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Few studies have examined victim participation in parole processes, particularly in countries that have specific procedures for hearing victims' statements in post-conviction proceedings. This study, through in-depth interviews, explores the experiences of seven indirect victims of child sexual homicide, identifying their needs and expectations in a justice system lacking formal mechanisms for their involvement. Results emphasize the necessity for official information for families and the consequent frustration from the absence of formal participation. Parole application becomes a new challenge to the ongoing grieving process, leading to distress responses that may require specialized care. Recommendations about formal mechanisms for victim notification, participation and support during the parole process are noted to acknowledge their experience and emotional impact.
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Víctimas de Crimen , Homicidio , Humanos , Masculino , Niño , Femenino , Víctimas de Crimen/psicología , Adulto , Homicidio/psicología , Abuso Sexual Infantil/psicología , Entrevistas como Asunto , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
Rape followed by murder against children and adolescents is one of the most serious existing crimes. The autopsies of victims of violent crimes can provide fundamental findings for the investigative process and the pursuit of justice. This research conducts a descriptive analysis of the most important findings from the autopsies of 27 cases of children and adolescents who died in Chile between 1998 and 2021 as a result of rape followed by homicide (n = 27), as well as from the judiciary rulings of these cases to gather information related to the perpetrators. It was found that the victims of this crime are mostly girls with an average age of 10, while the perpetrators are primarily single men aged 29 on average, most of whom have not finished high school. A significant relationship was found between the location of the crime and the cause of death and signs of sexual contact, the marital status of the perpetrator and the cause of death, the age of the perpetrator and signs of sexual contact, and the relationship between victim and perpetrator and signs of sexual contact.
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Autopsia , Víctimas de Crimen , Homicidio , Humanos , Chile/epidemiología , Adolescente , Homicidio/estadística & datos numéricos , Niño , Masculino , Femenino , Víctimas de Crimen/estadística & datos numéricos , Violación/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto , Causas de Muerte/tendencias , PreescolarRESUMEN
To analyze the effect of oligo-carrageenan (OC) kappa in the stimulation of growth in Arabidopsis thaliana, plants were sprayed on leaves with an aqueous solution of OC kappa at 1 mg mL-1, 5 times every 2 days and cultivated for 5 or 15 additional days. Plants treated with OC kappa showed an increase in rosette diameter, fresh and dry weight, and primary root length. Plants treated with OC kappa once and cultivated for 0 to 24 h after treatment were subjected to transcriptomic analyses to identify differentially expressed genes, mainly at 12 h after treatment. Transcripts encoding proteins involved in growth and development and photosynthesis were upregulated as well as enzymes involved in primary metabolism. In addition, plants treated with OC kappa once and cultivated for 0 to 96 h showed increased levels of transcripts encoding enzymes involved in C, N, and S assimilation at 6 and 12 h after treatment that remain increased until 96 h. Therefore, OC kappa increased the expression of genes encoding proteins involved in photosynthesis, C, N, and S assimilation, and growth in A. thaliana.
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Proteínas de Arabidopsis , Arabidopsis , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Carragenina/farmacología , Fotosíntesis/genética , Plantas/metabolismo , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/genética , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las PlantasRESUMEN
Mexicans and Mexican Americans share culture, genetic background, and predisposition for chronic complications associated with obesity and diabetes making imperative efficacious treatments and prevention. Obesity has been treated for centuries focused-on weight loss while other treatments on associated conditions like gout, diabetes (T2D), and hypertriglyceridemia. To date, there is no systematic review that synthesizes the origin of obesity clinics in Mexico and the efforts to investigate treatments for obesity tested by randomized clinical trials (RCT). We conducted systematic searches in Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science to retrieve anti-obesity RCT through 2019 and without an inferior temporal limit. The systematic review included RCT of anti-obesity treatments in the Mexican adult population, covering alternative medicine, pharmacological, nutritional, behavioral, and surgical interventions reporting metabolism-associated traits such as BMI, weight, waist circumference, triglycerides, glucose, among others. Only the studies with at least 3 months of treatment were included in the meta-analyses in order to reduce placebo effects. We found 634 entries, after removal of duplicates and screening the studies based on eligibility criteria, we analyzed 43 national, and 2 multinational-collaborative studies. Most of the national studies had small sample sizes, and the implemented strategies do not have replications in the population. The nutrition/behavioral interventions were difficult to blind, and most studies have medium-to-high risk of bias. Nutritional/behavioral interventions and medications showed effects on BMI, waist circumference, and blood pressure. Simple measures like pure water instead of sweet beverages decrease triglycerides and systolic blood pressure. Dark chocolate showed the highest effect for BMI and high blood pressure, and treatment with insulin increased weight in those with T2D. The study of obesity in Mexico has been on-going for more than four decades, the interest on RCT just increased until this millennium, but with small sample sizes and lack of replication. The interventions affect different cardiometabolic associated traits, which should be analyzed in detail in the population living near the Mexico-U.S. border; therefore, bi-national collaboration is desirable to disentangle the cultural effects on this population's treatment response. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42020221436, identifier: CRD42020221436.
