RESUMEN
To study the effect of weaning age on average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI) and ruminal fermentation, 10 rumen-cannulated male Holstein calves were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: (i) early weaned at 8 weeks of age (235 l milk); (ii) conventionally weaned at 12 weeks of age (347 l milk). Twice daily grass hay (9.0 MJ ME x kg(-1) DM) and a dry total mixed ration (TMR) (11.6 MJ ME x kg(-1) DM) containing 15% alfalfa hay and 85% concentrates were offered separately. Water was available ad libitum. Ruminal fluid was collected via cannulas at weeks 9, 11, 13 and 15, twice weekly just prior to as well as 1, 3, 5 and 7 h after morning feeding. Calves of both treatments achieved adequate ADG (947 vs. 959 g; p > 0.05). Just-weaned calves rapidly increased DMI (1.1-2.5 kg TMR and 2.4-3.6 kg TMR for early- and conventionally-weaned calves, respectively). From weeks 10-12 early-weaned calves consumed significantly more dry feed than conventionally-weaned calves (week 10: 2.5 vs. 1.6 kg/d; week 12: 3.4 vs. 2.4 kg/d). Early weaning stimulates DMI supporting ruminal fermentation intensity, indicated by lower ruminal pH. After weaning, only early-weaned calves achieved critical average ruminal pH (week 9: 5.7 vs. 6.0, p = 0.017; week 11: 5.9 vs. 6.2, p = 0.007). Experimental treatment did not affect the concentration of ruminal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). For all calves, the effects of the concentrate-rich TMR were shown by a high SCFA level (daily average: 137-152 mmol x l(-1)) and an acetate to propionate to butyrate ratio between 51:36:9 and 54:33:10.
Asunto(s)
Alimentación Animal/análisis , Bovinos/fisiología , Dieta/veterinaria , Ingestión de Alimentos/fisiología , Rumen/fisiología , Envejecimiento , Animales , Fermentación , Masculino , DesteteRESUMEN
The reader gets first briefly acquainted with Erich Fromm's psychoanalytic approach and concept of human behavior. Fromm tried to conceptualize this approach by using Freud's dynamic understanding of character and by understanding behavior as determined by conscious and unconscious character traits. In the main part of the paper this approach is applied to the social character formation of the "marketing-orientation". Today one can observe this character orientation either as a product-oriented or as a reality enacting marketing of one's own personality. In a third step the respective psycho dynamics are illustrated. Finally, the psychic impact of this way to live is discussed: the progredient loss to bear ambivalences
Al lector se le presenta primero una breve síntesis del concepto psicoanalítico de Erich Fromm y su comprensión de la conducta humana. Fromm trató de aplicar a su propia visión la concepción dinámica de carácter desarrollado por Freud y entendió que la conducta humana está determinada por rasgos caracterológicos conscientes e inconscientes. En la parte principal de este trabajo se utiliza este concepto para mostrar de que manera se forma el carácter social de orientación mercantil. Hoy en día se puede observar esta orientación caracterológica por un lado como marketing orientado al producto y por otro lado como marketing escenificador de realidades de la propia personalidad. En la tercera parte se ilustran las diferentes psicodinámicas de ambas orientaciones mercantiles. Finalmente se discute la pérdida creciente de la capacidad de ambivalencia como secuela psíquica de la forma de vivir orientada al marketing.