RESUMEN
Drought has become more frequent in Central Europe causing large losses in cereal yields, especially of spring crops. The development of new varieties with increased tolerance to drought is a key tool for improvement of agricultural productivity. Material for the study consisted of 100 barley recombinant inbred lines (RILs) (LCam) derived from the cross between Syrian and European parents. The RILs and parental genotypes were examined in greenhouse experiments under well-watered and water-deficit conditions. During vegetation the date of heading, yield and yield-related traits were measured. RIL population was genotyped with microsatellite and single nucleotide polymorphism markers. This population, together with two other populations, was the basis for the consensus map construction, which was used for identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting the traits. The studied lines showed a large variability in heading date. It was noted that drought-treatment negatively affected the yield and its components, especially when applied at the flag leaf stage. In total, 60 QTLs were detected on all the barley chromosomes. The largest number of QTLs was found on chromosome 2H. The main QTL associated with heading, located on chromosome 2H (Q.HD.LC-2H), was identified at SNP marker 5880-2547, in the vicinity of Ppd-H1 gene. SNP 5880-2547 was also the closest marker to QTLs associated with plant architecture, spike morphology and grain yield. The present study showed that the earliness allele from the Syrian parent, as introduced into the genome of an European variety could result in an improvement of barley yield performance under drought conditions.
Asunto(s)
Sequías , Hordeum/genética , Sitios de Carácter Cuantitativo , Agua/fisiología , Alelos , Mapeo Cromosómico , Cruzamientos Genéticos , Genotipo , Hordeum/fisiología , Repeticiones de Microsatélite , Fenotipo , Fitomejoramiento , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Estrés FisiológicoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Wild emmer wheat could serve as a source of novel variation in grain quality and stress resistance for wheat breeding. A set of Triticum durum-T. dicoccoides chromosome substitution lines [LDN(DIC)] and the parental recipient cv. Langdon grown under contrasting water and nitrogen availability in the soil was examined in this study to identify differences in grain quality traits and dough rheological properties. RESULTS: Significant genotypic variation was found among the materials for studied traits. This variation was also considerably affected by soil treatments and G × E interactions. The substitutions LDN(DIC-1A) and LDN(DIC-1B) showed separate differentiation in the composition of glutenin sub-units. The results indicated that primarily chromosome DIC-6B is stable source of an enhanced grain protein content and advantageous dough rheological properties. Similar features seem to be shown by the substitutions with the DIC-1A, DIC-2A and DIC-6A, but not under nitrogen shortage, when generally a considerable decrease was noticed in the range of genotypic variation in grain quality. CONCLUSIONS: The substitution lines, particularly those with DIC-6B and DIC-6A and to a lesser extent DIC-1A and DIC-2A, were distinguished by advantageous grain quality traits, mixing properties and dough functionality and appear to be the most promising sources of innovative genes for wheat breeding. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
Asunto(s)
Nitrógeno/metabolismo , Triticum/química , Agua/metabolismo , Cruzamiento , Mapeo Cromosómico , Cromosomas de las Plantas/genética , Sequías , Genotipo , Glútenes/análisis , Glútenes/metabolismo , Fenotipo , Reología , Semillas/química , Semillas/genética , Semillas/metabolismo , Triticum/genética , Triticum/metabolismo , Agua/análisisRESUMEN
High-yielding capacity of the modern barley varieties is mostly dependent on the sources of semi-dwarfness associated with the sdw1/denso locus. The objective of the study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with the plant height and yield potential of barley recombinant inbred lines (RILs) grown under various soil moisture regimes. The plant material was developed from a hybrid between the Maresi (European cv.) and CamB (Syrian cv.). A total of 103 QTLs affecting analysed traits were detected and 36 of them showed stable effects over environments. In total, ten QTLs were found to be significant only under water shortage conditions. Nine QTLs affecting the length of main stem were detected on 2H-6H chromosomes. In four of the detected QTLs, alleles contributed by Maresi had negative effects on that trait, the most significant being the QLSt-3H.1-1 in the 3H.1 linkage group. The close linkage between QTLs identified around the sdw1/denso locus, with positive alleles contributed by Maresi, indicates that the semi-dwarf cv. Maresi could serve as a donor of favourable traits resulting in grain yield improvement, also under water scarcity. Molecular analyses revealed that the Syrian cv. also contributed alleles which increased the yield potential. Available barley resources of genomic annotations were employed to the biological interpretation of detected QTLs. This approach revealed 26 over-represented Gene Ontology terms. In the projected support intervals of QGWSl-5H.3-2 and QLSt-5H.3 on the chromosome 5H, four genes annotated to 'response to stress' were found. It suggests that these QTL-regions may be involved in a response of plant to a wide range of environmental disturbances.