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La epidemia de COVID-19 ha modificado la cultura de la comunicación. La solución para los problemas de salud puede ser asertiva cuando es consensuada. El método Delphi es una herramienta de consenso que emplea rondas de listas de preguntas para recopilar información del conocimiento de un panel de expertos que analizan planteamientos y posibles soluciones a problemas. Se basa en la premisa de que, con la libertad del anonimato, la inteligencia combinada mejora el juicio individual y captura la opinión colectiva experta. El proceso del método es muy flexible, pues las rondas de preguntas pueden realizarse de manera presencial o remota. En este artículo se describe cómo implementar el método Delphi convencional en tiempos de confinamiento, y se analizan la utilidad y las limitaciones del método para su uso por expertos en salud para la resolución de problemas de tratamiento, diagnóstico o administrativos. Las tecnologías actuales para recolectar los datos permiten gran flexibilidad en el formato de los cuestionarios y facilitan la recopilación de la opinión experta. Gracias a su adaptabilidad, el método Delphi se está convirtiendo en una estrategia popular que involucra los ámbitos cualitativo y cuantitativo.
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Antarctic soils are considered young soils; therefore, the microbiota associated with Antarctic vascular plants play a critical role in their productivity. In this research, we compared the microbiota from three different soil conditions using a 16S rRNA and internal transcribed spacer rRNA gene amplicon approach for bacterial and fungal communities.
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Mycorrhizal interactions of orchids are influenced by several environmental conditions. Hence, knowledge of mycorrhizal fungi associated with orchids inhabiting different ecosystems is essential to designing recovery strategies for threatened species. This study analyzes the mycorrhizal associations of terrestrial orchids colonizing grassland and understory in native ecosystems of the region of La Araucanía in southern Chile. Mycorrhizal fungi were isolated from peloton-containing roots and identified based on the sequence of the ITS region. Their capacities for seed germination were also investigated. We detected Tulasnella spp. and Ceratobasidium spp. in the pelotons of the analyzed orchids. Additionally, we showed that some Ceratobasidium isolates effectively induce seed germination to differing degrees, unlike Tulasnella spp., which, in most cases, fail to achieve protocorm growth. This process may underline a critical step in the life cycle of Tulasnella-associated orchids, whereas the Ceratobasidium-associated orchids were less specific for fungi and were effectively germinated with mycorrhizal fungi isolated from adult roots.
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The rhizosphere microbiome is key in survival, development, and stress tolerance in plants. Salinity, drought, and extreme temperatures are frequent events in the Atacama Desert, considered the driest in the world. However, little information of the rhizosphere microbiome and its possible contribution to the adaptation and tolerance of plants that inhabit the desert is available. We used a high-throughput Illumina MiSeq sequencing approach to explore the composition, diversity, and functions of fungal and bacterial communities of the rhizosphere of Baccharis scandens and Solanum chilense native plants from the Atacama Desert. Our results showed that the fungal phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota and the bacterial phyla Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria were the dominant taxa in the rhizosphere of both plants. The linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LefSe) of the rhizosphere communities associated with B. scandens showed the genera Penicillium and Arthrobacter were the preferential taxa, whereas the genera Oidiodendron and Nitrospirae was the preferential taxa in S. chilense. Both plant showed similar diversity, richness, and abundance according to Shannon index, observed OTUs, and evenness. Our results indicate that there are no significant differences (p = 0.1) between the fungal and bacterial communities of both plants, however through LefSe, we find taxa associated with each plant species and the PCoA shows a separation between the samples of each species. This study provides knowledge to relate the assembly of the microbiome to the adaptability to drought stress in desert plants.
