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In Bolivia, lateritic soils are common in humid tropical regions and can be used in the construction industry as an alternative to materials that cause a negative environmental impact, such as cement. The production of Portland cement causes environmental issues like significant greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. To address this problem, geopolymers have been introduced as an alternative binder with low CO2 emissions. In this regard, geopolymers based on lateritic clays have been studied mineralogically, chemically, and on their compressive strength separately. However, there are still no studies on lateritic clays present in Bolivia and their mechanical, mineralogical, and chemical properties combined in a geopolymer. Therefore, this present research proposes the evaluation of a geopolymer made from laterite clays. Compression and flexural tests were carried out, along with mineralogical and chemical analyses on mortar and geopolymer cubes and prisms. The results indicate that the laterite clay-based geopolymer has lower compressive strength compared to Portland cement IP (cement type I with the addition of pozzolana) mortar. However, the flexural strength tests show a slight increase in the case of the geopolymer.
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In this study, useful methods for active human skeletal muscle material parameter determination are provided. First, a straightforward approach to the implementation of a transversely isotropic hyperelastic continuum mechanical material model in an invariant formulation is presented. This procedure is found to be feasible even if the strain energy is formulated in terms of invariants other than those predetermined by the software's requirements. Next, an appropriate experimental setup for the observation of activation-dependent material behavior, corresponding data acquisition, and evaluation is given. Geometry reconstruction based on magnetic resonance imaging of different deformation states is used to generate realistic, subject-specific finite element models of the upper arm. Using the deterministic SIMPLEX optimization strategy, a convenient quasi-static passive-elastic material characterization is pursued; the results of this approach used to characterize the behavior of human biceps in vivo indicate the feasibility of the illustrated methods to identify active material parameters comprising multiple loading modes. A comparison of a contact simulation incorporating the optimized parameters to a reconstructed deformed geometry of an indented upper arm shows the validity of the obtained results regarding deformation scenarios perpendicular to the effective direction of the nonactivated biceps. However, for a valid, activatable, general-purpose material characterization, the material model needs some modifications as well as a multicriteria optimization of the force-displacement data for different loading modes.
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Músculo Esquelético/fisiología , Fenómenos Biomecánicos , Simulación por Computador , Elasticidad , Análisis de Elementos Finitos , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Modelos Biológicos , Estrés MecánicoRESUMEN
The authors present a case of a histologically confirmed giant cell arteritis that presented unusually with bilateral and multiple cranial nerve palsies and resolved following treatment with pulsed cyclophosphamide. The aetiology of the presenting features and the treatment choices are discussed.
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Arteritis de Células Gigantes/complicaciones , Oftalmoplejía/etiología , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Oftalmoplejía/patologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The term juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) describes a clinically heterogeneous group of arthritides. The onset in all subgroups is before 16 years of age, but each group presents with different clinical signs and symptoms. The cause of the disease is unknown, but both genetic and environmental factors are believed to be involved. Management of the disease has greatly improved in recent years due to advances in pharmacologic treatment options (especially with new biologic agents) and the prognosis for patients is better than ever before. However, none of the available drugs has a curative potential. This review provides an overview on the classification and the clinical symptoms of the defined subgroups of JIA as well as pharmacotherapies for it. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of children with JIA is challenging and complex. Since lengthy therapy might be necessary, a multidisciplinary pediatric rheumatology team is crucial for optimal treatment. Although a cure is unknown at this time, adequate treatment aims to preserve function of the joints as well as normal childhood development.
