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Resumen Los elogios son definidos como devoluciones positivas otorgadas a personas sobre sus atributos, sobre la realización de una tarea o sobre los objetos o productos realizados. Los distintos tipos de elogios que los cuidadores primarios o padres utilicen con los infantes cuando ellos realicen una actividad impactarán en su desarrollo, en las creencias o percepción de sí mismos o de los modos de aprender, y en la motivación hacia esas tareas que la niña o el niño realice. Estos modos de elogiar no han sido estudiados en la Argentina y no existen instrumentos estandarizados psicométricos para evaluarlos. Por esto, el objetivo de este estudio fue la creación y validación de una técnica de auto-reporte para evaluar los elogios que otorgan los cuidadores a infantes de 0 a 3 años. Los participantes que conformaron la muestra (. = 128) fueron reclutados por medio de internet y completaron un cuestionario de escala Likert de aproximadamente cinco minutos de duración. A partir del análisis factorial exploratorio, se ajustó la técnica y se agruparon las preguntas del cuestionario en tres dimensiones: elogios de persona, proceso y producto. Esto permitiría hacer una evaluación breve y sencilla de los elogios utilizados, lo que en un futuro aportaría a intervenciones o estudios que pretendan favorecer elogios que beneficien un desarrollo adaptativo de los infantes. Sin embargo, aún es necesario un futuro estudio que indague cambios en la técnica con un mayor tamaño muestral para la realización de una validación más exhaustiva.

Abstract Praise is defined as positive feedback given to people about their attributes, their performance, the objects or products made by them. The different types of praise that primary caregivers or parents use with infants when they carry out an activity will impact on their development, beliefs or perception of themselves or types of learning, and motivation toward the tasks that the children perform. One type of praise is the praise directed towards an individual, which compliments their own attributes such as her intelligence. Another one is the product praise, which is directed towards the final objects or actions that the infant performs, such as a drawing or physical activities. Finally, a praise directed at the process aims to congratulate the infant during the task as a process, either for making an effort or for the strategies that they use to achieve something. This last kind of praise favors perseverance in the face of new tasks to a greater extent, while praise directed at the person could generate more frustration when the infant experiences failure. Therefore, the way caregivers interact with infants is relevant, since it modulates motivation and the development of different skills. For this reason, the main objective of this study was the creation and validation of a self-report technique to assess the praise that Argentinean caregivers give to infants from 0 to 3 years of age. The sample was made up of 128 primary caregivers (. = 128) who were recruited through the internet. They completed a Likert scale questionnaire of approximately 5 minutes of duration. The data was collected during preventive social isolation due to COVID-19. This could lead to changes in parental behavior, while it also provides ecological value for understanding the ways to praise in this context, where caregivers spend a lot of time with infants; however, it would be important to conduct future research outside of this context. An exploratory factor analysis was performed, which led to an adjustment in the technique by eliminating four items in order to improve the psychometric characteristics of the instrument. By this analysis, the formation of the three dimensions was justified by the types of praise: person, process, and product praise.The final instrument consisted of 13 phrases that represent possible compliments used by caregivers. Participants indicated how often they usually use those compliments on a scale from 1 (never) to 5 (very often). The items are divided by types of praise: six were assigned to the product dimension, three to the process dimension and four to the person dimension. The internal consistencies of the dimensions were process (α = .91), product (α = .74) and person (α = .73). This self-report technique for primary caregivers of infants would allow a short and simple evaluation of the praise used. In future research, this technique would allow an assessment of praise for the realization of studies that seek to expand the knowledge about how they affect child development. Likewise, it would contribute to the development of interventions with caregivers aimed to promote praise that benefits an adaptive development of infants. However, more studies are needed to investigate possible changes in the inventory, such as the inclusion of neutral praise or negative feedback. Furthermore, a larger sample size would be necessary to carry out a more exhaustive validation, performing a confirmatory factor analysis, convergent variance and factor invariance.

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El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la relación entre la motivación de dominio de infantes y las variables parentales, como la parentalidad positiva y los elogios otorgados por cuidadores primarios de Argentina. De esta manera sería posible ampliar el conocimiento del funcionamiento vincular entre cuidadores e infantes e identificar qué conductas parentales favorecen el desarrollo motivacional infantil. Para ello se utilizó el cuestionario de Dimensiones de Motivación de Dominio (Dimensions of Mastery Questionnaire; DMQ), la Escala de Parentalidad Positiva (E2P) y la escala de elogios otorgados por cuidadores primarios a infantes. Los participantes evaluados fueron 107 cuidadores primarios de Argentina, de infantes de entre 0 y 3 años. Se realizó una regresión lineal múltiple, que mostró como resultado que la parentalidad positiva junto con la edad contribuyen a la motivación de dominio infantil, mientras que los elogios no fueron predictores de esta variable. Se concluye y se enfatiza la relevancia de las competencias parentales positivas durante la crianza de los infantes para un desarrollo adecuado de la motivación y habilidades cognitivas/emocionales. Incluir el desarrollo de estas competencias en intervenciones con cuidadores primarios sería pertinente y sustancial para favorecer el desarrollo integral de los menores.

