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BACKGROUND: The impulsive choice is characterized by the preference for a small immediate reward over a bigger delayed one. The mechanisms underlying impulsive choices are linked to the activity in the Nucleus Accumbens (NAc), the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and the dorsolateral striatum (DLS). While the study of functional connectivity between brain areas has been key to understanding a variety of cognitive processes, it remains unclear whether functional connectivity differentiates impulsive-control decisions. METHODS: To study the functional connectivity both between and within NAc, OFC, and DLS during a delay discounting task, we concurrently recorded local field potential in NAc, OFC, and DLS in rats. We then quantified the degree of phase-amplitude coupling (PAC), coherence, and Granger Causality between oscillatory activities in animals exhibiting either a high (HI) or low (LI) tendency for impulsive choices. RESULTS: Our results showed a differential pattern of PAC during decision-making in OFC and NAc, but not in DLS. While theta-gamma PAC in OFC was associated with self-control decisions, a higher delta-gamma PAC in both OFC and NAc biased decisions toward impulsive choices in both HI and LI groups. Furthermore, during the reward event, Granger Causality analysis indicated a stronger NAc➔OFC gamma contribution in the HI group, while the LI group showed a higher OFC➔NAc gamma contribution. CONCLUSIONS: The overactivity in NAc during reward in the HI group suggests that exacerbated contribution of NAcCore can lead to an overvaluation of reward that biases the behavior toward the impulsive choice.

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RESUMEN: El fibroma desmoplasico (FD) es una neoplasia intraósea benigna, localmente agresiva, de muy baja frecuencia - especialmente en niños pequeños - y es considerada la contraparte ósea de la fibromatosis tipo desmoide. Se han descrito tratamientos que van desde la enucleación y legrado hasta la resección del segmento óseo afectado, debido a su alta tasa de recidiva. Sin embargo, se ha establecido un consenso para evitar dichas recidivas, que consiste en realizar una resección segmentaria con márgenes de seguridad. En este reporte de caso se decidió realizar un tratamiento conservador debido a la edad de la paciente, siendo el caso más joven reportado en la literatura con un FD maxilar y, de esta manera, evitar mutilaciones y necesidad de reconstrucción ósea a tan corta edad, considerando también su estado de crecimiento, generación de potenciales asimetrías o desarrollo facial anormal que podría generar secuelas estéticas y funcionales, alterando su calidad de vida.

ABSTRACT: Desmoplastic fibroma (DF) is a benign, locally aggressive, intraosseous neoplasm of very low frequency - especially in young children - and is considered the bony counterpart of desmoid-type fibromatosis. Treatments ranging from enucleation and curettage to resection of the affected bone segment have been described, due to its high recurrence rate. However, a consensus has been established to avoid such recurrences, which consists in performing a segmental resection with safety margins. In this case report, it was decided to carry out a conservative treatment due to the age of the patient, being the youngest case reported in the literature with a maxillary DF and, in this way, avoiding mutilations and the need for bone reconstruction at such a young age. Also considering their growth status, generation of potential asymmetries or abnormal facial development that could generate aesthetic and functional sequelae, altering their quality of life.

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The incorporation of young researchers to universities today poses challenges and reflections. Several concepts that should be kept in mind when starting an academic career are analyzed, with an emphasis on research. Adequate postgraduate training, the type of higher education institution, contractual forms, insertion and interaction with groups, time dedicated to research, equipment available for research and research funds are concepts that are analyzed to guide young researchers in the beginning of an academic career at a university.

La incorporación de jóvenes investigadores a las universidades hoy en día plantea desafíos y reflexiones. Se analizan varios conceptos que se deberían tener presentes al momento de comenzar una carrera académica, con énfasis en la investigación. La adecuada formación de posgrado, el tipo de institución de educación superior, formas contractuales, inserción e interacción con los grupos, tiempo dedicado a la investigación, equipamiento disponible para las investigaciones y fondos de investigación son conceptos que se analizan para orientar a jóvenes investigadores en el inicio de una carrera académica en una universidad.