Asunto(s)
Sequías , Hordeum/crecimiento & desarrollo , Hordeum/genética , Sitios de Carácter Cuantitativo , Alelos , Mapeo Cromosómico , Cruzamientos Genéticos , Ligamiento Genético , Genotipo , Fenotipo , Fitomejoramiento , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido SimpleRESUMEN
In response to climatic changes, breeding programmes should be aimed at creating new cultivars with improved resistance to water scarcity. The objective of this study was to examine the yield potential of barley recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from three cross-combinations of European and Syrian spring cultivars, and to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for yield-related traits in these populations. RILs were evaluated in field experiments over a period of three years (2011 to 2013) and genotyped with simple sequence repeat (SSR) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers; a genetic map for each population was constructed and then one consensus map was developed. Biological interpretation of identified QTLs was achieved by reference to Ensembl Plants barley gene space. Twelve regions in the genomes of studied RILs were distinguished after QTL analysis. Most of the QTLs were identified on the 2H chromosome, which was the hotspot region in all three populations. Syrian parental cultivars contributed alleles decreasing traits' values at majority of QTLs for grain weight, grain number, spike length and time to heading, and numerous alleles increasing stem length. The phenomic and molecular approaches distinguished the lines with an acceptable grain yield potential combining desirable features or alleles from their parents, that is, early heading from the Syrian breeding line (Cam/B1/CI08887//CI05761) and short plant stature from the European semidwarf cultivar (Maresi).
Asunto(s)
Cromosomas de las Plantas/genética , Cruzamientos Genéticos , Genes de Plantas/genética , Hordeum/genética , Sitios de Carácter Cuantitativo/genética , Mapeo Cromosómico , Europa (Continente) , Fenotipo , SiriaRESUMEN
The effects of contrasting water and nitrogen (N) supply on the observed inheritance mode of transpiration efficiency (TE) at the flag-leaf and whole-season levels were examined in winter wheat. Major components of the photosynthetic capacity of leaves and the season-integrated efficiency of water use in vegetative and grain mass formation were evaluated in parental lines of various origins and their diallel F(2)-hybrids grown in a factorial experiment under different moisture and N status of the soil. A broad genetic variation was mainly found for the season-long TE measures. The variation range in the leaf photosynthetic indices was usually narrow, but tended to slightly enhance under water and N shortage. Genotype-treatment interaction effects were significant for most characters. No consistency between the leaf- and season-long TE measures was observed. Preponderance of additivity-dependent variance was mainly identified for the season-integrated TE and leaf CO(2) assimilation rate. Soil treatments exhibited considerable influence on the phenotypic expression of gene action for the residual leaf measures. The contribution of non-additive gene effects and degree of dominance tended to increase in water- and N-limited plants, especially for the leaf transpiration rate and stomatal conductance. The results indicate that promise exists to improve the season-integrated TE. However, selection for TE components should be prolonged for later hybrid generations to eliminate the masking of non-additive causes. Such evaluation among families grown under sub-optimal water and nitrogen supply seems to be the most promising strategy in winter wheat.
Asunto(s)
Patrón de Herencia , Nitrógeno/metabolismo , Hojas de la Planta/fisiología , Transpiración de Plantas , Triticum/fisiología , Agua/metabolismo , Dióxido de Carbono/metabolismo , Quimera/fisiología , Sequías , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Genes de Plantas , Variación Genética , Fenotipo , Fotosíntesis , Hojas de la Planta/genética , Estomas de Plantas/fisiología , Estaciones del Año , Semillas/fisiología , Suelo/análisis , Triticum/genéticaRESUMEN
Previous observations suggested that some landraces, primitive cultivars and other barleys originating from the harsh conditions of the Middle East, North Africa and Tibet might serve as interesting sources of adaptation to low-input agriculture. This opportunity was verified in field experiments performed under reduced rates of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilization. Genetic variation in major components of the efficiency of N and P utilization was examined among F2 and F3 generations of crosses between four European female and seven exotic male lines of spring barley. Preponderance of general combining ability effects was found for most efficiency components, suggesting that the characters are mainly controlled by additive gene action. Non-additive effects appeared to be less or non-significant. Under reduced fertilization, hybrid progenies of the Syrian cv. M.Dingo/D.Alla 106 and the Moroccan cv. Moroc 9-75 exhibit an enhanced yielding and the highest capacity to utilize N and P efficiently in grain mass formation. The results proved that the exotic barleys appear to be particularly useful for breeding programs aiming at improved barley adaptation to less favourable fertilization regimes.
