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This study aimed to evaluate the protective role of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in cells and mice exposed to formaldehyde. For the in vitro study, J774A.1 macrophages cells were incubated for 8, 16 and 24 h with formaldehyde or NAC to assess cell viability and reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the in vivo study, C57BL/6 mice (n = 48) were divided into 6 groups: control (CG), vehicle (VG) that received saline by orogastric gavage, a group exposed to formaldehyde 1% (FG) and formaldehyde exposed groups that received NAC at doses of 100, 150 and 200 mg/Kg (FN100, FN150 and FN200) for a period of 5 days. In vitro, formaldehyde promoted a decrease in cell viability and increased ROS, while NAC reduced formaldehyde-induced ROS production. Animals exposed to formaldehyde presented higher leukocyte counts in the blood and in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and promoted secretion of inflammatory markers IL-6, IL-15, and IL-10. The exposure to formaldehyde also promoted redox imbalance and oxidative damage characterized by increased activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, decreased GSH/GSSG ratio, as well as it increased levels of protein carbonyls and lipid peroxidation. NAC administration after formaldehyde exposure attenuated oxidative stress markers, secretion of inflammatory mediators and lung inflammation. In conclusion, both in in vitro and in vivo models, NAC administration exerted protective effects, which modulated the inflammatory response and redox imbalance, thus preventing the development airway injury induced by formaldehyde exposure.

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This study aimed to evaluate long-term exposure to conventional cigarette smoke (CC) and electronic cigarette (EC) aerosol in adult male and female C57BL/6 mice. Forty-eight C57BL/6 mice were used, male (n = 24) and female (n = 24), both were divided into three groups: control, CC and EC. The CC and EC groups were exposed to cigarette smoke or electronic cigarette aerosol, respectively, 3 times a day for 60 consecutive days. Afterwards, they were maintained for 60 days without exposure to cigarettes or electronic cigarette aerosol. Both cigarettes promoted an influx of inflammatory cells to the lung in males and females. All animals exposed to CC and EC showed an increase in lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation. There was an increase of IL-6 in males and females exposed to EC. The IL-13 levels were higher in the females exposed to EC and CC. Both sexes exposed to EC and CC presented tissue damage characterized by septal destruction and increased alveolar spaces compared to control. Our results demonstrated that exposure to CC and EC induced pulmonary emphysema in both sexes, and females seem to be more susceptible to EC.

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INTRODUCTION: Small-bowel involvement in patients with ovarian cancer has been strongly correlated with the possibility of cytoreduction and thus with survival. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of small-bowel involvement in patients undergoing optimal-complete interval cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC). METHODS: We included a series of patients diagnosed with stage IIIC-IVA (pleural effusion) high-grade serous epithelial ovarian cancer and in whom CRS + HIPEC was indicated after neoadjuvant systemic chemotherapy (NACT). The study period extended from January 2008 to January 2020, with a minimum follow-up of 12 months from the inclusion of the last patient. A multivariate analysis using Cox regression allowed us to identify the variables that were independently related to disease-free survival. RESULTS: A total of 144 patients were selected, 13 (9%) of whom were excluded from the analysis, because their disease was considered unresectable. The study included a series of 131 patients with a median age of 62 years (34-79 years) and a median Peritoneal Cancer Index (PCI) calculated during surgery of 9 (1-35). The median PCI of bowel areas 9-12 (SB-PCI) was 3 (1-10). Performance of a CC-1 cytoreduction (HR: 1.93, 95% CI: 1.02-3.64, p = 0.042) and SB-PCI greater than 3 (HR: 2.25, 95%CI: 1.13-4.48, p = 0.21) were independent factors associated with shorter disease-free survival. CONCLUSION: Small-bowel involvement, even in patients with a macroscopically complete resection, showed a correlation with worse prognostic outcomes and could be considered as a variable in the postoperative management of these patients.