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The endophytic strain Chaetomium cupreum isolated from metal-contaminated soil was inoculated in Eucalyptus globulus roots to identify genes involved in metal stress response and plant growth promotion. We analyzed the transcriptome of E. globulus roots inoculated with C. cupreum. De novo sequencing, assembly, and analysis were performed to identify molecular mechanisms involved in metal stress tolerance and plant growth promotion. A total of 393,371,743 paired-end reads were assembled into 135,155 putative transcripts. It was found that 663 genes significantly changed their expression in the presence of treatment, of which 369 were up-regulated and 294 were down-regulated. We found differentially expressed genes (DEGs) encoding metal transporters, transcription factors, stress and defense response proteins, as well as DEGs involved in auxin biosynthesis and metabolism. Our results showed that the inoculation of C. cupreum enhanced tolerance to metals and growth promotion on E. globulus. This study provides new information to understand molecular mechanisms involved in plant-microbe interactions under metals stress.
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In soils multi-contaminated with heavy metal and metalloids, the establishment of plant species is often hampered due to toxicity. This may be overcome through the inoculation of beneficial soil microorganisms. In this study, two arsenic-resistant bacterial isolates, classified as Pseudomonas gessardii and Brevundimonas intermedia, and two arsenic-resistant fungi, classified as Fimetariella rabenhortii and Hormonema viticola, were isolated from contaminated soil from the Puchuncaví valley (Chile). Their ability to produce indoleacetic acid and siderophores and mediate phosphate solubilization as plant growth-promoting properties were evaluated, as well as levels of arsenic resistance. A real time PCR applied to Triticum aestivum that grew in soil inoculated with the bacterial and fungal isolates was performed to observe differences in the relative expression of heavy metal stress defense genes. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the bacterial strains to arsenate was up to 7000 mg·L-1 and that of the fungal strains was up to 2500 mg·L-1. P. gessardi was able to produce siderophores and solubilize phosphate; meanwhile, B. intermedia and both fungi produced indoleacetic acid. Plant dry biomass was increased and the relative expression of plant metallothionein, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase and phytochelatin synthase genes were overexpressed when P. gessardii plus B. intermedia were inoculated.
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The adaptation and performance of orchid mycorrhizae in heavy metal-polluted soils have been poorly explored. In the present study, proteomic and metabolic approaches were used to detect physiological changes in orchid roots established in a heavy metal-polluted soil and to ascertain whether mycorrhizal fungi affect the metabolic responses of roots. Young Bipinnula fimbriata plantlets were established in control and heavy metal-polluted soils in a greenhouse. After 14 months, exudation of root organic acids, phenolics, percentage of mycorrhization, mineral content, and differential protein accumulation were measured. More root biomass, higher root colonization, and higher exudation rates of citrate, succinate, and malate were detected in roots growing in heavy metal-polluted soils. Higher accumulation of phosphorus and heavy metals was found inside mycorrhizal roots under metal stress. Under non-contaminated conditions, non-mycorrhizal root segments showed enhanced accumulation of proteins related to carbon metabolism and stress, whereas mycorrhizal root segments stimulated protein synthesis related to pathogen control, cytoskeleton modification, and sucrose metabolism. Under heavy metal stress, the proteome profile of non-mycorrhizal root segments indicates a lower induction of defense mechanisms, which, together with the stimulation of enzymes related to carotenoid biosynthesis and cell wall organization, may positively influence mycorrhizal fungi colonization. The results point to different metabolic strategies in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal root segments that are exposed to heavy metal stress. The results indicate that root colonization by mycorrhizal fungi is stimulated to alleviate the negative effects of heavy metals in the orchids.
