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OBJECTIVE: Severe pulmonary embolism (PE) has a high mortality rate, which can be lowered by thrombolytic therapy (TT). However, full-dose TT is associated with major complications, including life-threatening bleeding. The aim of this study was to explore the efficacy and safety of extended, low-dose administration of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) on in-hospital mortality and outcomes in massive PE. METHODS: This was a single-center, prospective cohort trial at a tertiary university hospital. A total of 37 consecutive patients with massive PE were included. A peripheral intravenous infusion was used to administer 25 mg of tPA over 6 hours. The primary endpoints were in-hospital mortality, major complications, pulmonary hypertension, and right ventricular dysfunction. The secondary endpoints were 6-month mortality and pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular dysfunction 6 months after the PE. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 68.76±14.54 years. The mean pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP; 56.51±7.34 mmHg vs. 34.16±2.81 mmHg, P<0.001) and right/left ventricle diameter (1.37±0.12 vs. 0.99±0.12, P<0.001) decreased significantly after TT. Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (1.43±0.33 cm vs. 2.07±0.27 cm, P<0.001), myocardial performance index (0.47±0.08 vs. 0.55±0.07, P<0.001), and systolic wave prime (9.6±2.8 vs. 15.3±2.6) increased significantly after TT. No major bleeding or stroke was observed. There was one in-hospital death and two additional deaths within 6 months. No cases of pulmonary hypertension were identified during follow-up. CONCLUSION: The results of this pilot study suggest that an extended infusion of low-dose tPA is a safe and effective therapy in patients with massive PE. This protocol was also effective in decreasing PASP and restoring right ventricular function.

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BACKROUND: We aimed to evaluate the utility of the preprocedural platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) for predicting the no-reflow phenomenon after thrombus aspiration during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). METHOD: We retrospectively analyzed postprocedural thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow grades and myocardial blush grades (MBG) of 247 patients who underwent a PCI procedure with thrombus aspiration.We divided these patients into two groups according to whether they had no-reflow (TIMI < 3, MBG < 2) or not (TIMI 3, MBG ≥ 2). RESULTS: No-reflow developed in 43 (17%) patients.Preprocedural PLR was significantly higher in the no-reflow group (183.76 ± 56.65 vs 118.32 ± 50.42 p < 0.001).Independent predictors of no-reflow were as follows: higher preprocedural platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) (OR = 1.018; 95% CI = 1.004, 1.033; p = 0.013),mean corpuscular volume (MCV) (OR = 1.118; 95% CI = 1.024, 1.220; p = 0.012) and SYNTAX Score-2 (OR = 1.073; 95% CI = 1.005, 1.146; p = 0.036). PLR of 144 had 79% sensitivity and 75% specificity for the prediction of no-reflow. CONCLUSION: PLR is a reliable predictor for no-reflow in STEMI patients undergoing thrombus aspiration.

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Abstract Objective: To evaluate the association of pulse pressure (PP) with mortality and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in one-year period after anterior ST-elevation myocardial infarction (A-STEMI). Methods: A total of 261 consecutive patients whose blood pressure was measured with the aid of a catheter before primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) between August 2016 and February 2017 were included in the study. The patients were divided into three groups according to pulse pressure (PP) (Group 1, PP<35 mmHg; Group 2, 35≤PP≤50 mmHg; Group 3, PP>50 mmHg). Results: The mean age of the patients was 63.4±14.1 years, and 206 of them were male. The groups were similar in terms of age and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). The ratio of female patients in Group 1 was higher, and their systolic blood pressure (SBP) was lower than those from the other groups (P=0.005 vs. P=0.042). The rates of MACE and mortality were higher in Group 1. The predictive PP values were calculated to be 42.5 mmHg for development of MACE and 41.5 mmHg for mortality. One-year survival ratio was worse in Group 1 than in the others according to Kaplan-Meier analysis (P<0.001). Conclusion: The values of PP which was measured intra-aortically in patients with A-STEMI were associated with mortality and MACE in the one-year follow-up period.

