the family. The three-canalled hollow style could be the plesiomorphic state of the character "type of style" in the family, the semi-solid style the synapomorphic state and the solid style with three strands of transmitting tissue the apomorphic state, with the solid style with a single strand of transmitting tissue as the most derived state. Therefore, Colletieae would be the most basal tribe of the Ziziphoid clade.

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Despite that there is some literature on pollen morphology of Rhamnaceae, studies addressing general aspects of the microsporogenesis, microgametogenesis, and anther development are rare. The aim of this paper is to describe the ultrastructure of pollen grain ontogeny with special attention to tapetum cytology in Hovenia dulcis. Anthers at different stages of development were processed for transmission and scanning electron microscopy, bright-field microscopy, and fluorescence microscopy. Different histochemical reactions were carried out. The ultrastructural changes observed during the development of the tapetal cells and pollen grains are described. Large vesicles containing carbohydrates occur in the tapetal cell cytoplasm during the early stages of pollen development. Its origin and composition are described and discussed. This is the first report on the ontogeny and ultrastructure of the pollen grain and related sporophytic structures of H. dulcis.

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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Oils are an unusual floral reward in Orchidaceae, being produced by specialized glands called elaiophores. Such glands have been described in subtribe Oncidiinae for a few species. The aims of the present study were to identify the presence of elaiophores in Gomesa bifolia, to study their structure and to understand how the oil is secreted. Additionally, elaiophores of G. bifolia were compared with those of related taxa within the Oncidiinae. METHODS: Elaiophores were identified using Sudan III. Their structure was examined by using light, scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy. KEY RESULTS: Secretion of oils was from the tips of callus protrusions. The secretory cells each had a large, centrally located nucleus, highly dense cytoplasm, abundant plastids containing lipid globules associated with starch grains, numerous mitochondria, an extensive system of rough and smooth endoplasmatic reticulum, and electron-dense dictyosomes. The outer tangential walls were thick, with a loose cellulose matrix and a few, sparsely distributed inconspicuous cavities. Electron-dense structures were observed in the cell wall and formed a lipid layer that covered the cuticle of the epidermal cells. The cuticle as viewed under the scanning electron microscope was irregularly rugose. CONCLUSIONS: The elaiophores of G. bifolia are of the epithelial type. The general structure of the secretory cells resembles that described for other species of Oncidiinae, but some unique features were encountered for this species. The oil appears to pass through the outer tangential wall and the cuticle, covering the latter without forming cuticular blisters.

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Pollen morphology and the degree of pollen variability within nine species and two varieties of Oxalis species from Buenos Aires Province (Argentina) were studied using light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Oxalis pollen grain is generally 3-colpate and the shape is prolate spheroidal, oblate spheroidal or spheroidal. The exine is microreticulate. The brochi are circular to polygonal; brochi sizes decrease near the colpi. The colpus membrane observed in unacetolysed material, is crustate or granular. The colpus length varies within a species; the largest grains are produced in stamens with long filaments and the smallest ones in stamens with short filaments. Four pollen types are distinguished by means of LM, SEM and TEM. They are recognized mostly on the basis of their colpus membrane structure. In conclusion, the morphological similarity among Oxalis species is also reflected in their pollen morphology.

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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Although orbicular functions are still a matter of debate, they are considered by most authors to be exclusively formed by a secretory tapetum. However, the presence of orbicules on a peritapetal membrane associated with a plasmodial tapetum has been described for Abutilon pictum (Malvaceae) in a previous study. Thus, studies on other species of Malvaceae are necessary to corroborate the presence of such bodies in other members of the family. Pollen and microsporangium development of Modiolastrum malvifolium has been studied in this work. METHODS: Anthers at different stages of development were processed for transmission electron microscopy and light microscopy. Membranes and pollen walls resistant to acetolysis were isolated from whole anthers. KEY RESULTS: Microspore tetrads have a tetrahedral arrangement. Pollen grains are shed at the bicellular stage. The tapetum is invasive, non-syncytial and a peritapetal membrane with orbicules is formed. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of the presence of orbicules on a peritapetal membrane in a species with a tapetum of an invasive, non-syncytial type. Taking into consideration all the information on the subject, it can be concluded that the presence of orbicules is not a stable criterion to differentiate between a secretory or plasmodial, or intermediate invasive, non-syncytial tapetum.

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The correlation between the ontogeny of Ubisch bodies and pollen development in Oxalis articulata was studied with Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The ultrastructural changes observed during the different stages of development in the tapetal cells are related to Ubisch bodies, sporopollenin and pollen-kitt formation. The pro-orbicules have the appearance of lipid globuli and their formation is related to the endoplasmic reticulum of rough type (ERr). The lipid globules or pro-orbicules disappear in the mature Ubisch bodies, and the places that they occupied remain free of contents or with pollen-kitt.

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The correlation between the ontogeny of Ubisch bodies and pollen development in Oxalis articulata was studied with Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The ultrastructural changes observed during the different stages of development in the tapetal cells are related to Ubisch bodies, sporopollenin and pollen-kitt formation. The pro-orbicules have the appearance of lipid globuli and their formation is related to the endoplasmic reticulum of rough type (ERr). The lipid globules or pro-orbicules disappear in the mature Ubisch bodies, and the places that they occupied remain free of contents or with pollen-kitt.

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The correlation between the ontogeny of Ubisch bodies and pollen development in Oxalis articulata was studied with Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The ultrastructural changes observed during the different stages of development in the tapetal cells are related to Ubisch bodies, sporopollenin and pollen-kitt formation. The pro-orbicules have the appearance of lipid globuli and their formation is related to the endoplasmic reticulum of rough type (ERr). The lipid globules or pro-orbicules disappear in the mature Ubisch bodies, and the places that they occupied remain free of contents or with pollen-kitt.