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BACKGROUND: Morphological variations of the mandibular canal (MC) have been described in literature, so the clinician must be able to recognise them and adapt their treatment accordingly. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of morphological variations of the MC using digital panoramic radiographs (DPR) of Chilean patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study in which 1400 DPR were analysed to identify cases of bifid, trifid and retromolar MC. The radiographs were analysed independently by two examiners who had previously been trained by a specialist in oral and maxillofacial radiology. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to reach a final sample. RESULTS: Nine hundred and twenty-five radiographs were included (599 female, 326 male; mean age 36.1 ± 15.54 years). The prevalence of bifid MC was 11% (n = 102), with no significant differences by sex (p = 0.069). Proportion of bifid MC was higher among younger patients (p = 0.038). Prevalence of morphologi- cal variations of type 1 bifid MC was 7.4% (n = 69), type 2 was 2.3% (n = 23), type 3 was 0% (n = 0) and type 4 was 1.1% (n = 10). Prevalence of retromolar canal was 0.9% (n = 8), with no significant differences by sex (p = 0.893) or age (p = 0.371); of these, 2 (0.2%) cases were forward type and 6 (0.6%) cases were retromolar type. No cases of trifid MC were found. CONCLUSIONS: Digital panoramic radiographs are useful for detecting morphological variations of the MC; we were able to identify three types of bifid MC as well as retromolar canals. Proper identification of these variations by an easily accessible examination is important for avoiding possible complications in clinical-surgical practice.

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PURPOSE: We retrospectively examined the potential effect on overall survival (OS) of delaying radiotherapy to administer neoadjuvant therapy in unresected glioblastoma patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We compared OS in 119 patients receiving neoadjuvant therapy followed by standard treatment (NA group) and 96 patients receiving standard treatment without neoadjuvant therapy (NoNA group). The MaxStat package of R identified the optimal cut-off point for waiting time to radiotherapy. RESULTS: OS was similar in the NA and NoNA groups. Median waiting time to radiotherapy after surgery was 13 weeks for the NA group and 4.2 weeks for the NoNA group. The longest OS was attained by patients who started radiotherapy after 12 weeks and the shortest by patients who started radiotherapy within 4 weeks (12.3 vs 6.6 months) (P = 0.05). OS was 6.6 months for patients who started radiotherapy before the optimal cutoff of 6.43 weeks and 19.1 months for those who started after this time (P = 0.005). Patients who completed radiotherapy had longer OS than those who did not, in all 215 patients and in the NA and NoNA groups (P = 0.000). In several multivariate analyses, completing radiotherapy was a universally favorable prognostic factor, while neoadjuvant therapy was never identified as a negative prognostic factor. CONCLUSION: In our series of unresected patients receiving neoadjuvant treatment, in spite of the delay in starting radiotherapy, OS was not inferior to that of a similar group of patients with no delay in starting radiotherapy.

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The mandibular canal (MC) originates in the mandibular foramen and runs bilaterally through the mandibular ramus and body, ending in the mental foramen. One of the most common anatomical variations is bifid MC, the configurations of which have been classified into four categories and sub-categories. The prevalence of these variations depends on the imaging method used. Studies carried out in panoramic X-rays and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) show prevalences varying between 1% and 20%. In this case report we present the finding of a bilateral bifid MC by CBCT examination; we describe its location and morphological characteristics. The variation found was a type 1 bilateral bifid MC, which consists in an accessory canal originating from a single mandibular foramen and extending to the third molar or its immediate surroundings. In this report we discuss the importance of detecting these anatomical variations, as well as their implications in clinical practice.

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BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to analyse the prevalence and morpho-metric parameters of idiopathic osteosclerosis (IO) in a Chilean population. IO is an intraosseous growth of compact, benign, unilocular, non-expandable bone that is referred to as an anatomical variation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed using 1000 digital panoramic radiographs of adults in which data on the location (maxillary/ mandibular, right/left hemiarcades), shape, position to the dental apex, and the prevalence of IOs were observed in relation to gender and age. The morphometric parameters evaluated were area, height, width, and the linear distances of the IO up to the midline and at the base of the mandible. RESULTS: The overall prevalence was 2.8% (27 individuals), with the majority of cases in women (66.7%) in the second, third, and fifth decades of life, but without significant differences. All cases were present in the mandible (100%), usually in the left hemiarcade (59.3%), molar (48.2%) and premolar (44.4%) regions; at the height of the dental apices (65.5%), with an irregular shape (40.7%) and round (37%). The area of the IOs was 33.9 ± 20.1 mm2, with a height of 7.7 ± ± 3.1 mm, width of 6.6 ± 3.1 mm, and the distance from the IO to the mandible median line was 26.6 ± 10.7 mm and 9.7 ± 3.7 mm to the mandibular base. CONCLUSIONS: All the data observed corroborate with previous studies; the IO does not present a large difference in the Chilean population evaluated compared to pre-vious studies carried out in other populations. (Folia Morphol 2018; 77, 2: 272-278).