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Cover crop suppression with glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) represents a common agricultural practice. The objective of this study was to compare rhizospheric microbial communities of A. sativa plants treated with a GBH relative to the mechanical suppression (mowing) in order to assess their differences and the potential implications for soil processes. Samples were obtained at 4, 10, 17 and 26 days post-suppression. Soil catabolic profiling and DNA-based methods were applied. At 26 days, higher respiration responses and functional diversity indices (Shannon index and catabolic evenness) were observed under glyphosate suppression and a neat separation of catabolic profiles was detected in multivariate analysis. Sarcosine and Tween 20 showed the highest contribution to this separation. Metabarcoding revealed a non-significant effect of suppression method on either alpha-diversity metrics or beta-diversity. Conversely, differences were detected in the relative abundance of specific bacterial taxa. Mesorhizobium sequences were detected in higher relative abundance in glyphosate-treated plants at the end of the experiment while the opposite trend was observed for Gaiella. Quantitative PCR of amoA gene from ammonia-oxidizing archaea showed a lower abundance under GBH suppression again at 26 days, while ammonia-oxidizing bacteria remained lower at all sampling times. Broad host range plasmids IncP-1ß and IncP-1ε were exclusively detected in the rhizosphere of glyphosate-treated plants at 10 days and at 26 days, respectively. Overall, our study demonstrates differential effects of suppression methods on the abundance of specific bacterial taxa, on the physiology and mobile genetic elements of microbial communities while no differences were detected in taxonomic diversity.

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BACKGROUND: A plot-scale experiment was conducted to assess the impact of field application rates of glyphosate on soil microbial communities by taking measurements of microbial activity (in terms of substrate-induced respiration and enzyme activity) in parallel with culture-independent approaches to assessing both bacterial abundance and diversity. Two rates of glyphosate, alone or in a mixture with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, were applied directly onto the soil surface, simulating normal use in chemical fallow in no-till systems. RESULTS: No consistent rate-dependent responses were observed in the microbial activity parameters investigated in the field plots that were exposed to glyphosate. Denaturant gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of the overall bacterial community (Eubacteria) and ammonia-oxidising bacteria (AOB) revealed no effects of the high rate of glyphosate on the structure of the communities in comparison with the control. No treatment effects were observed on the abundance of Eubacteria shortly after treatment in 2010, while a small but significant difference between the high rate and the control was detected in the first sampling in 2011. The abundance of AOB was relatively low during the study, and treatment effects were undetectable. CONCLUSIONS: The absence of negative effects on soil microbial communities in this study suggests that glyphosate use at recommended rates poses low risk to the microbiota.

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The accumulation of Cr in soil could be highly toxic to human health; therefore Cr soil distribution was studied in rhizosphere soils from Ricinus communis and Conium maculatum and bare soil (BS) from an industrial and urban area in Argentina. Total Cr, Cr(VI) and Cr(III) concentrations were determined in 3 soil fractions: total, extractable and associated to total-glomalin-related protein (T-GRSP). BS had the highest total Cr and total Cr(VI) concentrations. Total Cr(VI) concentration from both rhizosphere soils did not differ from the allowed value for residential area in Argentina (8 µg Cr(VI) g(-1) soil), while total Cr(VI) in BS was 1.8 times higher. Total Cr concentration in all the soils was higher than the allowed value (250 µg Cr g(-1) soil). Extractable and associated to T-GRSP Cr(VI) concentrations were below the detection limit. Cr(III) bound to T-GRSP was the highest in the BS. These findings are in agreement with a long term effect of glomalin in sequestrating Cr. In both plant species, total Cr was higher in root than in shoot and both species presented arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). As far as we know, this is the first study that reports the presence of Cr in T-GRSP fraction of soil organic matter. These findings suggest that Cr mycorrhizostabilization could be a predominant mechanism used by R. communis and C. maculatum to diminish Cr soil concentration. Nevertheless, further research is needed to clarify the contribution of native AMF isolated from R. communis and C. maculatum rhizosphere to the Cr phytoremediation process.