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a relação entre a motivação de maestria de crianças e variáveis parentais, como a parentalidade positiva e ps elogios concedidos pelos cuidadores primários na Argentina. Dessa forma, seria possível expandir o conhecimento do funcionamento do vínculo entre cuidadores e crianças e identificar quais comportamentos parentais favorecem o desenvolvimento motivacional infantil. Para isso, foi utilizado o Questionário de Dimensões de Motivação de Maestria (Dimensions of Mastery Questionnaire - DMQ), a Escala de Parentalidade Positiva (E2P) e a Escala de Elogios concedidos pelos cuidadores primários a crianças. Os participantes avaliados foram 107 cuidadores primários de crianças de 0 a 3 anos na Argentina. Foi realizada uma regressão linear múltipla, mostrando como resultado que a parentalidade positiva, juntamente com a idade, contribuem para a motivação de maestria infantil, enquanto os elogios não foram preditores dessa variável. Conclui-se enfatizando a relevância das competências parentais positivas durante a criação das crianças para um desenvolvimento adequado da motivação e habilidades cognitivas/emocionais. Incluir o desenvolvimento dessas competências em intervenções com cuidadores primários seria pertinente e substancial para favorecer o desenvolvimento integral das crianças.

The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between the motivation for child mastery and parental variables such as positive parenting and praise given by primary caregivers in Argentina. In this way, it would be possible to expand the understanding of the relational dynamics between caregivers and infants and identify which parenting behaviors promote children's motivational development. The Dimensions of Mastery Questionnaire (DMQ), the Positive Parenting Scale (E2P), and the Scale of Praise given by primary caregivers to infants were used for this purpose. The participants were 107 primary caregivers of infants aged between 0 and 3 years in Argentina. Multiple linear regression was conducted, revealing that positive parenting, along with age, contribute to child mastery motivation, while praise was not a predictor of this variable. In conclusion, the significance of positive parenting skills during infant rearing for the appropriate development of motivation and cognitive/emotional abilities is emphasized. Including the development of these skills in interventions with primary caregivers would be relevant and crucial for promoting the comprehensive development of children.

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Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a very negative impact on people's overall mental health and psychosocial well-being, but the study of available social support to cope with such an adverse situation has received hardly any attention. Objective: To examine the psychometric properties of the MOS Perceived Social Support Questionnaire among the Mexican population in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: Non-experimental cross-sectional study. A sociodemographic questionnaire and the Medical Outcomes Study were applied in a non-probabilistic sample. A total of 898 people from different regions in Mexico, 258 males and 640 females, participated in the study in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: The analysis yielded a bi-factor model with two factors, Emotional/informational support and Tangible support, with satisfactory goodness of fit indices. Reliability was adequate with a high hierarchical omega coefficient, as well as in the factors. Likewise, the H coefficient was adequate in the general factor and its dimensions. Conclusions: Results showed that the scale is a valid and reliable measure of perceived social support among the Mexican population.

Introducción: La pandemia de COVID-19 ha tenido un impacto muy negativo en la salud mental y el bienestar psicosocial general de las personas, pero el estudio del apoyo social disponible para hacer frente a una situación tan adversa como esta ha recibido muy poca atención. Objetivo: Examinar las propiedades psicométricas del Cuestionario MOS de Apoyo Social Percibido en población mexicana en contexto de pandemia por COVID-19. Método: Diseño no experimental transversal. Se aplicó un cuestionario sociodemográfico y el Medical Outcomes Study en una muestra no probabilística por conveniencia. Participaron 898 personas de diferentes regiones de México, 258 hombres y 640 mujeres, durante el contexto de la pandemia por COVID-19. Resultados: El análisis arrojó un modelo Bi-factor de dos factores Apoyo emocional/ informacional y Apoyo tangible, con índices de bondad que se ajustaron a los datos. La fiabilidad fue adecuada con un coeficiente de omega jerárquico alto, así como en los factores. Asimismo, el coeficiente H fue adecuado en el factor general y sus dimensiones. Conclusiones: La escala presenta validez y confiabilidad para medir el apoyo social percibido en población mexicana.

