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Introduction: Physical exercise has been shown to have a favorable impact on the health of the individual. Its combination with other healthy lifestyles can positively impact various areas, including sleep quality. Objective: To determine the frequency of excessive daytime sleepiness in older adults of a municipal physical activity program in Santiago de Cali, Colombia. Methodology: Cross-sectional study that included 605 older adults from a community program of the Secretary of Recreation and Sports of the City of Cali, Colombia, during October 2018 and June 2019. To determine the presence of excessive daytime sleepiness, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale was used. Results: 81.5% of the population was female with a mean age of 73±8 years. The prevalence of excessive daytime sleepiness was 10.5%. Significant differences were only found in the frequency of excessive daytime sleepiness by socioeconomic stratum, being more common in the low socioeconomic stratum (13% vs 4% P=0.03). Conclusion: Excessive daytime sleepiness is a phenomenon that affects older adults; however, its frequency may be lower in those who are physically active.

Introducción: El ejercicio físico ha demostrado tener un impacto favorable en la salud del individuo. Su combinación con otros estilos de vida saludable, puede impactar de forma positiva diversas áreas entre las que se encuentra la calidad del sueño. Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de somnolencia diurna excesiva en adultos mayores de un programa municipal de actividad física de Santiago de Cali, Colombia. Metodología: Estudio de corte trasversal que incluyó 605 adultos mayores de un programa comunitario de la Secretaría de Recreación y Deporte de la Ciudad de Cali, Colombia, durante octubre de 2018 y junio de 2019. Para determinar la presencia de somnolencia diurna excesiva se usó la escala de somnolencia Epworth. Resultados: El 81,5% de la población era de sexo femenino con una edad promedio de 73±8 años. La prevalencia de somnolencia diurna excesiva fue del 10,5%.  Sólo se encontró diferencias significativas en la frecuencia de somnolencia diurna excesiva por estrato socioeconómico, siendo más habitual en el bajo (13% vs 4% P=0,03). Conclusión: La somnolencia diurna excesiva es un fenómeno que afecta los adultos mayores, sin embargo, su frecuencia puede ser menor en aquellos que realizan actividad física.

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BACKGROUND: To determine how organs are transported and the safety of the process in Chile. Little is said in the medical literature about how to transport organs for transplantation. Is it safe? METHODS: Exploratory study that characterizes the transport of organs in Chilean health centers in 2021. An interview was applied to selected groups, which were composed by expert health personnel in procurement and transplantation including nurses and surgeons. Seven semistructured interviews were conducted to deeply understand the organ packaging process, transportation, and advantages/disadvantages identified in these processes. Being an exploratory study, the sample was justified by the importance of the stories, details, and perceptions of each interviewee. RESULTS: Seventy-one percent of the sample indicated that the organs are transported in polystyrene devices. One hundred percent of the respondents stated that to optimally preserve the organ, common ice is used. Eighty-six percent reported that "there is no record/monitoring of temperature," and 100% indicated that the quality of the receptacle does not keep the organ under the necessary care for its conservation and does not ensure, in the least, a safe transfer. The experts also indicated that according to figures from the Chilean Ministry of Health, in 2019, 5% of organs were not implanted due to transport problems, that is, 27 organs. CONCLUSION: Chile needs modernization and professionalization in its organ transport procedures. It is necessary to raise standards, upgrade guidelines, and develop new technology in this area. In Chile, the way of transporting organs could be safer.