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Artritis Juvenil/clasificación , Adolescente , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/uso terapéutico , Antirreumáticos/uso terapéutico , Artritis Juvenil/diagnóstico , Artritis Juvenil/tratamiento farmacológico , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/antagonistas & inhibidoresRESUMEN
Overexpression and hyperactivation of the type I insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR) has been observed in human breast tumor biopsies. In addition, in vitro studies indicate that overexpression of IGF-IR is sufficient to transform cells such as mouse embryo fibroblasts and this receptor promotes proliferation and survival in breast cancer cell lines. To fully understand the function of the IGF-IR in tumor initiation and progression, transgenic mice containing human IGF-IR under a doxycycline-inducible MMTV promoter system were generated. Administration of 2 mg/ml doxycycline in the animals' water supply beginning at 21 days of age resulted in elevated levels of IGF-IR in mammary epithelial cells as detected by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Whole mount analysis of 55-day-old mouse mammary glands revealed that IGF-IR overexpression significantly impaired ductal elongation. Moreover, histological analyses revealed multiple hyperplasic lesions in the mammary glands of these 55-day-old mice. The formation of palpable mammary tumors was evident at approximately 2 months of age and was associated with increased levels of IGF-IR signaling molecules including phosphorylated Akt, Erk1/Erk2 and STAT3. Therefore, these transgenic mice provide evidence that IGF-IR overexpression is sufficient to induce mammary epithelial hyperplasia and tumor formation in vivo and provide a model to further understand the function of IGF-IR in mammary epithelial transformation.
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Glándulas Mamarias Animales/embriología , Neoplasias Mamarias Experimentales/genética , Morfogénesis , Receptor IGF Tipo 1/fisiología , Animales , Western Blotting , Doxiciclina/administración & dosificación , Inmunohistoquímica , Ratones , Ratones Transgénicos , Receptor IGF Tipo 1/genética , TransgenesRESUMEN
Monocyte-derived macrophage (MPhi) subsets are generated by antagonistic induction pathways. A helper MPhi-type (Mh-MPhi) is induced by interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), whereas a cytotoxic MPhi-type (Mc-MPhi), induced by interleukin-10 (IL-10), is a potent mediator of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Compared with MPhi from healthy adults [peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages (PBMPhi)], cord blood MPhi (CBMPhi) were found less capable of generating Mh-MPhi. Here we tested the hypothesis that their generation of Mc-MPhi via IL-10 is also impaired. MPhi surface markers were phenotyped. IL-10 protein and mRNA production were detected after stimulation [alphaCD3 monoclonal antibody (mAb)]. CBMPhi or PBMPhi were co-cultured with MPhi-depleted mononuclear cells of adults and CD4-targeting antibodies as models for ADCC were added. In cord blood, we found diminished alphaCD3-induced IL-10 protein and mRNA production (p < 0.05 versus adults). Basal CD16 and HLA-DR expressions on CBMPhi of preterm and full-term neonates were lower (p < 0.05 versus PBMPhi). IL-10 had reduced effects on CD16 up- and HLA-DR down-modulation on CBMPhi (p < 0.05 versus PBMPhi). CD4-directed receptor modulation and deletion were reduced in the presence of CBMPhi (p < 0.05 versus PBMPhi). IL-10 failed to enhance their ADCC capacity, which was in contrast to PBMPhi (p < 0.05). These data suggest that CBMPhi have an impaired cytotoxic capacity via lower sensitivity toward IL-10.
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Citotoxicidad Inmunológica , Sangre Fetal/inmunología , Interleucina-10/farmacología , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/inmunología , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/farmacología , Complejo CD3/inmunología , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/inmunología , Técnicas de Cocultivo , Citotoxicidad Inmunológica/efectos de los fármacos , Femenino , Sangre Fetal/citología , Antígenos HLA-DR/genética , Antígenos HLA-DR/metabolismo , Humanos , Interleucina-10/metabolismo , Depleción Linfocítica , Mitógenos/farmacología , Embarazo , ARN Mensajero/análisis , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Receptores de IgG/genética , Receptores de IgG/metabolismoRESUMEN
The atomic rearrangement cascade that follows the electron-capture decay process in low-Z radionuclides involves X-rays which have high photoelectric interaction probabilities. When the K-shell binding energy of the ionized atom (e.g., hydrogen) is significantly lower than the energy of the X-ray photon, the detector response to a photon-equivalent energy electron and the whole photoionization process are very similar. This is not the case when the scintillator cocktail contains larger atoms (e.g., oxygen and phosphorus in Ultima Gold). For larger Z atoms, the reduced energy of the whole photoionization process is less than the reduced energy of the interacting photon due to the nonlinear effects of ionization quenching. This paper shows the convenience of including a more detailed simulation of the photoionization process in the atomic rearrangement detection model for electron-capture nuclides such as (55)Fe, (51)Cr and (54)Mn. The need for more elaborate atomic rearrangement models is a consequence of the analysis of (125)I data.