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Resumen Introducción: la mentalidad machista es un fenómeno persistente en Latinoamérica. Sin embargo, no se tienen claros los factores que la generan, por ello, se realizó el estudio para analizar la mentalidad machista en función de factores como los estilos parentales y la vulnerabilidad social. Método: la muestra estuvo constituida por 389 (M.edad = 35.87, DE = 10.13) cuidadores primarios de niños, niñas y adolescentes de 4-16 años (M.edad= 9.33, DE = 4.66, femenino = 196) de diferentes regiones de Perú y Argentina. Se utilizaron (a) la subescala de Machismo de la Evaluación Multifásica de las Culturas (MACC-SF), (b) la Adaptación Española del Cuestionario de Crianza Parental y (c) una ficha sociodemográfica ad hoc, aplicadas través de las redes sociales mediante un formulario. Resultados: en ambas muestras, los niveles de machismo son relativamente bajos, aunque la muestra argentina presentó menores niveles y hábitos más positivos de crianza, en comparación con Perú. A su vez, se encontró asociación negativa entre machismo y estilos parentales, con mayor intensidad en las dimensiones; satisfacción con la crianza y disciplina. Finalmente, el machismo se asoció de forma negativa con la vulnerabilidad social y los estilos de crianza. Conclusión: las creencias machistas estarían asociadas con menor nivel socioeconómico y estilos de crianza más autoritarios, los que también se rigen por sus tradiciones y a un conservadurismo del legado cultural, en comparación a culturas más flexibles y democráticas.

Abstract Introduction: the macho mentality is a phenomenon that persists in the Latin American population; however, the factors that generate it are not clear. Therefore, the study is carried out with the objective of analyzing the macho mentality, based on factors such as parental styles and social vulnerability; and comparing according to country of origin: Argentina and Peru, respectively. Method: the sample consisted of 389 (M.age = 35.87, SD = 10.13) primary caregivers of children and adolescents from 4 to 16 (M.age = 9.33, SD = 4.66, feminine = 196) years of age from different regions of Peru and Argentina. The instruments used were the Machismo subscale of the Multiphasic Evaluation of Cultures (MACC-SF), the Spanish Adaptation of the Parental Upbringing Questionnaire, and an ad-hoc sociodemographic record, which were all applied through social networks using a Google® form. Results: in both samples, the levels of machismo are relatively low, although the Argentine sample presented lower levels of machismo and more positive parenting habits compared to that of Peru. In turn, a negative association was found between machismo and parenting styles, with greater intensity in the dimensions: satisfaction with parenting and discipline. Finally, machismo was negatively associated with social vulnerability and parenting styles. Conclusions: macho beliefs would be associated with a lower socioeconomic level and more authoritarian and inflexible parenting styles, which are also governed by their traditions and a cultural legacy of conservatism in comparison to more flexible and democratic cultures.

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Abstract The use of electronic media has increased in early childhood. During early childhood, language and motor skills are important for the development of other cognitive skills. Therefore, it becomes essential to study how the use of screens is associated with these important skills in the first years of life. The objective of the following research was to describe the use of electronic media (i. e., TV, cell phone and tablet) and its association with language and developmental milestones in the first years of life. Participants were 253 primary caregivers of infants between 2 to 48 months (M = 30.17 months, SD = 10.82, female = 124). Parental reports of infant media use, motor and language development milestones, the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory (CDI) and the Permanent Household Survey (EPH) for sociodemographic variables were used. The results showed that, on average, infants began to use screens during the first year of life at an average of one hour per day with TV as the most used medium and video viewing as the activity they did the most. The number of hours of devices usage was positively associated with lexical density and sentence use. Furthermore, starting device use at a later age was associated with lower scores in language reports and later milestones of motor and language development. No differences were found based on the type of device content and sociodemographic variables. Results indicate that the excessive use of screens could affect some early skills, although it is necessary to investigate the context in which they are used.