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Abstract Objective: To evaluate the predictive value of mean perfusion pressure (mPP) in the development of acute kidney injury (AKIN) after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). Methods: One hundred and forty seven consecutive patients with aortic stenosis (AS) were evaluated for this study and 133 of them were included. Mean arterial pressure (mAP) and central venous pressure (CVP) were used to calculate mPP before TAVI procedure (mPP = mAP-CVP). The occurrence of AKIN was evaluated with AKIN classification according to the Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 recommendations. The patients were divided into two groups according to the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis of their mPP levels (high-risk group and low-risk group). Results: The AKIN prevalence was 22.6% in this study population. Baseline serum creatinine level, glomerular filtration rate, amount of contrast medium, and the level of mPP were determined as predictive factors for the development of AKIN. Conclusion: The occurrence of AKIN is associated with increased morbidity and mortality rates in patients with TAVI. In addition to the amount of contrast medium and basal kidney functions, our study showed that lower mPP was strongly associated with development of AKIN after TAVI.

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BACKGROUND: We aimed to evaluate the right ventricular (RV) systolic function in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) compared to healthy subjects by using standard echocardiography and speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) methods. METHODS: This was a case-control study in which 64 patients (mean age, 55.7 ± 9.2 years; male/female, 53/11), who had AS for at least five years (mean disease duration, 7.1 ± 2.6 years) and 70 age-matched healthy subjects (mean age, 54.9 ± 8.5 years; male/female 55/15) were included. Clinical and laboratory signs of cardiac disease were recorded. The RV systolic function was assessed by standard echocardiography and two-dimensional STE method. RESULTS: Case and control groups did not show significant difference in terms of clinical and laboratory signs of cardiac disease. RV function parameters in standard echocardiography were statistically similar between AS patients and control subjects. However, RV parameters in STE revealed significantly impaired RV function in AS patients compared to control group. RV-free wall longitudinal strain, RV-free wall longitudinal systolic strain rate, RV-free wall longitudinal early diastolic strain rate, RV-free wall longitudinal late diastolic strain rate were lower, and RV-early diastolic strain rate/RV-late diastolic strain rate ratio was higher for the patients in the AS group (p < 0.001 for all). CONCLUSIONS: AS is associated with impaired RV function as shown by STE even if there is no clinical or laboratory sign of cardiac abnormality. STE is more effective than standard echocardiography to detect RV function. Therefore we suggest regular evaluation of RV function in patients with AS.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the predictive value of mean perfusion pressure (mPP) in the development of acute kidney injury (AKIN) after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). METHODS: One hundred and forty seven consecutive patients with aortic stenosis (AS) were evaluated for this study and 133 of them were included. Mean arterial pressure (mAP) and central venous pressure (CVP) were used to calculate mPP before TAVI procedure (mPP = mAP-CVP). The occurrence of AKIN was evaluated with AKIN classification according to the Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 recommendations. The patients were divided into two groups according to the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis of their mPP levels (high-risk group and low-risk group). RESULTS: The AKIN prevalence was 22.6% in this study population. Baseline serum creatinine level, glomerular filtration rate, amount of contrast medium, and the level of mPP were determined as predictive factors for the development of AKIN. CONCLUSION: The occurrence of AKIN is associated with increased morbidity and mortality rates in patients with TAVI. In addition to the amount of contrast medium and basal kidney functions, our study showed that lower mPP was strongly associated with development of AKIN after TAVI.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of pulse pressure (PP) with mortality and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in one-year period after anterior ST-elevation myocardial infarction (A-STEMI). METHODS: A total of 261 consecutive patients whose blood pressure was measured with the aid of a catheter before primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) between August 2016 and February 2017 were included in the study. The patients were divided into three groups according to pulse pressure (PP) (Group 1, PP<35 mmHg; Group 2, 35≤PP≤50 mmHg; Group 3, PP>50 mmHg). RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 63.4±14.1 years, and 206 of them were male. The groups were similar in terms of age and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). The ratio of female patients in Group 1 was higher, and their systolic blood pressure (SBP) was lower than those from the other groups (P=0.005 vs. P=0.042). The rates of MACE and mortality were higher in Group 1. The predictive PP values were calculated to be 42.5 mmHg for development of MACE and 41.5 mmHg for mortality. One-year survival ratio was worse in Group 1 than in the others according to Kaplan-Meier analysis (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: The values of PP which was measured intra-aortically in patients with A-STEMI were associated with mortality and MACE in the one-year follow-up period.