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The objective of this work was to evaluate the stabilisation of betalains and phenolic compounds extracted from red cactus pear by spray and freeze-drying. After hydroethanolic extraction and partial solvent removal under reduced pressure, the highly coloured extracts were enriched with oca starch and maltodextrin as drying aids in different ratios (100:0, 70:30, and 50:50, oca starch: maltodextrin) prior to spray and freeze-drying. The obtained microencapsulated extract powders were characterised by moisture content, hygroscopicity, solubility and morphology. In addition, the stability of the encapsulated betalains and phenolics was evaluated during storage at room temperature for 105 days. All microcapsules showed high retentions of betacyanins (69.9-86.5% after 105 days), betaxanthins (72.2-81.9%), phenolic compounds (46.5-63.5%) and antioxidant capacity (60.1-64.9%, FRAP method; 49.7-57.5%, ABTS method). The system with 70:30 starch:maltodextrin ratio as drying aids showed the highest values of retention regarding the polyphenol content (63.5%), antioxidant capacity (64.9% to FRAP method) and betacyanin content (86.5%), as well as a low degradation rate constant of betacyanins (1.23 × 10-3 days-1) and a long half-life (563 days). Oca starch used alone or in combination with maltodextrin has been shown to work adequately as a microencapsulating agent and stabilizer of pigments and antioxidants derived from red cactus pear.

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Introduction: Asthma as a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that is characterized by wheezing, respiratory distress, chest tightness and cough, which occurs mainly at night or in the early hours of the morning. In spite of the diagnostic and therapeutic advances, the prevalence of this pathology worldwide continues to increase, affecting mainly the child and adolescent population, in which it generates limitations in daily physical activity, interference in sleep, absence from school days and low academic performance. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of school absenteeism in asthmatic students of an educational institution in the city of Cali. Methodology: A total of 385 students from 5 to 14 years were included in the study, to which they were supplied with the ISAAC questionnaire, which were completed by the caregivers. From the data obtained, the statistical analysis was performed in the SPSS package version 20 Results: The prevalence of asthma found was 27%, in relation to the absenteeism in this group of students it was evidenced that in total 776 days of classes had been lost during the year, with an average of 7.5 days (DE +/- 7) per student. 45% missed 1-5 times and 6% more than 20 times Conclusions: Based on the findings, it is concluded that asthma is a disease that can have clear repercussions at school level.

Introducción: El asma como una enfermedad crónica inflamatoria de las vías aéreas que se caracteriza por sibilancias, dificultad respiratoria, opresión torácica y tos, la cual se da principalmente en la noche o en las primeras horas de la mañana. A pesar de los avances diagnósticos y terapéuticos, la prevalencia de esta patología a nivel mundial sigue en aumento, afectando principalmente la población infantil y adolescente, en las que genera limitaciones en la actividad física diaria, interferencias en el sueño, ausencias a las jornadas escolares y bajo rendimiento académico. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la frecuencia de ausentismo escolar en estudiantes asmáticos de una institución educativa de la ciudad de Cali. Metodología: Un total de 385 estudiantes de 5 a 14 años fueron incluidos en el estudio, a los cuales se les suministro el cuestionario ISAAC, los cuales fueron diligenciados por los cuidadores. A partir de los datos obtenidos se realizó el análisis estadístico en el paquete SPSS versión 20. Resultados: La prevalencia de asma encontrada fue del 27%, con relación el ausentismo en este grupo de estudiantes se evidenció que en total 776 días de clases se habían perdido durante el año, con un promedio de 7.5 días (DE +/- 7) por estudiante. El 45% faltó de 1-5 veces y un 6% más de 20 veces. Conclusiones: A partir de los hallazgos se concluye que el asma una enfermedad que puede traer claras repercusiones a nivel escolar.