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BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to describe the degree of curvature in distal roots in the first and second permanent mandibular molars in a Chilean patient sample. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in which digital panoramic X-rays were analysed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Examinations of patients under 18 years, with signs of distortion or alteration in the contrast or the presence of pathologies that affected visualisation of the roots and pulp-chamber floor of the teeth to be analysed were excluded. Using the AutoCad software, an angle was drawn to represent the curve of the root in its different thirds, drawing lines inside the root canal from the pulp-chamber floor to the dental apex. Using the classic definition of dilaceration (root curvature > 90°), its prevalence was established. 412 teeth and roots were analysed, finding a dilaceration prevalence of 0.73% (n = 3). 84.72% of the roots presented some type of curvature. RESULTS: The middle third had the highest percentage of curvatures and the greatest average of angular curvature, whereas the cervical third was the straightest. No significant differences were found between the degree of curvature and the gender of the subjects, except for the apical third of tooth 3.6. The analysis of curvature by root third offers to the clinician a better perspective of the directional change of the roots and does not limit it to just the presence of curves in the apical third. CONCLUSIONS: The report of the angular degree of the curvatures, in addition to the prevalence of dilacerations, informs to the clinicians about the likelihood of finding difficulties when treating root canals. (Folia Morphol 2018; 77, 1: 131-137).

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A low power RF amplifier circuit for ion trap applications is presented and described. The amplifier is based on a class-D half-bridge amplifier with a voltage mirror driver. The RF amplifier is composed of an RF class-D amplifier, an envelope modulator to ramp up the RF voltage during the ion analysis stage, a detector or amplitude demodulation circuit for sensing the output signal amplitude, and a feedback amplifier that linearizes the steady state output of the amplifier. The RF frequency is set by a crystal oscillator and the series resonant circuit is tuned to the oscillator frequency. The resonant circuit components have been chosen, in this case, to operate at 1 MHz. In testings, the class-D stage operated at a maximum of 78 mW at 1.1356 MHz producing 225 V peak.

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An ultrasound-assisted procedure was applied to the extraction of hemicelluloses from grape pomace at a mild temperature (20°C). A Central composite design (CCD) was employed to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of hemicelluloses from grape pomace with the aim to maximize their extraction yield, and, also, the obtention of the main polymers forming this fraction: Xyloglucans (XLG), Mannans (MAN) and Xylans (XN). Extraction time (X1), solid:liquid ratio (X2) and KOH concentration (X3) were the variables used to optimize the process. The conditions that maximize (1) the extraction yield of hemicelluloses and the contents of (2) XLG, (3) MAN and (4) XN, were: (1) X1=2.6h; X2=1:48 (w/v); X3=0.4M, (2) X1=2.9h; X2=1:57 (w/v); X3=2.25M, (3) X1=2.7h; X2=1:58(w/v);X3=2.2M, and (4) X1=3h; X2=1:60 (w/v); X3=2.3M, respectively. Under these conditions, the maximum extraction yield of hemicelluloses, XLG, MAN and XN contents were: ∼7.9±0.2%, ∼3.6±0.02%, ∼1.1±0.04% and ∼1.2±0.02%, respectively. Close agreement between experimental and predicted values was found. The results suggest that the ultrasound-assisted extraction could be a good option for the extraction of hemicellulosic polysaccharides from grape pomace at industrial level.