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In the present study, we aimed to evaluate temporal changes in heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (h-FABP) and myocardial performance index (Tei index) following administration of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), a chemotherapeutic agent associated with myocardial ischemia induced by coronary vasospasm. Thirty-two patients with cancer receiving their first 5-FU-based chemotherapy were included in the study. Prior to chemotherapy and 24 hours after the initiation of chemotherapy, all patients underwent a comprehensive echocardiographic examination. Blood samples were taken for h-FABP and troponin I (TnI) measurements at different time points during the first 24 hours of 5-FU administration. Postinfusion echocardiography revealed worsening in Tei index (0.37 ± 0.08 vs 0.43 ± 0.07, P < .001). Clinically overt cardiotoxicity was evident in 4 (12.5%) of our patient population. Heart-type fatty acid binding protein and TnI levels were within normal ranges at all time points. Our results suggest that ischemia coronary vasospasm due to 5-FU cardiotoxicity should be reviewed. Furthermore, Tei index might be a sensitive indicator of occult 5-FU cardiotoxicity.

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BACKGROUND/AIMS: The Mehran risk score (MS) was adopted to predict the development of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) and includes clinical and procedural variables. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the value of MS in the prediction of CIN development after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). METHODS: Ninety-three patients (47 females; mean age, 77.2 ± 7.6 years) who underwent aortic valve replacement with TAVI for severe aortic stenosis in our center between June 2013 and November 2014 were included in the study. Patients were categorized into four risk groups based on MS: low (≤5), moderate (6-10), high (11-15), and very high (≥16). RESULTS: CIN was recorded in 24 patients after TAVI (25.8%). The amount of contrast medium was significantly higher in the CIN+ group (p = 0.029), and total mortality was higher in the CIN+ group than in the CIN- group (20.1 vs. 2.9%, respectively; p = 0.024). In univariate analysis, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, ejection fraction, baseline creatinine, baseline glomerular filtration rate, contrast medium volume, and MS were found to be significant risk factors for CIN (p < 0.05 for all). The receiver operating characteristic analysis of the significant variables in multivariate regression analysis revealed that the cutoff MS to predict the development of CIN was 13.0 (area under the curve, 0.654; 95% confidence interval, 0.495-0.758; sensitivity, 62%; specificity, 68%). CONCLUSION: MS is a predictor of CIN development after TAVI. We think that the use of MS in clinical practice may decrease renal complications after TAVI.

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OBJECTIVE: The level of right ventricular (RV) systolic function has prognostic importance in right ventricular ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (RV-STEMI). This study aimed to evaluate the changes in RV systolic function in patients with RV-STEMI according to the revascularisation method used for their management. METHODS: The first group consisted of 132 patients who received primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). The 78 patients who had received thrombolytic therapy (TT) in external centres before referral to our centre for PCI within three to 12 hours of RV-STEMI were included in the second group. All patients were evaluated by conventional and two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography. RESULTS: There were 172 male patients and their mean age was 63.7 ± 11.8 years. There were no significant differences between the two groups with regard to right ventricular systolic parameters at admission and at the one-month follow-up visit. The echocardiographic changes between admission and the one-month follow up were investigated for the patients included in the study groups. Mean values of each parameter observed at the one-month follow up were significantly increased compared to those at admission within each group. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that PCI within three to 12 hours following TT provided similar benefits on right ventricular systolic function compared to PPCI in patients with RV-STEMI.

