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The aim of the study was to establish the dependence of memory processes and learning ability in gamma-irradiated white mice on the age and period after irradiation. The 3-month and 1-year-old male mice (Mus musculus) were used in the study. Mice whole-body irradiation was performed at a dose of 5 Gy with 137Cs by using a "Gamma-capsule-2". Spatial learning and formation of memory were estimated in the elevated-type multi-way maze and elevated plus-maze. Experiments were carried out 48 hours and 30 days after irradiation for seven days (five trials each day). The number of errors (deviations from optimal trajectory) and total time for crossing the maze were calculated. The results of the study indicate that ionizing irradiation with a total dose of 5 Gy results in a delayed spatial learning process, causes spatial memory and behavior changes in different age groups of animals - aged mice turned out to be more radio-resistant. Age-related radio-resistance plays an especially major role in the early stage of post-radiation recovery. Though, the late radiation aging effect is especially pronounced in young animals.
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Radioisótopos de Cesio , Radiación Ionizante , Animales , Cognición/efectos de la radiación , Masculino , Aprendizaje por Laberinto , Ratones , Memoria EspacialRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Patient-centred care along with optimal financing of inpatient and outpatient services are the main priorities of the Georgia National TB Programme (NTP). This paper presents TB diagnostics and treatment unit cost, their comparison with NTP tariffs and how the study findings informed TB financing policy.METHODS: Top-down (TD) and bottom-up (BU) mean unit costs for TB interventions by episode of care were calculated. TD costs were compared with NTP tariffs, and variations in these and the unit costs cost composition between public and private facilities was assessed.RESULTS: Outpatient interventions costs exceeded NTP tariffs. Unit costs in private facilities were higher compared with public providers. There was very little difference between per-day costs for drug-susceptible treatment and NTP tariffs in case of inpatient services. Treatment day financing exceeded actual costs in the capital (public facility) for drug-resistant TB, and this was lower in the regions.CONCLUSION: Use of reliable unit costs for TB services at policy discussions led to a shift from per-day payment to a diagnosis-related group model in TB inpatient financing in 2020. A next step will be informing policy decisions on outpatient TB care financing to reduce the existing gap between funding and costs.
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Costos de la Atención en Salud , Sector Privado , Tuberculosis , Humanos , Atención Ambulatoria , Tuberculosis/economía , Tuberculosis/epidemiología , Georgia (República)RESUMEN
Spatial-temporal monitoring of the health status of the population plays an important role in public health. For identifying and considering the effects of heterogeneity at the subpopulation level, Bayesian methods for analyzing mixtures of the probability distributions are currently being intensively developed. This article presents the results of studies of the distribution spectrum of the blood total antiradical activity (TAA) levels of the Sachkhere district (Georgia) villages' (Chorvila, Sareki, Sairkhe) population. The research results indicate a non-uniform distribution of blood TAA levels in the populations of the villages of the Sachkhere district. The average blood TAA value in the village Chorvila was statistically significantly lower than the value of blood TAA in the villages of Sareki and Sairkhe. In the village Chorvila, the distribution of blood TAA indices can be described by the Gauss distribution; in Sareki and Sairkhe, a bimodal type of distribution of these values was revealed (the reliability of the difference between the mean values of the distribution components was be lower than in Sareki), which indicates the existence of at least two different subpopulations in this region, related to the impact a certain (unidentified) factor inducing the mobilization of blood TAA. The obtained results allow us to consider the TAA of blood as the most important marker of the oxidative homeostasis of the body in the population.
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Teorema de Bayes , Georgia (República) , Humanos , Reproducibilidad de los ResultadosRESUMEN
In this research, in order to establish the role of neuroendocrine mechanisms in the processes of immunomodulation, the effect of propranolol on the cytokine profile in an experimental model of human T lymphocytes (Jurkat cells) in vitro was investigated. Jurkat cells were incubated under standard conditions. Stimulation of the Jurkat cells was performed by incubation with Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) (50 µg/ml) in the presence of propanonol (10-4 M) and without it at 370 for 24 hours. The cytokine profile (IL-2, IL-10, IFN-γ) in intact and PHA-stimulated Jurkat cells, incubated with and without ß-adrenergic receptor antagonist propanonol, was examined by ELISA. The production of IL-2, IL-10 and IFN-γ in intact Jurkat cells was very low; in PHA-stimulated Jurkat cells, the production of IL-2, IL-10 and IFN-γ was markedly increased (p<0.05). Propranolol significantly reduced the production of IL-2, IL-10 and IFN-γ in PHA-stimulated Jurkat cells (p<0.05). Cytokine production (IL-2, IL-10, IFN-γ) did not change significantly after exposure to propranolol on intact Jurkat cells, which indicates that the inhibitory effect of propranolol on cytokine secretion in PHA-stimulated Jurkat cells is not due to the cytotoxic effect of propranolol on cells , but the result of its specific inhibitory activity. The results of the study allow us to conclude that in order to regulate the functional activity of lymphocytes during various diseases, it is necessary to take into account an autoregulatory mechanisms that ensure the interaction of immune cells with the mediators of the nervous and endocrine systems, maintaining the homeostasis of these systems and regulating the immune response.