Resumen En los últimos años, el uso de medios electrónicos ha aumentado en la infancia temprana debido al creciente acceso a las pantallas y a la situación de aislamiento ocasionado por la pandemia de COVID-19. Por otro lado, durante la primera infancia, las habilidades de lenguaje y motrices son fundamentales para el desarrollo de otras habilidades cognitivas, y se asocian con el rendimiento académico y habilidades sociales posteriores durante la niñez y adolescencia. Por ende, se vuelve fundamental estudiar cómo el contexto de estimulación en el hogar, específicamente el uso de pantallas, se asocia con estas habilidades importantes en los primeros años de vida. Si bien existen investigaciones sobre las asociaciones del uso de pantallas con habilidades cognitivas tempranas, son escasas las que indagan este fenómeno en el ámbito latinoamericano, y nulas las que lo realizaron en el actual contexto de pandemia. El objetivo de esta investigación fue describir el uso de medios electrónicos (i. e., TV, teléfono celular y tablet) y su asociación con el lenguaje y los hitos del desarrollo en los primeros años de vida. Los participantes fueron 253 cuidadores primarios de infantes de Latinoamérica (68.8 % de Argentina, y 31.2 % de otros países de la región) con edades entre 2 y 48 meses (M = 30.17 meses, SD = 10.82, femenino = 124), reclutados vía web a través de muestreo no probabilístico de tipo intencional y por bola de nieve. Se utilizaron los reportes de los padres sobre el uso de medios electrónicos (i. e., tiempo de uso, edad de inicio y tipo de contenido), los hitos del desarrollo motor y del lenguaje, el Inventario de Desarrollo de Habilidades Comunicativas (CDI) (i. e., densidad léxica y uso de oraciones) y la Encuesta Permanente de Hogares (EPH) para evaluar las variables sociodemográficas. Los resultados mostraron que, en promedio, los infantes comenzaron a usar pantallas durante el primer año de vida en un promedio de una hora por día, con la televisión como el medio más utilizado y la visualización de videos la actividad que más realizaban. El número de horas de uso de dispositivos se asoció positivamente con la densidad léxica y el uso de oraciones: a más horas de uso, mayor cantidad de palabras y oraciones reportadas. Además, cuanto más tardía era la edad de inicio de uso de dispositivos, más bajas eran las puntuaciones en los informes lingüísticos e hitos posteriores del desarrollo motor y del lenguaje. Los tamaños del efecto para estas asociaciones fueron de bajos a moderados, lo que indica que otras variables podrían estar contribuyendo al desarrollo de estas habilidades cognitivas. No se encontraron diferencias en las capacidades motrices y del lenguaje en función del tipo de contenido del dispositivo. Tampoco se observaron diferencias en el uso de pantallas en función del género de los infantes, la edad y las variables sociodemográficas, lo que podría indicar, tal como demostraron investigaciones anteriores, que durante el aislamiento por COVID-19 el uso de los medios electrónicos fue constante, independientemente del contexto del hogar. Los resultados indican que el uso excesivo de pantallas podría afectar, tanto de forma positiva como negativa, algunas habilidades tempranas, aunque es necesario investigar el contexto en el que se utilizan. Específicamente, para futuras investigaciones sería importante: (a) trabajar con díadas de cuidadores-infantes, para evaluar cómo los comportamientos parentales moderan las asociaciones entre uso de pantallas y cognición infantil; (b) realizar estudios longitudinales; y (c) evaluar estas variables en diferentes provincias del país y regiones de Latinoamérica, para estudiar cómo las idiosincrasias culturales modulan el uso de estos dispositivos.

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Resumen (analítico) El objetivo de la siguiente revisión sistemática fue indagar sobre la contribución diferencial del entorno socioeconómico en la capacidad de comunicación verbal y no verbal en los primeros tres años de vida. Se revisaron artículos de investigación empírica de los últimos 30 años en infantes con desarrollo típico. Se encontraron, en general, menores niveles respecto del desarrollo del habla y la comunicación expresiva y productiva en infantes de contextos vulnerables. Sin embargo, los resultados fueron inconsistentes respecto a la comunicación no verbal. Se concluye que se deben realizar más estudios con medidas directas comportamentales en comunicación no verbal para poder paliar las inconsistencias en los resultados actuales sobre la temática.

Abstract (analytical) The objective of this systematic literature review was to inquire about the differential contribution of socioeconomic environment to the capacity for verbal and non-verbal communication in the first three years of life. Empirical research articles from the last 30 years in normally developing infants were reviewed. In general, lower levels were identified among infants from vulnerable contexts in terms of speech development f and expressive and productive communication . However, the results were inconsistent in the area of non-verbal communication. It is concluded that more studies should be carried out with direct behavioral measures in relation to non-verbal communication in order to alleviate existing inconsistencies for the current results in this field.