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Introducción: La desnutrición y la alteración en la funcionalidad son altamente prevalentes en adultos mayores hospitalizados y se asocia a resultados adversos. El objetivo principal de este trabajo fue evaluar la relación existente entre el estado nutricional y funcionalidad en adultos mayores hospitalizados en Unidad Geriátrica de Agudos (UGA) del Hospital Naval Almirante Nef. Pacientes y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, que incluyó a adultos mayores (AM) hospitalizados en UGA entre 01 de Marzo 2014 y 01 de Mayo 2015. A los pacientes se les realizó valoración geriátrica integral y valoración nutricional con MNA SF y test para evaluar la presencia de anorexia. Se analizaron los datos con software STATA 10. Para evaluar significancia estadística se ocuparon las pruebas Chi2 y de Kruskal Wallis. Resultados: 97 pacientes ingresados, 1 excluido. Promedio de edad de 84,1 años, 52% mujeres. Índice de Barthel promedio de 74,02 puntos. Prevalencia de desnutrición de 20,83%. La asociación entre un peor estado nutricional y peor funcionalidad en ABVD resultó estadísticamente significativa (p: 0,005). Discusión: Aquellos pacientes que ingresaron a UGA con peor estado nutricional presentaban peor funcionalidad basal en las ABVD. La relación entre estado nutricional y funcionalidad es compleja y probablemente bidireccional. Conclusión: La alta prevalencia de desnutrición en AM recientemente hospitalizados se acompaña de peor funcionalidad basal en actividades básicas de la vida diaria.

Background: Malnutrition and functional impairment are highly prevalent in the hospitalized elderly and can lead to unfavorable outcomes. The purpose of this study was evaluate if there is a relation between nutritional status and functionality in elderly patients hospitalized in the Acute Geriatric Unit (AGU) of Hospital Naval Almirante Nef, Viña del Mar. Patients: Cross-sectional descriptive study wich included elderly patients hospitalized in the AGU between March 1, 2014 and May 1, 2015. Patients underwent a comprehensive geriatric assessment and nutritional assessment with MNA Short Form and an anorexy test. Data were analyzed with STATA 10 software. Chi2 and Kruskal Wallis tests were used to assess statistical significance. Results: A total of 97 patients, 1 excluded. Average age of 84,1 years, 52% female. Barthel index averaged 74,02 points. The prevalence of malnutrition was 20,83%. The association between poorer nutritional status and poorer functioning in basic activities of daily living was statistically significant (p: 0.005). Conclusions: Those patients who entered AGU with worse nutritional status presented worse baseline functionality in basic activities of daily living. The relationship between nutritional status and functionality is complex and probably bidirectional. The high prevalence of malnutrition in recently hospitalized elderly is accompanied by poorer baseline functionality in basic activities of daily living.

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La articulación temporomandibular (ATM) es una articulación sinovial bilateral de tipo ginglimo-artroidal que anatómicamente está conformada por el cóndilo mandibular, fosa mandibular y tubérculo articular. Es necesario tener un acabado conocimiento de la anatomía de la ATM para una correcta comprensión de su funcionamiento. La descripción anatómica de las estructuras óseas presente en la literatura científica, y que componen la ATM, no es del todo exacta, con diversas diferencias sobre la delimitación del cóndilo mandibular, las fisuras presentes en la fosa mandibular y las superficies articulares de la fosa mandibular y tubérculo articular, así como una amplia variabilidad de términos para referirse a cada estructura anatómica. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de textos y artículos científicos sobre la descripción anatómica de los componentes óseos de la ATM y los términos para referirse a ellos, comparándolos con los términos establecidos por la Terminología Anatómica Internacional.

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a ginglymus-arthrodial bilateral synovial joint, anatomically composed by the mandibular condyle, mandibular fossa and articular tubercle. It is necessary to have a perfect knowledge of the anatomy of the TMJ for a proper understanding of its function. The anatomical description of bony structures of the TMJ present in the scientific literature is not entirely accurate, with several differences on the delimitation of the mandibular condyle, the limits of the articular surfaces, the fissures present in the mandibular fossa. In addition, there is a wide variability of terms for each anatomical structure. A review of textbooks and scientific articles was performed, about the anatomical description of the bony components of the TMJ and terms to refer to them, compared with the terms established by the Anatomical Terminology.

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Illness presentation in the elderly may be entirely non-specific, with fatigue, loss of function or the presence of geriatric syndromes. We report a 90 years old male consulting in the emergency room for delirium that persisted throughout hospitalization without finding a cause. During the course of hospitalization mild fever appeared and a left knee swelling became apparent. A synovial fluid aspiration showed a leukocyte count of 360 per field with 60% polymorphonuclear cells. The culture was negative. With a presumptive diagnosis of pseudogout, cochicine and celecoxib were started with remission of the confusional state. The patient was discharged 13 days after admission in good conditions.