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Diabetic nephropathy ranks as the most devastating kidney disease worldwide. It characterizes in the early onset by glomerular hypertrophy, hyperfiltration and mesangial expansion. Experimental models show that overproduction of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a pathogenic condition for podocytopathy; however the mechanisms that regulate this growth factor induction are not clearly identified. We determined that the adenosine A(2B) receptor (A(2B)AR) mediates VEGF overproduction in ex vivo glomeruli exposed to high glucose concentration, requiring PKCα and Erk1/2 activation. The glomerular content of A(2B)AR was concomitantly increased with VEGF at early stages of renal disease in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Further, in vivo administration of an antagonist of A(2B)AR in diabetic rats blocked the glomerular overexpression of VEGF, mesangial cells activation and proteinuria. In addition, we also determined that the accumulation of extracellular adenosine occurs in glomeruli of diabetic rats. Correspondingly, raised urinary adenosine levels were found in diabetic rats. In conclusion, we evidenced that adenosine signaling at the onset of diabetic kidney disease is a pathogenic event that promotes VEGF induction.

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The periodontal probe remains the best clinical diagnostic tool for the collection of information regarding the health status and the attachment level of periodontal tissues. The aim of this study was to evaluate intra- and inter-examiner reproducibility of probing depth (PD) measurements made with a manual probe. With the approval of an Ethics Committee, 20 individuals without periodontal disease were selected if they presented at least 6 teeth per quadrant. Using a Williams periodontal probe, three calibrated thesis-level students (k > 0.6) assessed PD at 6 sites per tooth, from the gingival margin to the bottom of the periodontal sulcus (rounded to the next 0.5 mm). Initial and repeated measurements were performed by the same three examiners. The intra-examiner agreement (± 1 mm > 90%) was 99.85%, 100%, and 100% for the three examiners, respectively. When the variables vestibular/lingual surfaces, mesial/distal surfaces, or superior/inferior jaws were evaluated, no significant differences in reproducibility were detected at the inter-examiner level (p < 0.05). At this level, the only significant differences observed were in the three examiners' measurements of the anterior and posterior sites. While high intra-examiner reproducibility was detected, inter-examiner level proved to be low. We can conclude that measurement of PD with a manual periodontal probe produced high reproducibility in healthy individuals. The operators position can affect the reproducibility of repeated measures of PD. Calibration and operator training, rather than operator experience, were fundamental for reproducibility. Other factors, such as individual technique and probing depth force, can affect inter-examiner reproducibility.

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The periodontal probe remains the best clinical diagnostic tool for the collection of information regarding the health status and the attachment level of periodontal tissues. The aim of this study was to evaluate intra- and inter-examiner reproducibility of probing depth (PD) measurements made with a manual probe. With the approval of an Ethics Committee, 20 individuals without periodontal disease were selected if they presented at least 6 teeth per quadrant. Using a Williams periodontal probe, three calibrated thesis-level students (k > 0.6) assessed PD at 6 sites per tooth, from the gingival margin to the bottom of the periodontal sulcus (rounded to the next 0.5 mm). Initial and repeated measurements were performed by the same three examiners. The intra-examiner agreement (± 1 mm > 90%) was 99.85%, 100%, and 100% for the three examiners, respectively. When the variables vestibular/lingual surfaces, mesial/distal surfaces, or superior/inferior jaws were evaluated, no significant differences in reproducibility were detected at the inter-examiner level (p < 0.05). At this level, the only significant differences observed were in the three examiners' measurements of the anterior and posterior sites. While high intra-examiner reproducibility was detected, inter-examiner level proved to be low. We can conclude that measurement of PD with a manual periodontal probe produced high reproducibility in healthy individuals. The operator's position can affect the reproducibility of repeated measures of PD. Calibration and operator training, rather than operator experience, were fundamental for reproducibility. Other factors, such as individual technique and probing depth force, can affect inter-examiner reproducibility.