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OBJECTIVE: Atrial functions are relatively suppressed in heart failure (HF). We aimed to investigate the associations of intra- and inter-atrial electromechanical conduction delay (EMCD) with functional class and mortality over a 12-month follow-up period. METHODS: The prospective study included 65 patients with systolic HF and 65 healthy subjects with normal sinus rhythm. Left ventricular (LV) systolic functions and left atrial (LA) dimensions and volumes were evaluated by transthoracic echocardiography. Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) signals at the lateral border of the mitral annulus (lateral PA'), septal mitral annulus (septal PA'), and tricuspid annulus (tricuspid PA') were measured. Intra- and inter-atrial EMCD were calculated. RESULTS: Mitral inflow velocities were studied using pulsed-wave Doppler after placing the sample volume at the leaflets' tips. The peak early (E wave) and late (A wave) velocities were measured. The septal annular E/E' ratio was relatively higher and lateral, septal, and right ventricular S, E', and A' waves were significantly lower in the HF group than in the control group (12.49±6.03 - 7.16±1.75, pE/E' <0.0001). Intra-atrial EMCD was detected as 117.5 ms and inter-atrial EMCD as 127.5 ms in patients with prolonged atrial EMCD. A significant increase was found in prolonged intraand inter-atrial EMCD according to functional capacity increase (p=0.012 and p=0.031, respectively). The incidence of mortality was significantly higher in patients with prolonged atrial EMCD (p=0.025), and 5 patients in the HF group died during the study over the 12-month follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we found a relationship between prolonged atrial conduction time and increased functional class and mortality in patients with systolic HF.

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Endocan is a soluble proteoglycan, secreted by human vascular endothelial cells. Endocan is a marker for vascular pathologies and an important mediator of angiogenesis, strongly associated with inflammation, vascular endothelial dysfunction, and atherosclerosis. The relationship between coronary artery ectasia (CAE) and endocan has not been evaluated. We aimed to investigate this association. Fifty-four patients with isolated CAE without coronary stenosis and 30 controls with normal coronary angiogram were included in this study. Endocan plasma concentrations were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Patients with isolated CAE had significantly higher levels of endocan compared to the controls (18.9 ± 7.3 vs 15.6 ± 3.6 ng/mL; P = .007). There was a significant correlation between endocan levels and severity of isolated CAE according to the Markis classification ( r = -.593, P < .001). Plasma endocan levels may reflect the presence and severity of isolated CAE, suggesting that endocan may be involved in pathogenesis of isolated CAE.

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Abstract Background: GRACE risk score (GS) is a scoring system which has a prognostic significance in patients with non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (non-STEMI). Objective: The present study aimed to determine whether end-systolic or end-diastolic epicardial fat thickness (EFT) is more closely associated with high-risk non-STEMI patients according to the GS. Methods: We evaluated 207 patients who had non-STEMI beginning from October 2012 to February 2013, and 162 of them were included in the study (115 males, mean age: 66.6 ± 12.8 years). End-systolic and end-diastolic EFTs were measured with echocardiographic methods. Patients with high in-hospital GS were categorized as the H-GS group (in hospital GS > 140), while other patients were categorized as the low-to-moderate risk group (LM-GS). Results: Systolic and diastolic blood pressures of H-GS patients were lower than those of LM-GS patients, and the average heart rate was higher in this group. End-systolic EFT and end-diastolic EFT were significantly higher in the H-GS group. The echocardiographic assessment of right and left ventricles showed significantly decreased ejection fraction in both ventricles in the H-GS group. The highest correlation was found between GS and end-diastolic EFT (r = 0.438). Conclusion: End-systolic and end-diastolic EFTs were found to be increased in the H-GS group. However, end-diastolic EFT and GS had better correlation than end-systolic EFT and GS.