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Introduction: There is evidence of the indiscriminate use of antibiotics for different pathologies. Objective: To determine the prescription patterns and indications for the use of fluoroquinolones in a group of outpatients in Colombia. Materials and methods: We conducted a descriptive pharmaco-epidemiological study on prescription-indication using a population database where patients with outpatient fluoroquinolone prescriptions were included from May to October, 2018. We obtained the information on sociodemographic, pharmacological, and clinical variables, as well as on the diagnosis according to the International Classification of Diseases, version 10, and we established if the use was approved by the regulatory agencies or if it was off-label. Results: A total of 23,373 patients were identified who were using fluoroquinolones; their mean age was 47.9 ± 18.1 years and women predominated (n=15,767, 67.5%). Ciprofloxacin was the medication most commonly prescribed (n=19,328, 82.7%), followed by norfloxacin (n=3076, 13.2%), levofloxacin (n=573, 2.5%), and moxifloxacin (n=394; 1.7%). The main indications were urinary tract infection in unspecified site (n=10,777, 46.1%), diarrhea and gastroenteritis of presumed infectious origin (n=3077, 13.2%), and acute cystitis (n=956; 4.2%). The prescriptions followed approved indications in 76% (n=17,759) of cases while the rest were used off-label or without indication for nasopharyngitis or soft-tissue infections, for example. Being male (OR=1.26, 95%CI:1.18-1.34) and under 35 years of age (OR=1.92, 95%CI:1.48-1.50) were associated with a greater probability of using fluoroquinolones in unapproved indications. Conclusions: Fluoroquinolones, particularly ciprofloxacin, are being prescribed especially to women with urinary tract infections, but up to a quarter of the patients received them for unapproved indications by regulatory agencies.

Introducción. Existen evidencias sobre el uso indiscriminado de antibióticos en el tratamiento de diversas enfermedades. Objetivo. Determinar los patrones de prescripción y de indicaciones de uso de las fluoroquinolonas en un grupo de pacientes ambulatorios en Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo farmacoepidemiológico del tipo de prescripción e indicaciones de uso a partir de una base de datos poblacionales que incluía pacientes con prescripciones ambulatorias de fluoroquinolonas entre mayo y octubre de 2018. Se recabó la información sobre las variables sociodemográficas, farmacológicas y clínicas (diagnóstico según la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades, versión 10) y se estableció la proporción del uso de fluoroquinolonas en indicaciones aprobadas y no aprobadas por las agencias reguladoras. Resultados. Se identificaron 23.373 pacientes que habían recibido fluoroquinolonas; su edad media era de 47,9 ± 18,1 años y 15.767 eran mujeres (67,5 %). La ciprofloxacina fue el medicamento más prescrito (n=19.328; 82,7 %), seguida de la norfloxacina (n=3.076; 13,2 %), la levofloxacina (n=573; 2,5 %) y la moxifloxacina (n=394; 1,7 %). Las principales indicaciones fueron la infección de las vías urinarias en sitio no especificado (n=10.777; 46,1 %), la diarrea y la gastroenteritis de presunto origen infeccioso (n=3.077, 13,2 %) y la cistitis aguda (n=956; 4,2 %). El 76 % (n=17.759) de las prescripciones correspondía a indicaciones aprobadas y el resto a usos no aprobados, como la rinofaringits o las infecciones de tejidos blandos. El ser hombre (odds ratio, OR=1,26; IC95%: 1,18-1,34) y tener menos de 35 años (OR=1,92; IC95%:1,48-1,50) se asociaron con una mayor probabilidad de uso de fluoroquinolonas en indicaciones no aprobadas. Conclusión. Las fluoroquinolonas, en particular la ciprofloxacina, se están prescribiendo especialmente a mujeres con infecciones de las vías urinarias, pero hasta la cuarta parte de los pacientes las recibieron para usos no aprobados por las agencias reguladoras.