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The short-term response of some soil physical, chemical and biological properties, and the growth of beet, to the application of vermicompost-compost mix and/or bone meal at different doses in an organic system was evaluated in the present work. Fractions of soil organic matter after amendment application were also evaluated. Though no differences were found in oxidizable carbon, the particulate organic carbon was incremented in treatments with the application of vermicompost-compost mix (VC) and the combination of compost and bone meal (VC-BM). When analyzing the fulvic, humic and humin fractions, the highest fulvic acids were found in vermi-compost and bone meal mix, at the higher dose (VC2-BM2). In general, the addition of compost and/or bone meal stimulated microbial respiration. The treatments produced a slight but significant increase in electrical conductivity, thought it was still far from limits that involve risk of salinization. An increment in extractable P was found in all the treatments with amendment application with the exception of bone meal applied at the lower dose (1kgm(-2)). The cation exchange capacity showed a significant increment in VC2-BM2. A single application of VC at dose of 2kgm(-2) was enough to significantly reduce bulk density. An increment in kg dry matter m(-2) of beet was observed in all the treatments, but it only was significant in VC2-BM2. However, the highest N and P concentration was found in beet aerial tissues from the treatments with the higher dose of the compost-vermicompost mix (VC2 and VC2-BM2). Particulate organic carbon, fulvic acid fraction, C from respiration, and bulk density were the soil properties that showed a positive change after amendment application. Treatment combining vermicompost-compost and bone meal (VC2-BM2) seemed to be the best option to achieve an improvement both in soil and crop production and quality.

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La bibliografía muestra disminución del volumen cerebral con el avance de la edad. Las variaciones en el lóbulo prefrontal son particularmente interesantes por la relación de éste con la personalidad. Objetivo: determinar por rango la edad la longitud de segmentos radiales trazados en imágenes parasagitales de resonancia magnética del lóbulo prefrontal de ambos hemisferios. Se procesaron por el programa Scion Image form Windows imágenes parasagitales de resonancia magnética de 38 casos femeninos de 41 a 84 años sin enfermedades neurológicas o psiquiátricas. Se trazaron y midieron en la región prefrontal de cada hemisferio 7 segmentos que se extendían entre el extremo anterior del cuerpo calloso y el borde del cerebro, formando entre sí ángulos de 30 grados que cubrían toda la superficie de la imagen prefrontal. De dorsal a ventral fueron numerados del 1 a 7. Se determinaron por hemisferio los coeficientes de correlación de Pearson (r) y su significación estadística entre edad (41-84 años) y longitud de cada segmento. En ambos hemisferios los 4 son negativos. Son estadísticamente significativos todos los del hemisferio derecho y los correspondientes a los segmentos 1 y 4 del izquierdo. Conclusión: la longitud de segmentos radiales trazados sobre imágenes del lóbulo prefrontal muestra disminuciones significativas con el avance de la edad. Los efectos más relevantes se observan en el hemisferio derecho.

The literature shows decreased brain volume with advancing age. Variations in the prefrontal lobe are particularly interesting due to their relationship with their functions. The aim of this study is to determine, according to age, the length of radial segments plotted in parasagittal magnetic resonance images of the prefrontal lobe of both hemispheres. Parasagittal magnetic resonance images of 38 female cases aged from 41 to 84 years, without neurological or psychiatric diseases, were processed by the program Scion Image for Windows. Seven segments extending between the anterior end of corpus callosum and the edge of the brain, forming angles of 30 degrees, covering the entire surface of the prefrontal image were drawn and were measured in each hemisphere and numbered 1 to 7 from dorsal to ventral. The Pearson correlation coefficients (r) and their statistical significance between age (41-84 years) and the length of each segment were determined in both hemispheres. All the r showed negative signs. The r corresponding to all the segments of the right hemisphere and to the segments 1 and 4 corresponding to the left hemisphere were statistically significant. Conclusion: the length of radial segments drawn on images of the prefrontal lobe shows significant declines with advancing age. The most significant effects are observed in the right hemisphere.