Resumo Fundamento: O escore de risco GRACE (SG) é um sistema com significado prognóstico para pacientes com infarto do miocárdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IMSSST). Objetivo: Determinar se a espessura da gordura epicárdica (EGE) ao final da sístole ou da diástole é mais associada com pacientes de IMSSST de alto risco de acordo com o SG. Métodos: Este estudo avaliou 207 pacientes com IMSSST desde outubro de 2012 a fevereiro de 2013, sendo 162 deles incluídos no estudo (115 homens, idade média: 66,6 ± 12,8 anos). Mediu-se a EGE ao final da sístole e da diástole com métodos ecocardiográficos. Pacientes com alto SG intra-hospitalar (SG > 140) foram classificados como grupo SG-A, enquanto os outros foram classificados como grupo de risco baixo-a-moderado (grupo SG-BM). Resultados: As pressões arteriais sistólica e diastólica dos pacientes SG-A foram mais baixas do que as dos pacientes SG-BM, sendo a frequência cardíaca média mais alta nesse grupo. A EGE ao final da sístole e a EGE ao final da diástole foram significativamente mais altas no grupo SG-A. A avaliação ecocardiográfica dos ventrículos direito e esquerdo mostrou fração de ejeção significativamente reduzida em ambos os ventrículos no grupo SG-A. Observou-se maior correlação entre SG e EGE ao final da diástole (r = 0,438). Conclusão: A EGE ao final da sístole e a EGE ao final da diástole mostraram-se aumentadas no grupo SG-A. Entretanto, a EGE ao final da diástole apresentou melhor correlação com o SG do que a EGE ao final da sístole.

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BACKGROUND: GRACE risk score (GS) is a scoring system which has a prognostic significance in patients with non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (non-STEMI). OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to determine whether end-systolic or end-diastolic epicardial fat thickness (EFT) is more closely associated with high-risk non-STEMI patients according to the GS. METHODS: We evaluated 207 patients who had non-STEMI beginning from October 2012 to February 2013, and 162 of them were included in the study (115 males, mean age: 66.6 ± 12.8 years). End-systolic and end-diastolic EFTs were measured with echocardiographic methods. Patients with high in-hospital GS were categorized as the H-GS group (in hospital GS > 140), while other patients were categorized as the low-to-moderate risk group (LM-GS). RESULTS: Systolic and diastolic blood pressures of H-GS patients were lower than those of LM-GS patients, and the average heart rate was higher in this group. End-systolic EFT and end-diastolic EFT were significantly higher in the H-GS group. The echocardiographic assessment of right and left ventricles showed significantly decreased ejection fraction in both ventricles in the H-GS group. The highest correlation was found between GS and end-diastolic EFT (r = 0.438). CONCLUSION: End-systolic and end-diastolic EFTs were found to be increased in the H-GS group. However, end-diastolic EFT and GS had better correlation than end-systolic EFT and GS.

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The aim of this study is to evaluate the incidence and predictors of silent neuronal injury (SNI) after coronary angiography (CAG) and intervention by serial measurement of serum neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in patients presented with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Ninety-eight consecutive patients presented with ACS and underwent CAG and intervention were included in the study. The NSE levels significantly increased after CAG and intervention compared to baseline levels (22.03 ± 27.70 and 10.08 ± 3.15 consecutively). Left ventricular ejection fraction in the SNI+ group was significantly lower than that in the SNI- group (43.71% ± 12.51%, 50.84% ± 9.34%, P = .002). Maximal creatinine kinase myocardial band, troponin I, and SYNTAX score of the SNI+ group were significantly higher than those of the SNI- group (103.83 ± 99.22, 51.92 ± 78.33, P = .006; 50.04 ± 66.18, 19.18 ± 30.50, P = .002; 103.83 ± 99.22, 51.92 ± 78.33, P = .006; and 50.04 ± 66.18, 19.18 ± 30.50, P = .002 successively). SYNTAX score and performing percutaneous coronary intervention were the independent predictors of SNI (P = .009, odds ratio [OR] = 1.06, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.014-1.107, P = .036, OR = 4.262, 95% CI = 1.097-16.56). Percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary artery lesion complexity may increase the risk of SNI in patients with ACS.