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Introducción. Existen evidencias sobre el uso indiscriminado de antibióticos en el tratamiento de diversas enfermedades. Objetivo. Determinar los patrones de prescripción y de indicaciones de uso de las fluoroquinolonas en un grupo de pacientes ambulatorios en Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo farmacoepidemiológico del tipo de prescripción e indicaciones de uso a partir de una base de datos poblacionales que incluía pacientes con prescripciones ambulatorias de fluoroquinolonas entre mayo y octubre de 2018. Se recabó la información sobre las variables sociodemográficas, farmacológicas y clínicas (diagnóstico según la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades, versión 10) y se estableció la proporción del uso de fluoroquinolonas en indicaciones aprobadas y no aprobadas por las agencias reguladoras. Resultados. Se identificaron 23.373 pacientes que habían recibido fluoroquinolonas; su edad media era de 47,9 ± 18,1 años y 15.767 eran mujeres (67,5 %). La ciprofloxacina fue el medicamento más prescrito (n=19.328; 82,7 %), seguida de la norfloxacina (n=3.076; 13,2 %), la levofloxacina (n=573; 2,5 %) y la moxifloxacina (n=394; 1,7 %). Las principales indicaciones fueron la infección de las vías urinarias en sitio no especificado (n=10.777; 46,1 %), la diarrea y la gastroenteritis de presunto origen infeccioso (n=3.077, 13,2 %) y la cistitis aguda (n=956; 4,2 %). El 76 % (n=17.759) de las prescripciones correspondía a indicaciones aprobadas y el resto a usos no aprobados, como la rinofaringits o las infecciones de tejidos blandos. El ser hombre (odds ratio, OR=1,26; IC95%: 1,18-1,34) y tener menos de 35 años (OR=1,92; IC95%:1,48-1,50) se asociaron con una mayor probabilidad de uso de fluoroquinolonas en indicaciones no aprobadas. Conclusión. Las fluoroquinolonas, en particular la ciprofloxacina, se están prescribiendo especialmente a mujeres con infecciones de las vías urinarias, pero hasta la cuarta parte de los pacientes las recibieron para usos no aprobados por las agencias reguladoras.

Introduction: There is evidence of the indiscriminate use of antibiotics for different pathologies. Objective: To determine the prescription patterns and indications for the use of fluoroquinolones in a group of outpatients in Colombia. Materials and methods: We conducted a descriptive pharmaco-epidemiological study on prescription-indication using a population database where patients with outpatient fluoroquinolone prescriptions were included from May to October, 2018. We obtained the information on sociodemographic, pharmacological, and clinical variables, as well as on the diagnosis according to the International Classification of Diseases, version 10, and we established if the use was approved by the regulatory agencies or if it was off-label. Results: A total of 23,373 patients were identified who were using fluoroquinolones; their mean age was 47.9 ± 18.1 years and women predominated (n=15,767, 67.5%). Ciprofloxacin was the medication most commonly prescribed (n=19,328, 82.7%), followed by norfloxacin (n=3076, 13.2%), levofloxacin (n=573, 2.5%), and moxifloxacin (n=394; 1.7%). The main indications were urinary tract infection in unspecified site (n=10,777, 46.1%), diarrhea and gastroenteritis of presumed infectious origin (n=3077, 13.2%), and acute cystitis (n=956; 4.2%). The prescriptions followed approved indications in 76% (n=17,759) of cases while the rest were used off-label or without indication for nasopharyngitis or soft-tissue infections, for example. Being male (OR=1.26, 95%CI:1.18-1.34) and under 35 years of age (OR=1.92, 95%CI:1.48-1.50) were associated with a greater probability of using fluoroquinolones in unapproved indications. Conclusions: Fluoroquinolones, particularly ciprofloxacin, are being prescribed especially to women with urinary tract infections, but up to a quarter of the patients received them for unapproved indications by regulatory agencies.

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The prescription of medications is a weak link in the therapeutic chain of a drug. Medication errors can be associated with the use of so-called unsafe abbreviations in medical prescription. When they are mistakenly interpreted by the person who reads the prescription, error becomes imminent. We herein review the literature about the use of unsafe abbreviations in medical prescriptions and their association with medication errors. PubMed and Lilacs were reviewed, and 29 studies were analyzed, extracting information about the use of abbreviations, common abbreviations, reasons for their use and tools to reduce this conduct. A list with the main risky health abbreviations adapted to Chile was generated. It became clear that the use of abbreviations has increased, appearing in almost all medical prescriptions. The most commonly used abbreviations are the acronym "u" referring to units, followed by "sc" referring to subcutaneous. One of the causes for the use of acronyms the limited time that doctors have at the time of prescription. One way to reduce the use of these abbreviations, is to remind constantly about those that may have the greatest risk in each health institution. A list of unsafe abbreviations, to be used by Chilean health services, is proposed.