Resumo (analítico) O objetivo da revisão sistemática a seguir foi indagar sobre a contribuição diferencial do meio socioeconômico na capacidade de comunicação verbal e não verbal nos primeiros três anos de vida. Artigos de pesquisa empírica dos últimos 30 anos em bebês com desenvolvimento típico foram revisados. Em geral, foram encontrados níveis mais baixos em relação ao desenvolvimento da fala e da comunicação expressiva e produtiva em bebês de contextos vulneráveis. No entanto, os resultados foram inconsistentes com relação à comunicação não verbal. Conclui-se que mais estudos devem ser realizados com medidas comportamentais diretas na comunicação não verbal, a fim de amenizar as inconsistências nos resultados atuais sobre o assunto.

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En Argentina, la asignación universal por hijo (AUH) es un seguro social que se otorga a personas en situación de vulnerabilidad social por cada hijo menor de 18 años y con discapacidad, cuyos padres se encuentran insertos en trabajos no regulados. Por otro lado, la regulación emocional (RE) se relaciona con monitorear, evaluar y modificar reacciones emocionales para alcanzar metas, y predice la comunicación, habilidades ejecutivas y el rendimiento académico. Las investigaciones que analizan el impacto de las ayudas sociales o financieras por parte del Estado en el desarrollo cognitivo de infantes en situación de vulnerabilidad son de Estados Unidos y Europa, y con muestras de preescolares. El objetivo del siguiente estudio fue evaluar la asociación de esta ayuda económica y la vulnerabilidad social con la RE de infantes con y sin necesidades básicas insatisfechas. Se utilizó el paradigma Still-Face para evaluar la RE y una escala de nivel socioeconómico. Se encontró que la AUH se relaciona con mayores niveles de RE, mientras que la vulnerabilidad social se asoció con menores niveles de esta habilidad. En cuanto al efecto interacción, el grupo con vulnerabilidad y sin AUH mostró los menores niveles de RE. Esto subraya la importancia de seguir estudiando las contribuciones de este tipo de políticas públicas durante los primeros años de vida.

Na Argentina, o subsídio universal por filho (SUF) é um seguro social concedido a pessoas em situação de vulnerabilidade social por cada filho menor de 18 anos e com deficiência, cujos pais estão inseridos em empregos não regulamentados. Por outro lado, a regulação emocional (RE) está relacionada ao monitoramento, avaliação e modificação das reações emocionais para atingir metas, e prediz a comunicação, as habilidades executivas e o desempenho acadêmico. As investigações que analisam o impacto das ajudas sociais ou financeiras do Estado no desenvolvimento cognitivo de crianças em situação de vulnerabilidade são da Estados Unidos e Europa, e com amostras de pré-escolares. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a associação dessa ajuda econômica e da vulnerabilidade social com a RE de crianças com e sem necessidades básicas insatisfeitas. Foram utilizados o programa Paradigma Still-Face para avaliar a RE e uma escala de nível socioeconômico. Se observou que o SFU se relaciona com os níveis mais altos de RE, enquanto a vulnerabilidade social foi associada a níveis mais baixos dessa habilidade. Com relação ao efeito de interação, o grupo com vulnerabilidade e sem SUF apresentou os menores níveis de RE. Isso reforça a importância de continuar estudando as contribuições desse tipo de política pública durante os primeiros anos de vida.

In Argentina, the universal child allowance (AUH by its spanish acronym) is a social insurance that is granted to people in a situation of social vulnerability for each child under 18 years of age and with disabilities, whose parents are inserted in unregulated jobs. On the other hand, emotional regulation (ER) is related to monitoring, evaluating and modifying emotional reactions to achieve goals, and predicts communication, executive skills and academic performance. The investigations that analyze the impact of social or financial assistance by the state on the cognitive development of children in vulnerable situations are from USA and Europe, and with samples of preschoolers. The objective of the following study was to evaluate the association of this economic aid and social vulnerability with the ER of infants with and without unsatisfied basic needs. The Still-Face paradigm was used to assess ER and a socioeconomic status scale. AUH was found to be related to higher levels of ER, while social vulnerability was associated with lower levels of this skill. Regarding the interaction effect, the group with vulnerability and without AUH showed the lowest levels of ER. This underlines the importance of continuing to study the contributions of this type of public policy during the first years of life.