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Interleucina-2 , Propranolol , Citocinas , Humanos , Células Jurkat , Modelos Teóricos , Fitohemaglutininas/farmacología , Propranolol/farmacologíaRESUMEN
The purpose of our study was to establish the laser effects on the epithelial tissue and immune metabolism. The research was conducted on human leukemic mature T cells (Jurkat cells) (DSMZ-Deutshe Sammulung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen (Germany)) and MDCK cell line (Lugar Laboratory, Tbilisi, Georgia). Cells were radiated by Laser device "ÐÐТÐÐÐÐ"- ÐÐСТ-01 (power 5 W) 3 -7 days (4 minutes per day). With the aim to model oxidative stress-induced apoptosis, 30% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (Sigma) is added to Jurkat cells, in doses 25 and 50µM [4, 5]; and MDCK cells, in doses 400 and 800 µM [19] added to incubation suspension with subsequent incubation for 24, 48 and 72 hrs. Control group is represented by intact Jurkat and MDCK cells. MTT test was used to assess the cells' proliferation activity (viability). Statistical analyses of the obtained results were performed by SPSS (version 10.0) program package. Our research results show that effects of laser therapy on proliferation of cell cultures depend on the type of cells and incubation conditions. Laser irradiation revealed equal efficacy in both types of the intact cells and increased their viability in time-dependent manner. Jurkat cells turned out to be more susceptible to oxidative stress. Laser therapy only slightly improved their viability at moderate intensity of oxidative stress and proved to be ineffective in strong oxidative stress conditions. The MDCK cells appeared to be more sustainable to oxidative stress; significant changes in these cells viability were observed only when high doses of hydrogen peroxide were added to their incubation medium. Thus, laser therapy was effective for these cells incubated in both regimens of oxidative stress. Our research results prove the efficacy of laser therapy use during periodontitis with the aim to recover epithelium in the oral cavity and to modulate immune metabolism in the patient's body.
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Células Epiteliales/efectos de la radiación , Terapia por Luz de Baja Intensidad , Linfocitos T/efectos de la radiación , Animales , Proliferación Celular/efectos de la radiación , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de la radiación , Perros , Células Epiteliales/citología , Células Epiteliales/metabolismo , Humanos , Células Jurkat , Células de Riñón Canino Madin Darby , Estrés Oxidativo , Linfocitos T/citología , Linfocitos T/metabolismoRESUMEN
The RBC membrane is considered as a key element in their rheology. The rheological properties of RBCs significantly depend on their membranes properties - deformability. The essential contribution of integral membrane proteins in establishing/maintaining membrane stability is due to their ability to anchor the membrane skeleton to the lipid bilayer, their capacity to bind and stabilize membrane lipids, and their ability to influence and regulate local membrane curvature. The goal of the research was investigation the alterations in RBC membrane protein component in diabetic patients with or without periodontitis. We examined peripheral blood samples from type-1 diabetic patients with and without variable severity periodontitis and healthy volunteers. Freshly drawn blood samples from type 1 diabetes with and without periodontitis were obtained from the Railway Hospital (Tbilisi, Georgia). The blood samples from healthy volunteers were obtained from the the Blood Bank of the Institute of Hematology and Transfusiology (Tbilisi, Georgia). Individuals often consume alcohol addicts, pregnant women and patients with other chronic diseases were excluded from the study. The study protocol was approved by Ethical Committee of the Dabid Aghmashenebeli University of Georgia. RBCs membrane proteins have been extracted from human heparinized blood and studied by electrophoresis method. In patients with diabetes type-1 decreased of RBCs membrane low molecular weight proteins (18-22 kDa) content was detected, whereas their electrophoretic mobility (and hence their charge) does not change significantly compared to the control. In patients with diabetes type-1, suffering from periodontitis RBCs membrane low molecular weight (45-29 kDa) and high molecular weight (200, 116, 97, 55 kDa) proteins content reduced as compared with those in diabetic patients not suffering from periodontitis. In this group the electrophoretic mobility of membrane proteins reduces (especially with increasing severity of periodontitis). Reducing the negative charge (apparently caused by a decrease in the carring negative charge glycophorin C and band 3 protein content) and high molecular fraction (weight of 200, 116, 97, 55 kDa) proteins (due to a low content of Band 4.1, band 4.2, band 3 proteins, adducin and ankyrin, actively involved in the regulation of RBCs mechanical stability, deformability and shape) in RBCs membrane in patients with diabetes type-1 suffering from periodontitis, contributes to violation of RBC-RBC interactions as well disorders of their deformability and may induce adhesion of RBCs to the endothelium and disorders of blood circulation. Thus in patients with diabet-1 suffered by periodontitis alterations of the content and the mobility of RBCs membrane proteins were detected (this alterations corelated with severity of periodontitis but was not related with patients sex and age). Changes in the protein composition of the RBCs membranes promote disorder of RBCs membrane deformability and their adherence to the endothelium, pathogenetically related to the disorders of the microcirculation. So that alterations of the content and the mobility of RBCs membrane proteins may be considered as a predictor of microcirculation disturbance during periodontitis.