RESUMEN
Chemically-driven isothermal close space vapour transport was used to prepare pure MoO2 thin films which were eventually converted to MoO3 by annealing in air. According to temperature-dependent Raman measurements, the MoO2/MoO3 phase transformation was found to occur in the 225 °C-350 °C range while no other phases were detected during the transition. A clear change in composition as well as noticeable modifications of the band gap and the absorption coefficient confirmed the conversion from MoO2 to MoO3. An extensive characterization of these two pure phases was carried out. In particular, a procedure was developed to determine the dispersion relation of the refractive index of MoO2 from the shift of the interference fringes of the used SiO2/Si substrate. The obtained data of the refractive index was corrected taking into account the porosity of the samples calculated from elastic backscattering spectrometry. The Debye temperature and the residual resistivity were extracted from the electrical resistivity temperature dependence using the Bloch-Grüneisen equation. MoO3 converted samples presented a very high resistivity and a typical semiconducting behavior. They also showed intense and broad luminescence spectra composed by several contributions whose temperature behavior was examined. Furthermore, surface photovoltage spectra were taken and their relation with the photoluminescence is discussed.
RESUMEN
Introducción: Las recomendaciones universales para la alimentación infantil incluyen la lactancia materna (LM) exclusiva durante los primeros 6 meses de vida y posteriormente alimentación complementaria hasta los 2 años, así como la importancia del inicio de la lactancia en la primera hora de vida. Metodología: Búsqueda sistemática en diversas bases de datos del área de la salud cuyo objetivo fue determinar la influencia de la educación prenatal impartida, en general por los profesionales de la salud y en particular por la matrona, en la decisión de optar por la LM. Resultados y discusión: El éxito de la LM depende de la información y del apoyo proporcionado a la familia. Influye negativamente en su instauración y mantenimiento la falta de información y apoyo, las prácticas sanitarias inadecuadas y la escasa formación de los profesionales. Contribuye positivamente haber sido atendida por una matrona durante el embarazo. Existe evidencia, con categoría A, de que las clases prenatales realizadas por matronas aumentan la prevalencia, la duración y la exclusividad de la lactancia, así como el establecimiento de la lactancia al alta hospitalaria tras el parto. Se recomienda, con un grado B, proporcionar a los padres información sobre lactancia en las clases prenatales. No hay diferencias significativas en cuanto a los motivos por los cuales se abandona la lactancia entre las mujeres que realizaron educación prenatal con las que no la realizaron. Conclusiones: La educación maternal realizada por matronas desde la primera visita prenatal es un factor protector en el inicio y mantenimiento de la LM y debe incluir explicaciones sobre los beneficios que comporta y guías sencillas para resolver dudas y complicaciones.
Introduction: The recommendations on child nourishment include starting maternal breastfeeding within the first hour of life, and continuing it, exclusively, during the first 6 months of life; thereafter, a complementary diet can be included. Methodology: A systematic search in diverse databases related to the health area was conducted with the objective of determining the influence of prenatal education provided, in general by the health professionals, and in particular by midwives, on the mothers' decision to breastfeed. Results and discussion: The success of maternal breastfeeding depends on the information and the support provided to her family. Barriers to breastfeeding include the lack of information and support, the inadequate sanitary practices, and the poor preparation of the health professionals. Promoters to breastfeeding include having been assisted by a midwife during the partum. There is category-A evidence, that prenatal classes given by midwives, and the early establishment of maternal breastfeeding -following the partum- both increment the prevalence, duration, and exclusivity of breastfeeding. There were no significant differences related to the motives of abandoning breastfeeding among women who had prenatal education and who did not. Conclusions: The maternal education provided by midwives from the first prenatal visit is a promoting factor to establishing and maintaining breastfeeding. In general, prenatal education should include explanations of the benefits of breastfeeding, as well as simple guidelines related to the possible doubts.