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In this work, nanostructured LnxCe(1-x)O2-δ (Ln: Gd and Pr; x = 0.1 and 0.2) spheres were synthesized by microwave assisted hydrothermal homogeneous co-precipitation and their properties were characterized by synchrotron radiation XRD, X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) and scanning and high-resolution electron microscopy (SEM and HRTEM). In situ XRD and XANES experiments were carried out under reducing and oxidizing conditions in order to investigate the redox behaviour of these materials. The nanostructured mixed oxide spheres were found to have a cubic crystal structure (Fm3m space group). The spheres were composed of nanoparticles with an average crystallite size of about 10 nm. The Ln(0.1)Ce(0.9)O2-δ compositions exhibited the highest specific surface area (∼ 60 m(2) g(-1)). In situ XRD experiments showed an increase in lattice parameters upon reduction, which was attributed to the reduction of Ce(4+) and Pr(4+) cations to Ce(3+) and Pr(3+), which have larger radii, and to the associated increase in VO concentration. This increase in lattice parameters was considerably more pronounced for PrDC than GDC, and was explained by the considerably larger change in ionic radius for Pr upon reduction. XANES absorption experiments at the Ce and Pr L3-edge showed that the changes observed upon reduction of the Pr-containing samples resulted mostly from the formation of Pr(3+) rather than Ce(3+), and supported the previously reported proposal that Pr(3+) has a stabilizing effect on Ce(4+).

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The so-called tumor necrosis factor (TNF) block includes the TNFA, lymphotoxin alpha and beta (LTA and LTB) genes with single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and microsatellites with an allele frequency that exhibits interpopulation variability. To date, no reports have included both SNPs and microsatellites at the TNF block to study Mestizo or Amerindian populations from Mexico. In this study, samples of five Mexican Mestizo populations (Durango, Guadalajara, Monterrey, Puebla, and Tierra Blanca) and four native-Mexican populations (North Lacandonians, South Lacandonians, Tepehuanos, and Yaquis) were genotyped for two SNPs (LTA+252A>G and TNFA-308G>A) and four microsatellites (TNFa, d, e, and f), to analyze the genetic substructure of the Mexican population. Allele and haplotype frequencies, linkage disequilibrium (LD), and interpopulation genetic relationships were calculated. There was significant LD along almost all of the TNF block but the lowest D' values were observed for the TNFf-TNFd pair. Mestizos showed higher allele and haplotype diversity than did natives. The genetic differentiation level was reduced among Mestizos; however, a slightly, but significant genetic substructure was observed between northern and southern Mexican Mestizos. Among the Amerindian populations, the genetic differentiation level was significantly elevated, particularly in both North and South Lacandonians. Furthermore, among Southern Lacandonians, inhabitants of Lacanja town were the most differentiated from all the Mexicans analyzed. The data presented here will serve as a reference for further population and epidemiological studies including these TNF polymorphisms in the Mexican population.

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Llamas and alpacas are domesticated South American camelids (SACs) important to ancestral population in the Altiplano region, and to different communities worldwide where they have been introduced. These ungulates have shown to be susceptible to several livestock viral pathogens such as members of the Pestivirus genus, in particular Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVDV), but there is little data available on Pestivirus infections in SACs. In this study we aimed to detect and identify Pestivirus genotypes and subgroups infecting SACs in both wild and confined environments. Samples were collected from 136 llamas and 30 alpacas from different areas in the Chilean Altiplano (wild animals), and from 22 llamas and 26 alpacas diagnosed as Pestivirus positive from the Metropolitana region in Chile (confined animals). Seroneutralization tests showed titers lower than 2 in all 166 samples from Chilean Altiplano. These samples were also negative to BVDV isolation, indicating that these animals have not been exposed to Pestivirus. After reactivation of positive samples from the Metropolitana region, the 5' non-codifying region (5'NCR) and E2 glycoprotein were amplified by RT-PCR from the Pestivirus genome. Viral sequences were pairwise compared and phylogenetic trees were constructed. The 5'NCR analysis showed that all 12 sequenced isolates belonged to BVDV-1. Of particular interest, isolates from eight llama and two alpaca were BVDV-1j and two alpacas were BVDV-1b. In agreement with these results, E2 phylogenetic analysis rendered a similar grouping indicating that all 16 isolates belong to BVDV-1. However, the lower availability of E2 sequences determines the creation of a smaller number of sub-groups than the 5'NCR sequences. Based on the E2 sequences, the 5'NCR BVDV 1j group consisting of all the llamas and 3 alpacas are completely included in the E2 BVDV 1e group. Due to the universal availability of the 5'NCR segment, we propose the classification of these Chilean llamas and alpacas Pestivirus isolates as BVDV 1j and BVDV 1b respectively. Thus, this is the first time BVDV-1j is obtained in SACs. In addition, these results indicate Pestivirus infection in llamas and alpacas is associated with bovine population as genotypes and sub-groups are the same as those affecting Chilean livestock.