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BACKGROUND: Transcranial cerebral oximetry was developed for early detection of cerebral hypoxia and to avoid cerebral dysfunctions. However, near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) data obtained during surgery are subject to intrinsic and extrinsic influences that have to be accounted for when interpreting the recordings. METHODS: We developed an NIRS matrix to provide brief information for specific intervention to correct changes of cerebral oxygen saturation (COS). Selected vital data and the descriptors of cerebrovascular and neurofunctional status were linked to logistic chains. RESULTS: The matrix is horizontally and vertically grouped and contains five descriptors: 1. change of COS; 2. key variable (parameter related to the change of COS); 3. associated parameters (vital data that do not cause COS alterations); 4. interpretation of values or preconditions most probably due to COS changes; and 5. the intervention most likely to normalize the COS or return it to baseline. The descriptors are grouped horizontally to a logistics chain. CONCLUSION: The modular expandable NIRS matrix we describe has promise for clinical use in surgical, neurointerventional, and anaesthesiological contexts.
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Corteza Cerebral/metabolismo , Hematoma Subdural Agudo/terapia , Monitoreo Intraoperatorio/métodos , Terapia por Inhalación de Oxígeno/métodos , Oxígeno/metabolismo , Espectroscopía Infrarroja Corta/métodos , Adulto , Arteria Basilar/patología , Angiografía Cerebral/métodos , Corteza Cerebral/patología , Corteza Cerebral/cirugía , Circulación Cerebrovascular/fisiología , Femenino , Hematoma Subdural Agudo/patología , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Oximetría/métodos , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
The safety of dexamethasone for neonates has been questioned, partly because of its multiple unspecific effects on the immune system. Specific effects of dexamethasone on co-stimulatory and immune suppressive functions of neonatal compared with adult macrophages (MPhi) are not known. We evaluated the effect of dexamethasone on the expression and regulation of MPhi B7 family receptors (B7-1, CD80; B7-2, CD86) and on their ability to co-stimulate T cells. Cord blood macrophages (CBMPhi) and MPhi from healthy adults (PBMPhi) were isolated, and cell surface markers were phenotyped by flow cytometry. In tissue culture, cells were exposed to dexamethasone, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), cAMP, or a T cell mitogen (alphaCD3) and examined for their capacity to activate or destroy T cells. CBMPhi were less able to up-regulate CD80 and CD86 than PBMPhi (p < 0.05). Dexamethasone inhibited the up-regulation of CD80, CD86, and HLA-DR on PBMPhi and even more so on CBMPhi (p < 0.05 versus PBMPhi for CD80 and CD86). In the presence of dexamethasone, stimulation with alphaCD3 MAb enhanced cytotoxic functions of PMBMPhi and CB(mu)phi with an increase in deleted T cells, a reduced fraction of enlarged T cells, and an inhibition of T cell CD28 up-regulation, which again were more pronounced with CBMPhi (p < 0.05 versus PBMPhi). In conclusion, neonatal MPhi are exquisitely sensitive to the inhibitory effects of dexamethasone on B7 expression. Although perhaps producing the desired therapeutic effect, dexamethasone may do so in newborns at the expense of a near complete paralysis of MPhi-dependent T cell function.