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Recent work within early executive function (EF) seems to suggest that toddlers show distinct patterns of development, involving poorly correlated performance across EF tasks and significant improvements over relatively short periods of time. The present study sought to extend these findings by investigating evidence for these patterns in toddlers and the existence of more traditional patterns of EF (e.g., correlations between tasks, links to language) when using the same tasks in a novel Latin American sample. Eighty toddlers (18-24 months) and sixty young preschoolers (30-36) months completed a battery of EF tasks, early social communication, and receptive and expressive language measures. Results indicated that toddlers showed similar distinct patterns of development (i.e., few relations between tasks and links to responding to joint attention), but by early preschool a more cohesive EF and links to language were present. Further, work demonstrated significant age (older children outperformed younger children), gender (girls outperformed boys), and socioeconomic differences (satisfied basic needs outperformed unsatisfied basic needs, but only on the snack delay). This work provides evidence for patterns of emerging EF development within this novel cultural sample (and evidence for group differences) that may be supported by communicative and representational development.

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Resumen Antecedentes: la frustración se define como las respuestas del organismo que se desencadenan cuando existe una discrepancia negativa entre un incentivo esperado con el que realmente se recibe. Estas situaciones provocan respuestas conductuales, emocionales y neurofisiológicas análogas a las que ocurren con la presentación de estímulos aversivos o su anticipación. Existen investigaciones en bebés, pero pocos sobre sus asociaciones con diferencias individuales y ambientales y ninguno en población argentina. Objetivos: asociar la frustración, el temperamento y la vulnerabilidad social en una muestra de infantes. Metodología: se realizó un estudio asociativo-comparativo con una situación observacional estructurada donde se evaluaron a 22 bebés de 10 a 14 meses durante una tarea de frustración y su relación con el temperamento a través del Cuestionario de Conducta Infantil (IBQ-VSF) pertenecientes a dos extractos sociales evaluados con una ficha sociodemográfica. Resultados: se halló que a mayor extroversión, menor manipulación del objeto; y a mayor esfuerzo de control, menor fue la respuesta de morder, y viceversa. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en función del nivel socioeconómico. Conclusiones: se discutieron los resultados en función de la teoría de la frustración y las limitaciones del estudio, incluyendo recomendaciones para futuras investigaciones.

Abstract Background: Frustration is defined as the body's responses that are triggered when there is a negative discrepancy between an expected incentive and the one actually received. These situations elicit behavioral, emotional and neurophysiological responses analogous to those that occur with aversive stimuli or their anticipation. There is research on babies, but few on the associations with individual and environmental differences and none on the Argentine population. Objectives: To associate frustration, temperament and social vulnerability in a sample of infants. Method: A comparative associative study was carried out using a structured observation technique where frustration and its relationship with temperament were evaluated in 22 babies aged 10 to 14 months through the infant behavior questionnaire-revised very short form (IBQ-R VSF). The study population belonged to two social strata according to a sociodemographic record. Results: An inverse correlation was found between extroversion and manipulation of objects, and between effortful control and biting response. No significant differences were identified based on the socioeconomic level. Conclusions: The results were discussed taking into account the frustration theory, the study limitations and the recommendations for future research.

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In this study, we aimed to explore the associations between socioeconomic status (SES) (i.e., parents' education and occupation, quality of the home and overcrowding), temperament styles (i.e., surgency, negative emotionality and regulatory capacity) and early dyadic and triadic nonverbal communication behaviors. We recruited 60 mother-infant dyads (mean age: 10.89 months, range: 9-13 months) low-to-mid SES, and assessed the duration of their communication behaviors using the Bakeman and Adamson (1984); SES was measured using INDEC Scale (2001), and temperament was assessed using the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised Very Short Form (IBQ-R VSF, Putnam et al., 2014). Results showed that SES and their subdimensions were positively associated with passive, coordinated joint engagement (coordinated attention to person and object) and surgency, and negative with infant passive observation. Also, there were positive correlations between negative emotionality and unengaged attention behavior. We conclude that SES contributed to parent-infant interactions and temperament style from early months of life. We interpret these findings in relation to early intervention approaches aimed at promoting cognitive and social development.

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Las emociones son consideradas como mecanismos que se configuran a largo del tiempo para adaptarse a las demandas del medio ambiente, procurando de esta forma la supervivencia. Una de ellas es la frustración que se define como las respuestas del organismo que se desencadenan cuando existe una discrepancia negativa entre un incentivo esperado con el que realmente recibe. Estas situaciones provocan respuestas conductuales, emocionales y neurofisiológicas análogas a las que ocurren con la presentación de estímulos aversivos o su anticipación, tales como la ansiedad, el miedo, el estrés y el dolor nocioceptivo. El objetivo del presente artículo es: a) presentar los principales modelos teóricos de la emoción y frustración, su desarrollo y sus relaciones con factores individuales (temperamento) y ambientales (pobreza), y b) hacer un relevamiento de la bibliografía existente sobre los efectos de la frustración en bebés de hasta un año. Se encontró que el temperamento contribuye a los niveles de emoción y frustración expresados por los infantes. Son necesarios más trabajos para evaluar la influencia del ambiente y en un segundo momento, realizar intervenciones que puedan aumentar la tolerancias a la frustración(AU)