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We use a stochastic simulation model to explore the effect of reactive intervention strategies during the 2002 dengue outbreak in the small population of Easter Island, Chile. We quantified the effect of interventions on the transmission dynamics and epidemic size as a function of the simulated control intensity levels and the timing of initiation of control interventions. Because no dengue outbreaks had been reported prior to 2002 in Easter Island, the 2002 epidemic provided a unique opportunity to estimate the basic reproduction number R0 during the initial epidemic phase, prior to the start of control interventions. We estimated R0 at 27.2 (95%CI: 14.8, 49.3). We found that the final epidemic size is highly sensitive to the timing of start of interventions. However, even when the control interventions start several weeks after the epidemic onset, reactive intervention efforts can have a significant impact on the final epidemic size. Our results indicate that the rapid implementation of control interventions can have a significant effect in reducing the epidemic size of dengue epidemics.

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Harvesting the semitendinous-gracilis autograft has always been a challenge. Numerous techniques have been described, most of them using a needle. The boyfriend catcher technique or hitch is a quick, useful, safe and needle-free technique that does not harm the tendon and avoids punctures.

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La variada posición anatómica de los terceros molares mandibulares presenta importantes desafíos asociados a su profundidad y grado de inclinación. Las complicaciones más habituales del procedimiento quirúrgico convencional de extracción se relacionan con la extensa osteotomía y poca visualización del sitio quirúrgico, que pueden generar consecuencias post-quirúrgicas como inflamación, dolor, trismus, lesiones reversibles e irreversibles del nervio alveolar inferior (NAI) o nervio lingual, riesgo de fractura y formación de defectos periodontales del segundo molar. La implementación de soportes rígidos en la óptica endoscópica ha permitido utilizar esta tecnología para realizar abordajes mínimamente invasivos para remover terceros molares mediante accesos flapless con una mínima osteotomía de la zona oclusal, conservando la pared bucal y lingual a través de la visualización directa y magnificada del sitio quirúrgico, adaptable a los movimientos del paciente durante la intervención. En este reporte se presenta un nuevo procedimiento quirúrgico mínimamente invasivo a través de asistencia endoscópica para la conservación ósea en la remoción de terceros molares mandibulares con riesgo de lesión del nervio alveolar inferior.

Anatomic variability of the position of mandibular third molars represents significant challenges associated with its depth and angulation. The most common complications of conventional surgical procedure are related to extensive osteotomy and poor visualization, which can cause postsurgical effects such as inflammation, pain, trismus, reversible and irreversible lesions of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) or lingual nerve, fracture risk and formation of a deep periodontal defect on the distal aspect of the second molar. The implementation of rigid endoscopy in optics has allowed to use this technology via a minimally invasive approach to remove third molars by a minimally occlusal flapless ostectomy, preserving the buccal and lingual walls through direct and magnified visualization of the surgical site, adaptable to the patient’s movements during the surgery. In this report, we present a new and minimally invasive procedure through endoscopic assistance for bone conservation in the removal of third molars at risk of inferior alveolar nerve injury.

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Alzheimer's disease is becoming an increasingly common problem due to population aging. Most of the research on truth telling in relation to diagnosis has been done in oncology. However, although growing, there has a lack of interest about attitudes held among physicians towards disclosing the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Physicians, family caregivers and patients have different views about it. The reasons most often given for communicating the diagnosis are the right to know, relief of anxiety to know the cause of memory problems, early access to treatment and ability to plan ahead. On the contrary, the reasons for concealing the diagnosis are based on the right not to know, the anxiety associated to knowing the diagnosis and the absence of curative therapies for the disease. The aim of this paper is to report the current state of literature on diagnostic truth telling in dementia, review the ethical principles involved, and finally give a strategy to address the issue.

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