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Antígenos CD/biosíntesis , Antígeno B7-1/biosíntesis , Dexametasona/farmacología , Activación de Linfocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/biosíntesis , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Antígeno B7-2 , Antígenos CD28/biosíntesis , Complejo CD3/biosíntesis , Técnicas de Cocultivo , AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Femenino , Citometría de Flujo , Humanos , Inmunofenotipificación , Recién Nacido , Interferón gamma/metabolismo , Leucocitos Mononucleares/metabolismo , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Masculino , Fenotipo , Linfocitos T/efectos de los fármacos , Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Factores de Tiempo , Regulación hacia ArribaRESUMEN
Genomic expression signatures provide high-content biomarkers of cellular physiology, including the diverse responses to therapeutic drugs. To recognize these signatures, we devised a method of biomarker evaluation called 'sampling over gene space' (SOGS) that imparts superior predictive performance to existing supervised classification algorithms. Applied to microarray data from drug-treated human cortical neuron 1A cell cultures, this method predicts whether individual compounds possess anticonvulsant, antihypertensive, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, or opioid action. Thus, stable cell lines can be suitable for expression signature-based screening of a diverse range of activities. A SOGS-based system also discriminates physiologically active from inactive compounds, identifies drugs with off-target side effects, and incorporates a quantitative method for assigning confidence to individual predictions that, at its most stringent, approaches 100% accuracy. The capacity to resolve multiple distinct drug activities while simultaneously discriminating inactive and potential false-positive compounds in a cell line presents a unified framework for streamlined chemical genomic drug discovery.
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Expresión Génica , Farmacología/métodos , Algoritmos , Inteligencia Artificial , Línea Celular , ADN Complementario/biosíntesis , ADN Complementario/genética , Interpretación Estadística de Datos , Marcadores Genéticos , Humanos , Modelos Estadísticos , Neuronas/efectos de los fármacos , Neuronas/fisiología , Análisis de Secuencia por Matrices de Oligonucleótidos , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas/clasificación , Valor Predictivo de las PruebasRESUMEN
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is considered to be an autoimmune disease. Various human leukocyte antigen (HLA) associations for different subgroups of this heterogeneous disease have been found. For early-onset pauciarticular arthritis (now oligoarthritic JIA), a strong association with the HLA class II haplotype DQA1*0401/DQB1*0402 (DQ4) has been described. We determined the peptide-binding specificities of this HLA-DQ molecule by screening a synthetic acetylated nonapeptide amide library with one defined and eight random sequence positions. A characteristic binding motif could be deduced. By use of these data, we designed defined specific nonapeptides and identified high-affinity ligands binding to HLA-DQ4. The peptide binding motif of HLA-DQ4 is very similar to the motif of HLA-DQ7, also associated with oligoarthritic JIA. It is, however, different from binding motifs of neutral or protective HLA-DQ molecules. Our results further support the idea of differential peptide presentation in the pathogenesis of oligoarthritic JIA.
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Artritis Juvenil/inmunología , Antígenos HLA-DQ/inmunología , Péptidos/inmunología , Secuencias de Aminoácidos/inmunología , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Artritis Juvenil/patología , Línea Celular Transformada , Antígenos HLA-DQ/metabolismo , Humanos , Ligandos , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Biblioteca de Péptidos , Péptidos/síntesis química , Péptidos/metabolismo , Unión Proteica/inmunologíaRESUMEN
A 51-year-old man underwent two percutaneous transluminal angioplasties with stenting for a dissection that extended from the right brachiocephalic trunk into the proximal part of the internal carotid artery. The patient presented with transient dysphasia one month after surgical treatment of a type A dissecting aortic aneurysm. Initially, he was managed with conservative treatment, with no effect on the dissected arteries. Two stents were then successfully placed over the site of dissection to prevent further embolization. At follow-up 29 months after stent implantation, the patient was asymptomatic and ultrasound examination demonstrated no recurrence of dissection at the stented segment. This case suggests that stenting could be a successful treatment of cervical artery dissection.