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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of two doses of heparin, a low dose (2500 IU) and a standard dose (5000 IU) in patients who underwent transradial coronary angiography (TRCAG). METHODS: A total of 459 consecutive patients were included in the present study, 217 in the 2500-IU heparin group and 242 in the 5000-IU heparin group. Radial artery patency was evaluated one month after the TRCAG with Doppler ultrasonography. RESULTS: The RAO was observed in 15 (3.3%) patients. The RAO was significantly higher in 2500 IU heparin group than 5000 IU heparin group (5.5% vs 1.2% p=0.010, respectively). Female gender (Odds ratio (OR)=66.135, p=0.002, 95% confidence interval (CI)=4.584-954.131), sheath removal time (OR=1.496, p<0.001, 95% CI=1.254-1.784) and administration of 2500 IU heparin (OR=9.758, p=0.034, 95% CI=1.195-79.695) were the independent predictors of RAO in multivariate regression analysis. While the presence of hypertension was independently associated with radial artery patency in multivariate regression analysis (OR=0.022, p=0.005, 95% CI=0.002-0.307). CONCLUSION: The patients in the standard dose heparin group had lower RAO rates compared to low dose group in this study. This suggests that using the current technique, standard dose of heparin is still required for transradial diagnostic angiography.

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BACKGROUND/AIM: Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is a method which is increasingly applied in severe aortic stenosis treatment. The development of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) after TAVI increases morbidity and mortality rates. Within the scope of this study, the importance of the contrast medium volume to glomerular filtration rate (CV/GFR) ratio in determining the development of CIN and the amount of CV that could be applied was evaluated. METHODS: Seventy-two patients (aged 78.6 ± 11.6 years; 38 females) who underwent aortic valve replacement with the TAVI method between June 2013 and August 2014 were included in the study. CIN was defined as an absolute increase in serum creatinine of >0.5 mg/dl or a relative increase of >25% within 48-72 h after TAVI. CIN+ and CIN-patients were classified into two groups. The χ(2) test, t test, Mann-Whitney U test, ROC analysis, and univariate and multivariate regression analyses were applied for statistical analyses. RESULTS: CIN was detected in 16 patients (22%) in our study. Baseline creatinine, baseline GFR, the Mehran risk score, CV, and the CV/GFR ratio were determined as the predictive factors of CIN development. A CV/GFR ratio of 3.9 was specified to predict CIN development with 71% sensitivity and 80% specificity. CONCLUSION: After TAVI, CIN may develop due to various reasons. In patients to whom TAVI was applied, the CV/GFR ratio may be a guideline helping to prevent the development of renal pathologies. The amount of contrast medium that can be given to a patient can be calculated in terms of baseline GFR.

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We investigated the relationship between peripheral artery disease complexity and coronary artery disease complexity in patients with peripheral artery disease. A total of 449 patients were enrolled. SYNTAX score, a marker of coronary artery disease complexity, was assessed by dedicated computer software and complexity of peripheral artery disease was determined by Trans Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus II classification. The SYNTAX score of patients with minimal peripheral artery disease, Trans Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus A, Trans Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus B, Trans Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus C and Trans Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus D were 5 (11), 12.5 (13.25), 20 (14), 20.5 (19) and 27.5 (19), respectively (values in brackets represent the interquartile range). SYNTAX score and Trans Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus class was moderately correlated (r = 0.495, p < 0.001). In multivariate regression analysis male sex (B = 0.169, p < 0.001, CI95% = 0.270-0.735), Log10 SYNTAX score (B = 0.282, p < 0.001, CI95% = 0.431-0.782), Log10 creatinine (B = 0.081, p = 0.036, CI95% = 0.043-1.239), low-density lipoprotein (B = 0.114, p = 0.003, CI95% = 0.001-0.006) and high-density lipoprotein (B = -0.360, p < 0.001, CI95% = -0.063 to -0.041) were the independent predictors of Trans Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus II class. We have shown that patients with complex peripheral artery disease had complex coronary artery disease.