Emotions are considered as mechanisms that are configured over time for conflicts to the demands of the environment, thus seeking survival. Frustration is defined as an organism response that is triggered when there is a negative discrepancy between an expected incentive and the one that actually receives. These situations provoke behavioral, emotional and neurophysiological responses analogous to those that occur with the presentation of aversive stimuli or their anticipation, stories such as anxiety, fear, stress and nocioceptive pain. The objective of this article is: a) to present the main theoretical models of emotion and frustration, their development and their relationships with individual (temperament) and environmental (poverty) factors, and b) to survey the existing bibliography on the effects of frustration in babies up to one year old. Temperament and vulnerability were found to have the levels of emotion and frustration expressed by infants. However, it will be necessary to carry out more studies to decrease the contradictory results and generate, in a second moment, those that can increase the levels of this ability(AU)

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Although a growing body of work has established developing regulatory abilities during the second year of life, more work is needed to better understand factors that influence this emerging control. The purpose of the present study was to examine regulation capacities in executive functions (i.e., EF or cognitive control) and emotion regulation (i.e., ER or control focused on modulating negative and sustaining positive emotions) in a Latin American sample, with a focus on how joint attention, social vulnerability, and temperament contribute to performance. Sixty Latin American dyads of mothers and children aged 18 to 24 months completed several EF tasks, a Still-Face Paradigm (SFP) to examine ER (Weinberg et al., 2008), and the Early Social Communication Scale to measure joint attention (Mundy et al., 2003). Parents completed the Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire Very Short Form to measure temperament (ECBQ-VS, Putnam et al., 2010) and the Social Economic Level Scale (SES) from INDEC (2000). Results revealed the typical responses expected for toddlers of this age in these EF tasks and in the SFP. Also, we found associations between EF and ER and between non-verbal communication related to monitoring infants' attention to objects (i.e., responding to joint attention) and initiation of pointing (e.g., pointing and showing of an object while the child alternates his gaze to an adult) with EF. Regarding social factors, family differences and type of housing contribute to regulation. For temperament, effortful control was associated with both regulatory capacities. Finally, only age predicted EF. These results suggest that many patterns regarding the development of these abilities are duplicated in the first months of life in a Latin American sample while further highlighting the importance of considering how the environment and the individual characteristics of infants may associate to these regulatory abilities, which is particularly relevant to developing public policies to promote their optimal development.

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La autorregulación emocional refiere a la capacidad intrínseca de los niños y niñas de modular y modificar respuestas tanto emocionales como cognitivas, por demandas de situaciones específicas (Lewis & Todd, 2007; Vohs & Baumeister, 2004). Sin embargo, su definición no está exenta de ambigüedades (Gross, 2013). La siguiente revisión tiene como objetivo analizar el concepto y desarrollo ontogenético de la autorregulación, y describir los principales factores endógenos y exógenos que modulan esta habilidad cognitiva en los primeros años de vida. Específicamente se trabajará con el período que abarca del momento de nacimiento hasta los 3 años de vida, denominado infancia temprana. Se realizó una revisión narrativa para explicitar el estado de conocimiento hasta el momento, utilizando las bases de datos Scopus, Medline y Web of Science, recuperándose un total de 146 referencias, de las cuáles se seleccionaron 48 que eran acordes a los objetivos establecidos. Los principales factores intrínsecos recabados fueron la maduración de las redes atencionales y el temperamento, mientras que los factores exógenos fueron la sensibilidad materna, los estilos de crianza y los entornos socioeconómicos. Se concluye que esta habilidad debe ser diferenciada conceptualmente de la regulación emocional y las funciones ejecutivas, y que la misma es el resultado de determinantes bio-psico-sociales. En futuros trabajos deberían realizarse más investigaciones empíricas con infantes y en Latinoamérica, para lograr una comprensión más acabada sobre la variable y guiar las políticas públicas para optimizar su desarrollo