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Angioplastia de Balón , Aneurisma de la Aorta/terapia , Disección Aórtica/terapia , Stents , Disección Aórtica/diagnóstico por imagen , Aneurisma de la Aorta/diagnóstico por imagen , Tronco Braquiocefálico/cirugía , Braquiterapia , Arteria Carótida Común/diagnóstico por imagen , Arteria Carótida Común/cirugía , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , UltrasonografíaRESUMEN
Liquid scintillation counting techniques combined with the CIEMAT/NIST method have been applied to measure the specific activity of natural potassium salts. Samples have been prepared with three different scintillators. The individual atomic composition as well as the density of the cocktails have been taken into account for the efficiency calculation. With the specific activity the half-life is calculated to be T1/2 = 1.248(3) x 10(9) a. The result is in reasonable agreement with other measurement results provided the same isotopic concentration of 40K is used.
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Algoritmos , Radioisótopos de Hierro/análisis , Modelos Químicos , Modelos Estadísticos , Radioisótopos de Potasio/análisis , Radioisótopos de Potasio/normas , Radiación Ionizante , Conteo por Cintilación/métodos , Semivida , Transferencia Lineal de Energía , Radiometría/métodos , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Conteo por Cintilación/normas , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , SolucionesRESUMEN
Ionization quench function Q(E) introduces an important correction in the CIEMAT/NIST tracing method. In this paper we present a detailed analysis of the equations used to compute the counting efficiency of 55Fe. The counting efficiency of this radionuclide is very sensitive to the shape and values of Q(E) for this method. We demonstrate that the Birks equation and stopping power are not adequate to obtain low discrepancies between the experimental and computed efficiencies. An empirical procedure to compute accurate Q(E) functions is also given.
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Algoritmos , Radioisótopos de Hierro/análisis , Transferencia Lineal de Energía , Modelos Químicos , Modelos Estadísticos , Radiación Ionizante , Conteo por Cintilación/métodos , Radiometría/métodos , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , SolucionesRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Macrophage (MPhi) receptors of the B7 family (CD80, CD86) play a crucial role in T cell activation: the lack of costimulation leads to anergy or apoptosis of reactive T cells. MPhi may differentiate into different subsets, the balance of which defines MPhi-dependent T cell reactions. The aim of this study was to examine neonatal and adult T cell response with respect to the costimulatory MPhi-potential in order to identify molecular predictors for the neonatal immune defense. METHODS: MPhi from peripheral blood (PBMPhi) or cord blood (CBMPhi) were stimulated with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), CD40 ligand (CD40L), or alphaCD3. RESULTS: As compared to PBMPhi, CBMPhi showed a significantly decreased upregulation of CD80 and/or CD86 after stimulation with IFN-gamma, cAMP, CD40L, and alphaCD3. Accordingly, the proliferative T cell response was impaired in the presence of CBMPhi. The fraction of T cells that underwent cell death was higher, and blast formation was significantly lower than that observed in the presence of PBMPhi. CONCLUSIONS: CBMPhi, as compared to PBMPhi, delivered fewer costimulatory but more cytotoxic signals to T cells. These observations suggest that MPhi are one factor explaining the suboptimal immune defense of neonates and their increased susceptibility to infection. Using the costimulatory MPhi-potential as a predictor for immune responses requires a separate reference value system in neonatology.
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Antígeno B7-1/metabolismo , Sangre Fetal/citología , Citometría de Flujo , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Antígenos CD/metabolismo , Antígeno B7-2 , Complejo CD3/farmacología , Ligando de CD40/farmacología , AMP Cíclico/farmacología , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Recien Nacido Prematuro , Interferón gamma/farmacología , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Regulación hacia Arriba/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Applying fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH), six cosmid clones of rhesus macaque origin containing the genes SACM2L, RING1, BAT1 and MIC2, MIC3, MICD, and MOG of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) were localised to the long arm of the rhesus macaque chromosome 6 in 6q24, the orthologous region to human 6p21.3. Furthermore, centromere to telomere orientation of the rhesus macaque MHC as well as the internal order of the MHC genes tested are the same as in human. Fiber-FISH allows a rough estimate of distances between these MHC genes in the rhesus macaque, and, as in the human, the rhesus macaque MHC comprises about 3 to 4 Mb.