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BACKGROUND: We have not found studies that have measured the peritoneal surface area of each of the walls, organs, mesos, omenta, and peritoneal ligaments in a group of non-eviscerated human cadavers. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to obtain in fixed non-eviscerated cadavers: (1) the surface values of walls, organs, mesos, omenta, and peritoneal ligaments of each one and all the areas mentioned in the anatomy bibliography and their contribution to supra- and infra-colic portions, visceral and parietal portions of the supra- and infra-colic portions and the total peritoneal surface area, and (2) the relationship between the peritoneal surface values by direct measurement and the values obtained applying the formulas usually used in clinical practice to obtain body surface area. METHODS: The peritoneal surface area of ten female human bodies presenting no abdominal pathologies were measured. They were fixed in 5% formaldehyde solution without the use of perfusion pumps and non-eviscerated, thus maintaining all structures intact. Cellophane was placed directly in situ onto all organs, mesos, omenta, ligaments and parietal walls. Digital imaging was obtained by scanning the models. A length reference was included and the surface was determined by the Scion Image program for Windows. RESULTS: This paper provides for the first time data on each one and all the areas covered by the peritoneum. The total peritoneal surface area was (mean +/- SE) 14,323.62 +/- 824.37 cm(2). The two greater surfaces of peritoneum (39.21% of the total surface) correspond to the jejunum-ileum and its mesentery. The diaphragmatic peritoneum represented the greater area of parietal peritoneum. The supracolic surface was 4,487.46 +/- 196.21 cm(2) (31.79 +/- 1.50%) and the infracolic one of 9,836.16 +/- 732.67 cm(2) (68.21 +/- 1.50%). An interesting result of this work is that the surface of the parietal peritoneum in the supracolic abdomen (1,786.67 +/- 92.58 cm(2), 68.56%) is more than twice that of the infracolic region (756.62 +/- 55.91 cm(2), 31.44%). The visceral peritoneal surface (81.89 +/- 0.99% of the total) was much higher than that of the parietal peritoneum (18.11 +/- 0.99%). This difference is 12 times bigger in the infracolic abdomen. The peritoneal surface area measured in this study in non-eviscerated cadavers represents more than 96% of the one estimated by the above-mentioned formulas. CONCLUSION: The values shown in this paper would provide non-existing information for basic anatomy, and would contribute either to the study of pathologies involving the peritoneum or to their diagnosis and therapies.

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La bibliografía muestra que los volúmenes de los ventrículos cerebrales se incrementan con la edad. Valores lineales relacionados podrían detectar las variaciones en un plano del espacio. El objetivo del trabajo es determinar en sujetos femeninos, en función de la edad, posibles variaciones lineales anteroposteriores y ventrodorsales de los ventrículos laterales.

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Uno de los requerimientos para la regularidad en la materia Anatomía (Carrera de Medicina) es la aprobación en el año de tres exámenes parciales evaluados por el sistema G1 G2 de múltiple opción. En Grilla 1 (G1) y en grilla 2 (G") se cuentan las respuestas correctas RC1 y RC2 respectivamente. En G2 se penalizan as respuestas erróneas (RE2) pero el alumno tiene la opción de abstenerse a responder (respuestas en blanco: RB2) manifestando efectivamente lo que cree saber y no sabe y lo que cree no saber y se abstiene a contestar. El objetivo fue determinar si con la práctica del sistema G1 G2 el estudiante aprende a tomar conciencia sore lo que efectivamente sabe priorizando, ante la duda, la conducta de abstención.(AU)

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Uno de los requerimientos para la regularidad en la materia Anatomía (Carrera de Medicina) es la aprobación en el año de tres exámenes parciales evaluados por el sistema G1 G2 de múltiple opción. En Grilla 1 (G1) y en grilla 2 (G") se cuentan las respuestas correctas RC1 y RC2 respectivamente. En G2 se penalizan as respuestas erróneas (RE2) pero el alumno tiene la opción de abstenerse a responder (respuestas en blanco: RB2) manifestando efectivamente lo que cree saber y no sabe y lo que cree no saber y se abstiene a contestar. El objetivo fue determinar si con la práctica del sistema G1 G2 el estudiante aprende a tomar conciencia sore lo que efectivamente sabe priorizando, ante la duda, la conducta de abstención.