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BACKGROUND: Right ventricular (RV) function is known to be impaired in the presence of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Epicardial adipose tissue is a metabolically active organ that generates various bioactive molecules, which might affect cardiac function and morphology. Thus, we hypothesized that RV dysfunction in patients with MetS may be related to increased epicardial fat thickness (EFT) in these patients. In patients with MetS, we aimed to assess the relation of EFT with RV function using two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2DSTE)-derived strain and strain rate imaging. METHODS: The study involved 76 subjects with MetS and 61 subjects without MetS. Biventricular structure and function together with EFT were evaluated by conventional echocardiography. RV free and septal walls strain (RVFW-S & RVSW-S), systolic and early diastolic strain rates (RVSRs & RVSRe) were evaluated by 2DSTE. RESULTS: Epicardial fat thickness was significantly higher in subjects with MetS (6.45 ± 1.48 mm vs. 5.49 ± 1.05 mm, P < 0.001). RVFW-S (-22.95 ± 4.97% vs. -24.96 ± 3.63%; P = 0.007), RVSRs (1.53 ± 0.33/sec vs. -1.70 ± 0.33/sec; P = 0.002), and RVSRe (1.40 ± 0.44/sec vs. 1.75 ± 0.49/sec; P < 0.001) were all lower in subjects with MetS, while RVSW-S did not differ. Multiple regression analysis showed that EFT was independently associated with RVFW-S (ß = -0.547, P < 0.001), RVSRs (ß = -0.332, P = 0.001), and RVSRe (ß = -0.187, P = 0.019) in subjects with MetS. CONCLUSIONS: Metabolic syndrome is associated with subclinical RV systolic and diastolic dysfunction. In subjects with MetS, increased EFT is independently related to RV systolic and diastolic dysfunction.

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OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to investigate the effects of dipper and nondipper patterns on global longitudinal systolic functions of left ventricle (LV) by means of two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography in treated hypertensive diabetic patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We enrolled 86 hypertensive diabetic patients. Twenty-four hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and echocardiography were performed in each patient. The relationship between dipper/nondipper patterns and global longitudinal strain (GLS) was analyzed. RESULTS: Fifty-one (59.3%) patients had a nondipper pattern. GLS and average global longitudinal strain rate systolic (GLSRs) were significantly decreased (-17.8±1.5, -19.6±1.9; P<0.001 vs. -1.01±0.171, -1.18±0.19; P<0.001) and E/E' was significantly increased (9.7±4.3, 7.7±3.8; P=0.033) in nondippers compared with dippers. Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that the difference between mean arterial pressure (MAP)-asleep and MAP-awake and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) was associated independently with GLS and GLSRs (MAP-asleep-MAP-awake ß=-0.292, P=0.004; ß=-0.305, P=0.001 and LVMI ß=-0.373, P=0.001, ß=-0.517, P<0.001; respectively). E/E' was associated independently with MAP-asleep-MAP-awake (ß=0.241, P=0.022), age (ß=-0.272, P=0.012), male sex (ß=0.351, P=0.001), and LVMI (ß=0.236, P=0.038). Also, SBP-asleep and LVMI were found to be associated independently with GLS and GLSRs (SBP-asleep ß=-0.405, P<0.001; ß=-0.271, P=0.004 and LVMI ß=-0.339, P=0.002; ß=-0.517, P<0.001; respectively). CONCLUSION: This study shows that the nondipper pattern is associated with subclinical LV systolic dysfunction in treated hypertensive diabetic patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. Also, elevated night-time SBP was found to be related to impaired LV systolic functions.

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