Introdução: As recomendações universais para a alimentação infantil incluem o aleitamento materno (AM) exclusivo durante os primeiros 6 meses de vida e posteriormente alimentação complementar até os dois anos, assim como a importância do início do aleitamento na primeira hora de vida. Metodologia: Busca sistemática em diversas bases de dados da área de saúde, cujo objetivo foi determinar a influência da educação pré-natal ensinada, en geral pelos profissionais da saúde e em particular pela parteira, na decisão de optar pelo AM. Resultados e discussão: O sucesso do AM depende da informação e o apoio proporcionado à família. Influi negativamente em sua instauração e na manutenção pela falta de informação e apoio, as práticas sanitárias inadequadas e a escassa formação dos profissionais. Influi positivamente ter sido atendida por uma parteira durante a gravidez. Existe evidência, com categoria A, de que as aulas pré-natais realizadas por parteiras aumentam a prevalência, duração e exclusividade do aleitamento. Assim como o estabelecimento do aleitamento após a alta hospitalar trás o parto. Recomenda-se, com um grau B, proporcionar aos pais informação sobre aleitamento nas aulas pré-natais. Não há diferenças significativas quanto aos motivos pelos quais se abandona o aleitamento entre as mulheres que realizaram educação pré-natal com as que não. Conclusões: A educação materna realizada por parteiras desde a primeira visita pré-natal é um fator protetor no início e de manutenção do AM e deve incluir explicações sobre os benefícios que proporciona e guias simples para resolver dúvidas e complicações.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Lactante , Lactancia Materna , Educación Prenatal , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales del LactanteRESUMEN
Radiotherapy (RT) is commonly used as adjuvant treatment following hysterectomy and double oophorectomy in endometrial carcinoma. Prophylactic vaginal brachytherapy (BT) is the most common treatment in BT units. The PORTEC and GOG 99 studies have attempted to clarify the indications of BT and postoperative external RT, changing treatment standards. However, prophylactic BT regimens are very varied and there is currently no consensus on how to treat patients in terms of dose per fraction and number of fractions. Moreover, unoperated cases of endometrium are uncommon and there is limited experience in their treatment with BT. The 9th Consensus Meeting of the SEOR and SEFM Brachytherapy Group, held in Malaga on 11 March 2011, was therefore dedicated to "Brachytherapy in Endometrial Carcinoma". This article presents the consensus on treatment of endometrial carcinoma in operated (prophylactic vaginal BT) and unoperated (endouterine BT) patients.
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Braquiterapia/métodos , Neoplasias Endometriales/radioterapia , Terapia Combinada/métodos , Consenso , Neoplasias Endometriales/cirugía , Femenino , Humanos , Oncología Médica/métodos , Radiometría/métodos , Riesgo , Resultado del Tratamiento , Vagina/efectos de la radiaciónRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is an acute polyradiculoneuropathy with, in most cases, an autoimmune aetiology. It manifests as a flaccid motor paralysis, of a distal ascending type, accompanied by areflexia with or without sensory alterations. AIM: To determine the clinical and therapeutic epidemiological profile of patients diagnosed as suffering from GBS who were attended at the Benjamin Bloom Children's Hospital in El Salvador, between 1st January 1997 and 31st December 2004. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed an observation-based, descriptive, cross-sectional study that included 414 cases. The following data were evaluated: age distribution, sex, age, history of infections, clinical manifestations, results of the lumbar puncture, electrophysiological studies and treatment that was received. RESULTS: A predominance of males was observed, together with a more frequent presentation in school-age children. The number of cases increased in the third quarter of each of the years included in the study. The most prevalent event in the history of infections was acute respiratory infection. And the most frequent clinical presentation was ascending weakness. Albuminocytological dissociation was detected in 88% of patients who had undergone lumbar puncture. Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy predominated in 88.3% of cases. Sixty per cent of patients had to be admitted to the intensive care unit. In most cases treatment consisted in intravenous administration of immunoglobulin. Complications occurred in 30.5% of cases and the mortality rate was 2.9%. CONCLUSIONS: GBS occurs predominantly in the rainiest season of the year, which is related to an increase in the number of infections in the upper respiratory tract and gastroenteric infections that give rise to a predisposition to present secular outbreaks of the disease.
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Síndrome de Guillain-Barré/epidemiología , Síndrome de Guillain-Barré/fisiopatología , Hospitales Pediátricos , Adulto , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios Transversales , El Salvador/epidemiología , Femenino , Síndrome de Guillain-Barré/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Guillain-Barré/terapia , Humanos , Masculino , Pronóstico , Lluvia , Estaciones del AñoRESUMEN
The effect of iron and folate supplementation on the hemoglobin response and iron status was studied in male and female equatorian medical students: 66 in Quito (2,800 m altitude) and 40 in Guayaquil (sea level). At the end of the supplementation, there was a nearly complete disappearance of biochemical evidence of iron deficiency in the two groups of students. In Quito, 30% of the men and 26% of the women increased their hemoglobin concentration by more than 1 g/dl after one month of supplementation and could be considered as true anemics, compared to 31% of the men and 29% of the women in Guayaquil. This study shows that at sea level, cut-off points defined by WHO for hemoglobin, taking as reference the impact of a supplementation trial, have a specificity of 100% but poor sensitivity (58%). For people living at high altitudes, cut-off limits adjusted for altitude seem unsuitable: the specificity is 98% but the sensitivity is 0%. Studies taking into account all the factors impacting on the hemoglobin level could be useful for defining cut-off points for high-altitude anemia better than those currently recommended.