Asunto(s)
Hordeum/metabolismo , Nitrógeno/metabolismo , Fósforo/metabolismo , Adaptación Fisiológica , Productos Agrícolas/genética , Cruzamientos Genéticos , ADN de Plantas/genética , Variación Genética , Genotipo , Hordeum/genéticaRESUMEN
Genotypic variation in major components of the efficiency of nitrogen utilization and photosynthetic activity of flag leaves among old (released 1881-1963) and modern (released 1969-2003) cultivars of winter wheat was studied in field conditions under varied N fertilization levels (110, 90 and 80 kg N ha-1). Significant genotypic differences were observed for all characters. Their heritabilities ranged from 0.37 to 0.93 and were the lowest for the leaf efficiency of gas exchange, photosynthetic rate, straw N content and the economic index of N utilization efficiency (NUE). Some modern cultivars exhibited an enhanced tolerance to N shortage and several attributes of efficient N utilization (e.g. later senescing and more photosynthetically active flag leaves, increased ability to redistribute N into grains). The genotypes may serve as donors of appropriate characteristics for breeding. The observed cultivar-by-fertilization interactions suggest, however, that evaluations under diverse fertilization regimes may be necessary when searching for improved wheat efficiency and adaptation to less favourable environments.
Asunto(s)
Adaptación Fisiológica , Variación Genética , Nitrógeno/metabolismo , Fotosíntesis/fisiología , Hojas de la Planta/fisiología , Triticum/genética , Análisis de Varianza , Cruzamiento/métodos , Genotipo , Fotosíntesis/genética , Hojas de la Planta/genética , Carácter Cuantitativo Heredable , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
In the study, spring barley genotypes of various origin and breeding history were found to show a broad genetic variation in the vegetative and generative measures of the whole-plant transpiration efficiency (TE), photosynthesis (A) and transpiration (E) rates of flag leaves, leaf efficiency of gas exchange (A/E) and stress tolerance (T) when grown till maturity in soil-pots under high and reduced NPK supplies. Broad-sense heritabilities for the characteristics ranged from 0.61 to 0.87. Significant genotype-nutrition interactions were noticed, constituting 19-23% of the total variance in TE measures. The results suggest that at least some 'exotic' accessions from Ethiopia, Syria, Morocco and/or Tibet may serve as attractive genetic sources of novel variations in TE, T and A for the breeding of barleys of improved adaptation to less favourable fertilisation.
Asunto(s)
Hordeum/genética , Fotosíntesis/genética , Hojas de la Planta/genética , Transpiración de Plantas/genética , Análisis de Varianza , Genotipo , Hordeum/metabolismo , Fotosíntesis/fisiología , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Transpiración de Plantas/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Effects of high and reduced NPK nutrition on the genetic variation of components of water use efficiency at the leaf and whole-plant levels were examined in pot-grown old and modern cultivars of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). At the subsequent growth stages, the photosynthetic rate (A), transpiration rate (E), leaf area (LA) and gas exchange efficiency (A/E) were measured on fully developed 4th, 5th, penultimate and flag leaves. At the plant canopy level, the total amount of water transpired was recorded during the whole life cycle to determine the efficiency of water use in the vegetative (WUEveg) and grain (WUEgen) matter formation. Considerable genotypic differences were found for the characters studied. The limited NPK supply caused a decrease in LA, A and A/E, but contributed to an increase in WUEgen. Examined cultivars (C) did not interact with nutrition levels (N) for these characteristics. However, the position of leaves (L) and the C x L and N x L interactions significantly affected the variance in leaf photosynthetic characteristics. A and A/E were negatively correlated with LA, and the flag leaves were photosynthetically less active and less efficient per unit area than the lower leaves. The whole-plant components of WUE were found to be more genetically stable than the photosynthetic leaf characteristics. Some modern cultivars tended to form leaves of higher A and A/E than the older ones, and this corresponds with a more efficient use of water in grain formation (WUEgen) of the former. Stay-green duration of flag leaves and harvest index showed positive correlations with WUEgen. However, no close associations were noticed between WUE components and stress tolerance, and the modern cultivars were usually less tolerant to NPK shortage.