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Myalgia and muscle weakness may appreciably contribute to the poor adherence to statin therapy. Although the pathomechanism of statin-induced myopathy is not completely understood, changes in calcium homeostasis and reduced coenzyme Q10 levels are hypothesized to play important roles. In our experiments, fluvastatin and/or coenzyme Q10 was administered chronically to normocholesterolaemic or hypercholaestherolaemic rats, and the modifications of the calcium homeostasis and the strength of their muscles were investigated. While hypercholesterolaemia did not change the frequency of sparks, fluvastatin increased it on muscles both from normocholesterolaemic and from hypercholesterolaemic rats. This effect, however, was not mediated by a chronic modification of the ryanodine receptor as shown by the unchanged ryanodine binding in the latter group. While coenzyme Q10 supplementation significantly reduced the frequency of the spontaneous calcium release events, it did not affect their amplitude and spatial spread in muscles from fluvastatin-treated rats. This indicates that coenzyme Q10 supplementation prevented the spark frequency increasing effect of fluvastatin without having a major effect on the amount of calcium released during individual sparks. In conclusion, we have found that fluvastatin, independently of the cholesterol level in the blood, consistently and specifically increased the frequency of calcium sparks in skeletal muscle cells, an effect which could be prevented by the addition of coenzyme Q10 to the diet. These results support theories favouring the role of calcium handling in the pathophysiology of statin-induced myopathy and provide a possible pathway for the protective effect of coenzyme Q10 in statin treated patients symptomatic of this condition.

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UNLABELLED: The prevalence rate and clinical significance of the metabolic syndrome in type 1 diabetic patients are not well established. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence rate of the metabolic syndrome in adult patients with type 1 diabetes. Patients with type 1 diabetes (n=533; age: 35.6+/-11.6 years; duration of diabetes: 18.0+/-11.1 years; x+/-SD) were consecutively enrolled from 11 diabetes outpatient departments. Data on medical history, actual treatment, anthropometric and laboratory parameters as well as actual blood pressure were registered while eating habits and physical activity were evaluated by standardized questionnaires. The prevalence rate of the metabolic syndrome according to the ATP-III criteria was 31.1% (29.7% in men, 32.7% in women; p>0.05). Using the IDF criteria a higher overall prevalence rate of the metabolic syndrome (36.2%; [32,8% in men, 39.4% in women; p>0.05]) was observed. Comparing type 1 diabetic patients to the general population, the prevalence rate of the metabolic syndrome proved to be significantly higher in each age-group of patients with type 1 diabetes. According to the stepwise logistic regression analysis the metabolic syndrome in type 1 diabetic patients was associated in a decreasing ranking order of significance with waist circumference, serum triglycerides, female gender, antihypertensive medication, HDL-cholesterol, diastolic blood pressure and serum creatinine. CONCLUSIONS: The metabolic syndrome can frequently be detected and is predominantly associated with higher waist circumference in adult patients with type 1 diabetes in Hungary.

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A low educational level and a poor socioeconomic status could be associated with increased risk for chronic diseases. The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between the educational level and cardiometabolic risk in adult patients with type 1 diabetes (n = 437; age: 38.0 +/- 10.4 years, duration of diabetes: 19.2 +/- 11.1 years; x +/- SD). Educational levels were classified as low [primary school, n = 56 (12.8%)], middle [high school, n = 251 (57.4%)] or high [university, n = 130 (29.7%)]. The prevalence rate of the metabolic syndrome proved to be higher in patients with low versus high educational levels (ATP-III criteria: 42.9 vs. 21.5%, P = 0.0006). Antihypertensive treatment and cardiovascular diseases were more prevalent in patients with low versus high educational level (46.4 vs. 26.2%, P = 0.01; 12.5 vs. 2.3%, P = 0.02; respectively). Overall glycemic control was worse in patients with low versus high educational level (HbA(lc): 8.8 +/- 1.6 vs. 7.9 +/- 1.4%; P = 0.0006). Patients with low versus high educational level differed significantly regarding smoking habits (smokers: 28.6 vs. 11.6%; P = 0.01) and regular physical activity (5.4 vs. 33.1%; P = 0.0001). Higher prevalence rate of certain cardiometabolic risk factors was associated with low educational level in middle-aged type 1 diabetic patients with relatively long duration of diabetes; therefore, these patients should have priority when preventing cardiovascular complications.

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Adhesion of circulating cells to the vascular endothelium is an early step in the development of atherosclerosis. Diabetic patients have a 2-4 fold increased risk for the development of atherosclerosis. Expression of adhesion molecules is increased in diabetes. These molecules may contribute to accelerated atherosclerosis in diabetes. Three main groups of adhesion molecules have been identified: integrins, selectins and members of the immunoglobulin superfamily. The modulation of expression and activity of adhesion molecules may play an important role in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis. This article summarises the characteristics and the role of these molecules in atherosclerosis and diabetes.

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Ecotoxicological characteristics of a new insecticide synergist, MBB-599 (proposed common name: Verbutin) was investigated. The studies included the determination of the hydrolysis, the biodegradability, the adsorption and desorption characteristics in soil and the effects on living systems (bacterium, alga, Daphnia, and fish) as well.

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