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The prescription of medications is a weak link in the therapeutic chain of a drug. Medication errors can be associated with the use of so-called unsafe abbreviations in medical prescription. When they are mistakenly interpreted by the person who reads the prescription, error becomes imminent. We herein review the literature about the use of unsafe abbreviations in medical prescriptions and their association with medication errors. PubMed and Lilacs were reviewed, and 29 studies were analyzed, extracting information about the use of abbreviations, common abbreviations, reasons for their use and tools to reduce this conduct. A list with the main risky health abbreviations adapted to Chile was generated. It became clear that the use of abbreviations has increased, appearing in almost all medical prescriptions. The most commonly used abbreviations are the acronym "u" referring to units, followed by "sc" referring to subcutaneous. One of the causes for the use of acronyms the limited time that doctors have at the time of prescription. One way to reduce the use of these abbreviations, is to remind constantly about those that may have the greatest risk in each health institution. A list of unsafe abbreviations, to be used by Chilean health services, is proposed.

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OBJECTIVES.: To assess the implementation of an intervention based on the sending of text messages and e-mails to internal medicine residents in order to achieve an increase in the prescription of thromboprophylaxis according to Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG). MATERIALS AND METHODS.: A quasi-experimental study was conducted in the inpatient units of internal medicine at two general hospitals in Lima, Peru: one selected to implement the intervention and the other as control. The unit of analysis was the therapeutic order sheet. It was considered that the intervention should increase the order of thromboprophylaxis according to CPG with respect to the initial assessment and also in relation to the control hospital. RESULTS.: Atotal of 394 therapeutic order sheets, 227 (57.4%) from the intervention hospital and 167 (42.4%) from the control, were evaluated. In the intervention hospital, 64.5% initially had an order of thromboprophylaxis according to CPG, which decreased to 54.4% after the intervention; overuse increased from 13.6 to 26.8%. CONCLUSIONS.: Intervention based on sending text messages and e-mails had no impact, showing a tendency to overuse of thromboprophylaxis post-intervention.

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RESUMEN Objetivos. Evaluar la aplicación de una intervención basada en el envío de mensajes de texto y correos electrónicos dirigido a médicos residentes de medicina interna para lograr el incremento de la prescripción de tromboprofilaxis acorde a Guías de Práctica Clínica (GPC). Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio tipo cuasiexperimental en los servicios de hospitalización de medicina interna de dos hospitales generales de Lima, Perú, uno seleccionado para aplicar la intervención y el otro como control. La unidad de análisis fue la hoja de prescripción médica. Se consideró que la intervención debería incrementar la prescripción acorde a GPC con respecto a la evaluación inicial y también respecto al hospital control. Resultados. Se evaluaron 394 hojas de prescripción médica, 227 (57,4%) procedentes del servicio intervenido y 167 (42,4%) correspondieron del control. En el servicio intervenido, inicialmente el 64,5% tuvo una prescripción acorde a GPC, para disminuir a 54,4% luego de la intervención; el sobreuso aumentó de 13,6 a 26,8%. Conclusiones. La intervención basada en el envío de mensajes de texto y correos electrónicos no tuvo impacto, observándose una tendencia al sobreuso de tromboprofilaxis posintervención.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To assess the implementation of an intervention based on the sending of text messages and e-mails to internal medicine residents in order to achieve an increase in the prescription of thromboprophylaxis according to Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG). Materials and methods. A quasi-experimental study was conducted in the inpatient units of internal medicine at two general hospitals in Lima, Peru: one selected to implement the intervention and the other as control. The unit of analysis was the therapeutic order sheet. It was considered that the intervention should increase the order of thromboprophylaxis according to CPG with respect to the initial assessment and also in relation to the control hospital. Results. Atotal of 394 therapeutic order sheets, 227 (57.4%) from the intervention hospital and 167 (42.4%) from the control, were evaluated. In the intervention hospital, 64.5% initially had an order of thromboprophylaxis according to CPG, which decreased to 54.4% after the intervention; overuse increased from 13.6 to 26.8%. Conclusions. Intervention based on sending text messages and e-mails had no impact, showing a tendency to overuse of thromboprophylaxis post-intervention.

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