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Altitud , Anemia Hipocrómica/sangre , Anemia Hipocrómica/tratamiento farmacológico , Anemia/sangre , Anemia/etiología , Compuestos Ferrosos/uso terapéutico , Ácido Fólico/uso terapéutico , Adulto , Anemia/epidemiología , Anemia Hipocrómica/epidemiología , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Ecuador/epidemiología , Estudios de Evaluación como Asunto , Femenino , Ferritinas/sangre , Hematócrito , Hemoglobinas/análisis , Humanos , Masculino , Valores de Referencia , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Organización Mundial de la SaludRESUMEN
El efecto de la suplementación con una asociación de hierro y folatos sobre el estdo hematoyético y el status en hierro fue estudiado en 66 estudiantes de los dos sexos residentes en Quito (2800 m. de altitud y 40 estudiantes de la ciudad de Guayaquil (a nivel del mar). Después de un mes de suplementación, se observó la desaparición casi completa de los estigmas bioquímicos de la carencia en hierro en los estudientes de las dos ciudades. La anemia definida en función del incremento de la tasa de hemoglobina superior a 1 g/dl se observó en el 30% de los varones y en el 26% de las mujeres residentes en Quito y en el 31% y 29% respectivamente de los residentes en Guayaquil. Este estudio pone en evidencia que los límites de referencia de la hemoglobina propuestos por la O,M.S. para poblaciones asentadas a nivel del mar, tienen una buena especificidad, pero carecen de sensibilidad: 12.5% de los sujetos estudiados fueron considerados como normales siendo realmente anémicos, como lo demuestra el efecto de a suplementación. Para los sujetos que viven en altitud, los límites de referncia ajustados para la altitud correspondiente son totalmente inadecuados: todos los individuos anémicos fueron mal clasificados
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Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Altitud , Anemia Hipocrómica/epidemiología , Hierro/sangre , Ecuador , Valores de ReferenciaRESUMEN
La protoporfirna es metabolismo indispensable en al síntesis del HEM, pues su presencia hace posible que el hierro en estado ferroso se incorpore en su interior mediante la acción catalítica de una enzima mitrocondrial denominada ferroquetalasa o hem sintetasa y finalmente formarse el Hem. Este hecho puede alterarse ya sea, por un estado deficitário en hierro en forma crónica o por acumulación anormal de plomo. El estudio se realiza en 199 personas de la zona rural de Sto. Domingo de los Colorados, integrado por 87 hombres (43.72%) y 112 mujeres (56.28%). Los resultados nos permiten inferir la existencia de un estado deficitario de este mineral son: niños en crecimiento rápido (lactantes, preescolares y escolares), mujeres en edad fértil y mujeres embarazadas (no consideradas en este trabajo). En este presente estudio aproximadamente el 90% de las personas pertencientes a estos grupos señalados presentan algún trastorno relacionado con el metabolismo del hierro, definido por una disminución en la concentración sanguínea de hemoglobina y un aumento en la concentración de protoporfirina eritrocitaria. Con el presente estudio pretendemos insistir en el uso de indicadores adecuados y técnicas de laboratório fáciles y fiables para determinar el estado de hierro en el organismo
Asunto(s)
Lactante , Preescolar , Niño , Adolescente , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Hemoglobinas/análisis , /diagnóstico , Protoporfirinas/análisis , Índices de EritrocitosRESUMEN
A prolonged sinoatrial conduction time (SACT) is one of the electrophysiologic characteristics of sick sinus syndrome. Because conduction from the sinus node to the atrium can not be assessed directly, an indirect method for estimating the SACT was developed by Strauss et al.: the premature atrial stimulation technique. The theoretical basis of the method is reviewed and the use of atrial spontaneous premature beats is proposed to estimate the SACT instead of electrical premature atrial stimulation.
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Síndrome del Seno Enfermo/fisiopatología , Nodo Sinoatrial/fisiopatología , Anciano , Electrocardiografía , Femenino , HumanosRESUMEN
An evaluation of iron status was performed in 84 pregnant women at delivery (and in cord blood from their newborn) and in a control group of 32 menstruating women living in Quito (2800 m altitude). Anemia as defined according to the WHO references adjusted to altitude was observed in 46% of pregnant women. Iron deficiency was defined as the combination of a low serum ferritin level (12 micrograms/l or less) and a low transferrin saturation percentage (less than 16%). A moderate elevation in the serum ferritin concentration (between 13 and 50 micrograms/l) associated with low transferrin saturation indicated iron deficiency in an inflammatory context. Iron deficiency was present in 46% of pregnant women. Anemia was associated with iron deficiency in 59% of cases. A correlation between maternal and cord blood hemoglobin was found and some iron parameters in cord blood were related to maternal iron status, and especially to maternal iron stores assessed by serum ferritin concentration.