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Macaca mulatta/genética , Complejo Mayor de Histocompatibilidad , Animales , Mapeo Cromosómico , Cromosomas Humanos Par 6 , Cromosomas de los Mamíferos/ultraestructura , Análisis Citogenético , Orden Génico , Humanos , Hibridación Fluorescente in Situ , Metafase , SinteníaRESUMEN
Acute and chronic rejection after kidney transplantation has long been exclusively attributed to cellular and vascular mechanisms. Modern immunosuppressive therapy, therefore, addresses the cellular immune system. Rising experiences in kidney transplantation in the last few decades have revealed that some types of rejection are refractory to the conventional immunosuppressive treatment. Humoral rejection. which has previously been reported as a crucial factor in hyperacute rejection, is now suspected to play also an important role in acute and chronic rejection. Acute humoral rejection (AHR) is characterized by immunohistochemical detection of C4d deposits in peritubular capillaries. As shown for other antibody-mediated diseases, such as some autoimmune diseases, plasmapheresis has been suggested to be an efficient therapeutic approach in AHR. We present four patients with C4d-positive AHR in the early phase after kidney transplantation. In three of the four patients, humoral graft rejection was successfully treated by plasmapheresis. Graft function was significantly improved with a stable long-term outcome. One patient lost the graft. Although the number of patients with C4d-positive AHR treated by plasmapheresis is limited, plasma exchange appears to be an efficient and powerful therapeutic approach to control humoral rejection.
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Complemento C4/inmunología , Complemento C4b , Rechazo de Injerto/terapia , Fallo Renal Crónico/terapia , Trasplante de Riñón/efectos adversos , Trasplante de Riñón/inmunología , Fragmentos de Péptidos/inmunología , Plasmaféresis/métodos , Enfermedad Aguda , Adulto , Formación de Anticuerpos , Terapia Combinada , Complemento C4/análisis , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Rechazo de Injerto/inmunología , Rechazo de Injerto/prevención & control , Supervivencia de Injerto , Humanos , Inmunosupresores/uso terapéutico , Fallo Renal Crónico/inmunología , Trasplante de Riñón/métodos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Fragmentos de Péptidos/análisis , Reoperación , Medición de Riesgo , Muestreo , Inmunología del Trasplante , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
The beta-chains of HLA-DR molecules associated with susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) share a common amino acid sequence in their third hypervariable region at position 70-74. This shared epitope could either contribute to preferential binding of a given disease-associated peptide, be involved in disease-induction by molecular mimicry or, by binding to heat shock proteins, influence antigen presentation. It is known that the Escherichia coli M(r)70,000 heat shock protein DnaK can bind peptides from the shared epitope. Using a highly sensitive method, we show that peptides covering the third hypervariable region of associated, but also most of the non-associated HLA-DR alleles, bind to DnaK. Similar binding specificities could be found for the constitutively expressed mammalian M(r)70,000 heat shock protein Hsc73 and the inducible mammalian Hsp72. However, peptides containing the amino acid sequence DERAA, found in HLA-DR alleles and strongly associated with protection from RA, did not bind any HSP70. Thus, our results suggest a possible association of non-binding of HSP70 to HLA-DR molecules or its 70-74 fragments and protection from RA.
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Proteínas de Escherichia coli , Antígenos HLA-DR/química , Antígenos HLA-DR/metabolismo , Proteínas HSP70 de Choque Térmico/metabolismo , Alelos , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Aminoácidos Acídicos/química , Artritis Reumatoide/genética , Artritis Reumatoide/prevención & control , Sitios de Unión , Antígenos HLA-DR/genética , Cadenas HLA-DRB1 , Proteínas HSP70 de Choque Térmico/química , Humanos , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Péptidos/química , Péptidos/metabolismo , Estructura Terciaria de ProteínaRESUMEN
The determination of the 32P activity in angioplastic balloons involves two problems: the extraction of 32P, which is covered with plastic foils, and the determination of the 33P impurity. At PTB the active balloons are destroyed by combustion in an oxygen stream. The active phosphorus is extracted quantitatively from the tube. The activities of 32P and 33P are determined by measurements performed over a period of one month or more by a subsequent data fit.