Emotional self-regulation refers to the child s intrinsic ability to modulate and modify emotional and cognitive responses, due to the demands of specific situations (Lewis & Todd, 2007; Vohs & Baumeister, 2004). However, its definition is not without ambiguities (Gross, 2013). The following review aims to analyze the ontogenetic concept and development of self-regulation, and describe the main endogenous and exogenous factors that modulate this cognitive ability in the first years of life. Specifically, it will work with the period from the moment of birth to 3 years of life, called early childhood. A narrative review was carried out to explain the state of knowledge, using the Scopus, Medline and Web of Science databases, recovering a total of 146 references, of which 48 were selected according to that were consistent with the established objectives. The main intrinsic factors collected were maturation of the attentional networks and temperament, while the exogenous factors were maternal sensitivity, parenting styles and socio-economic environments. It is concluded that this ability must be conceptually differentiated from emotional regulation and executive functions, and that it is the result of bio-psycho-social determinants. In future work, more empirical research with infants and in Latin America should be carried out to achieve a more complete understanding of the variable and guide public policies to optimize their development

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Resumen Las neurociencias son el conjunto de disciplinas cuyo objetivo de investigación es el sistema nervioso, poniendo el acento en la actividad del cerebro y su relación con nuestros comportamientos. Abordan aspectos neurobiológicos de la conducta y se apoyan en la psicología cognitiva, la lingüística, la antropología y la inteligencia artificial. La neuroeducación, también llamada neurociencia educativa, es una disciplina en expansión que se ocupa de estudiar la optimización del proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje con base en el funcionamiento del cerebro y los fundamentos neurobiológicos que lo sustentan. El artículo se propone revisar aportes de las neurociencias al campo educativo, y a su vez críticas y futuros caminos para establecer relaciones aún más estrechas entre ambos. Se concluye que a pesar de que los aportes de la neuroeducación son variados y se esperan avances en el área, derivados de nuevas tecnologías, debemos ser cautos y críticos a la hora de analizarlos o ponerlos en práctica, ya que aún se deben generar estudios con mayor validez ecológica, en entornos educativos con seres humanos y con distintos niveles de análisis, sin dejar de lado la interdisciplina.

Abstract Neurosciences are a set of disciplines which aims to research the nervous system, focusing on brain functioning in relation with our behaviors. Neurosciences not only address the neurobiological issues of behavior but also rely on cognitive psychology, linguistics, anthropology and artificial intelligence. Neuroeducation, also called educational neuroscience, is an expanding discipline that aims to study brain development and its neurobiological foundations by optimizing teaching and learning process. Through analyzing some classic and current contributions of the neurosciences to the educational area, this paper proposes to review neurosciences' contribution to the educational field, establishing at the same time critical and future ways to get even closer relations between them. Then, we conclude that although the neuroeducation contributions are varied and we expect advances in this area derived from new technologies, we must be cautious and critical when analyzing or putting them into practice, since research must be generated with greater ecological validity, in educational environments with human beings with analysis at different levels, without ignoring the interdiscipline.

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Las funciones ejecutivas son entendidas como un constructor complejo que engloba procesos como la memoria de trabajo, el control atencional e inhibitorio, la planificación y la flexibilidad cognitiva. El desarrollo de las mismas se encuentra modulado por diferentes variables. Una de ellas son las capacidades comunicativas con la que los niños cuentan desde su infancia. Durante el primer año de vida, los niños empiezan a desplegar una serie de competencias comunicativas (e.g., seguimiento de mirada, gesto de señalar y lenguaje), que se inscriben en la llamada atención conjunta; típicamente definida como la coordinación visual de dos individuos hacia un objeto de interés mutuo. A su vez, las funciones ejecutivas, favorecen el avance de las habilidades sociales de comunicación de los niños. Por ende se da un desarrollo recíproco de ambas capacidades cognitivas. Las investigaciones relacionadas con el desarrollo de ambas funciones en los primeros años de vida son escasas. En este sentido, se vuelve interesante profundizar en el desarrollo temprano de estas capacidades y como se relacionan. Se revisarán modos de evaluar funciones ejecutivas, y por último se relevará literatura sobre investigaciones que vinculen ambos procesos.

Executive functions are understand as a complex construct that includes processes such as working memory, intentional and inhibitory control, planning and cognitive flexibility. The development of these processes is modulated by different variables. One of them is communication skills with which children have early in life. During the first year, children begin to deploy a range of skills (eg, gaze following, pointing gesture and language), who enrol in the so-called joint attention; this is defined as the visual coordination of two individuals towards an object of mutual interest. In turn, executive functions, promote the social skills of children. Thus a reciprocal development of both cognitive abilities is given, enriching the one another. Related research to the development of both functions in early life is scarce. In this sense, it becomes interesting to investigate topics related to the early development of these capabilities and relationships. In this article we will describe the ways to evaluate these functions and relieve literature on related research.

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