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The aim of the present work was to assess the response of selected soil physical, chemical and biological properties, after two applications of different organic amendments to a soil with an extended horticultural use. Vermicompost from household solid waste (HSW) and from horse and rabbit manure (HRM), and chicken manure (CM) were applied at rates of 10 and 20 Mg ha(-1). The proportion of water stable soil aggregates (Ws) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in HSW, HRM and CM at 20 Mg ha(-1). The proportion of ethanol stable soil aggregates (Es) was significantly higher in HSW, HRM and CM at 20 Mg ha(-1), and CM at 10 Mg ha(-1). After the first amendment application, HSW and HRM at 20 Mg ha(-1) resulted in higher soil organic carbon (SOC), while all the treatments showed a significant increase after the second amendment application. Linear relationships were found between Ws and Es with SOC. An increment in microbial respiration in all the amended plots was observed with the exception of HRM at the rate of 10 Mg ha(-1).

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Se presentan resultados del método de evaluación que hemos denominado de doble grilla simultánea o sistema G1-G2 luego de su aplicación durante los últimos cinco años en la Cátedra de Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Salvador... El método de evaluación propuesto tiende a desarrollar, en momentos tan definitorios para el alumno como son los exámenes, un adecuado manejo de la información que posee, priorizando evitar los errores. Se pretende inducir en el evaluado hábitos de conducta responsables, afines con el área donde deberá desarrollar su futura actividad profesional

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Se presentan resultados del método de evaluación que hemos denominado de doble grilla simultánea o sistema G1-G2 luego de su aplicación durante los últimos cinco años en la Cátedra de Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Salvador... El método de evaluación propuesto tiende a desarrollar, en momentos tan definitorios para el alumno como son los exámenes, un adecuado manejo de la información que posee, priorizando evitar los errores. Se pretende inducir en el evaluado hábitos de conducta responsables, afines con el área donde deberá desarrollar su futura actividad profesional

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En 1993 Albanese y col consideraron que la división en regiones corticales dentro del área posterior del lenguaje debía corresponder al límite entre los lóbulos que la integran, es decir el temporal y el parietal. Mantuvieron el nombre de planum temporale (PT)para la corteza correspondiente al lóbulo temporal y denominaron planum ascendente posterior (PAP) al correspondiente lóbulo prietal, hallando lateralidad izquierda para el primero y derecha para el segundo. En 1999 Merlo y col. describieron una nuva forma de estudio de las asimetrías y lateralidades interhemisféricas a la que denominaron compensación...Los resultados sugieren que la asimetría de una región no nos informa sobre la distribución interhemisférica de sus subestructuras, enmascarando diferencias morfológicas entre cerebros, las que podrían estar relacionadas a diferencias funcionales

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En 1993 Albanese y col consideraron que la división en regiones corticales dentro del área posterior del lenguaje debía corresponder al límite entre los lóbulos que la integran, es decir el temporal y el parietal. Mantuvieron el nombre de planum temporale (PT)para la corteza correspondiente al lóbulo temporal y denominaron planum ascendente posterior (PAP) al correspondiente lóbulo prietal, hallando lateralidad izquierda para el primero y derecha para el segundo. En 1999 Merlo y col. describieron una nuva forma de estudio de las asimetrías y lateralidades interhemisféricas a la que denominaron compensación...Los resultados sugieren que la asimetría de una región no nos informa sobre la distribución interhemisférica de sus subestructuras, enmascarando diferencias morfológicas entre cerebros, las que podrían estar relacionadas a diferencias funcionales

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