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Metales Pesados/metabolismo , Micorrizas/fisiología , Orchidaceae/microbiología , Orchidaceae/fisiología , Contaminantes del Suelo/metabolismo , Adaptación Fisiológica , Chile , Orchidaceae/crecimiento & desarrollo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteoma , Plantones/crecimiento & desarrollo , Plantones/microbiología , Plantones/fisiologíaRESUMEN
The gene expression stability of candidate reference genes in the roots and leaves of Solanum lycopersicum inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was investigated. Eight candidate reference genes including elongation factor 1 α (EF1), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), protein phosphatase 2A (PP2Acs), ribosomal protein L2 (RPL2), ß-tubulin (TUB), ubiquitin (UBI) and actin (ACT) were selected, and their expression stability was assessed to determine the most stable internal reference for quantitative PCR normalization in S. lycopersicum inoculated with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. The stability of each gene was analysed in leaves and roots together and separated using the geNorm and NormFinder algorithms. Differences were detected between leaves and roots, varying among the best-ranked genes depending on the algorithm used and the tissue analysed. PGK, TUB and EF1 genes showed higher stability in roots, while EF1 and UBI had higher stability in leaves. Statistical algorithms indicated that the GAPDH gene was the least stable under the experimental conditions assayed. Then, we analysed the expression levels of the LePT4 gene, a phosphate transporter whose expression is induced by fungal colonization in host plant roots. No differences were observed when the most stable genes were used as reference genes. However, when GAPDH was used as the reference gene, we observed an overestimation of LePT4 expression. In summary, our results revealed that candidate reference genes present variable stability in S. lycopersicum arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis depending on the algorithm and tissue analysed. Thus, reference gene selection is an important issue for obtaining reliable results in gene expression quantification.
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Hongos no Clasificados/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/fisiología , Micorrizas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/biosíntesis , Solanum lycopersicum/metabolismo , Simbiosis/fisiología , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la PolimerasaRESUMEN
RegulonDB (http://regulondb.ccg.unam.mx) is one of the most useful and important resources on bacterial gene regulation,as it integrates the scattered scientific knowledge of the best-characterized organism, Escherichia coli K-12, in a database that organizes large amounts of data. Its electronic format enables researchers to compare their results with the legacy of previous knowledge and supports bioinformatics tools and model building. Here, we summarize our progress with RegulonDB since our last Nucleic Acids Research publication describing RegulonDB, in 2013. In addition to maintaining curation up-to-date, we report a collection of 232 interactions with small RNAs affecting 192 genes, and the complete repertoire of 189 Elementary Genetic Sensory-Response units (GENSOR units), integrating the signal, regulatory interactions, and metabolic pathways they govern. These additions represent major progress to a higher level of understanding of regulated processes. We have updated the computationally predicted transcription factors, which total 304 (184 with experimental evidence and 120 from computational predictions); we updated our position-weight matrices and have included tools for clustering them in evolutionary families. We describe our semiautomatic strategy to accelerate curation, including datasets from high-throughput experiments, a novel coexpression distance to search for 'neighborhood' genes to known operons and regulons, and computational developments.
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Bases de Datos Genéticas , Escherichia coli K12/genética , Regulación Bacteriana de la Expresión Génica , Regulón , Análisis por Conglomerados , Escherichia coli K12/metabolismo , Redes Reguladoras de Genes , Operón , Posición Específica de Matrices de Puntuación , ARN Pequeño no Traducido/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/clasificaciónRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The aim is to describe the prevalence of chronic diseases and conditions that may affect the oral health and oral health self-care of independent living Chilean older adults. METHOD: In all, 4,766 residents aged 60 years and older took part in the study. Participants were interviewed using an 11-module instrument, including demographic data, quality of life, nutritional status, systemic diseases, and lists of medications. RESULTS: Participants with cognitive impediments (n = 553) were eliminated from further analysis. Of the remaining 4,213, 61.2% were female. The mean age was 71.1 (SD = 7.8) years. A total of 19.6% reported no medical conditions, 53.1% reported one or two conditions, and 27.3% reported between three and nine conditions. The most commonly reported conditions were high blood pressure (78.0%), diabetes (26.5%), depression (23.4%), and cardiovascular disease (18.7%). Seventy-six percent reported taking medication, with an average of 3.4 drugs per person. Among those taking medication, 70.2% were taking at least one that may cause salivary hypofunction. DISCUSSION: With the aging of Chile and the reciprocal links between oral disease and chronic diseases, policies and innovative initiatives need to be implemented so that programs become affordable and accessible for this population.
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Enfermedad Crónica/epidemiología , Salud Bucal/estadística & datos numéricos , Autocuidado , Anciano , Chile/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Vida Independiente , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , PrevalenciaRESUMEN
Las anomalías coronarias tienen una incidencia en la población general de 0.2 a 1.2%; de ellas la más frecuente es el origen anómalo de la coronaria izquierda del tronco de la arteria pulmonar, conocido como ALCAPA (anomalous left coronary artery from pulmonary artery). Ésta es una rara anomalía que representa el 0.25 a 0.5% del total de cardiopatías. La implantación de la arteria coronaria izquierda desde el tronco de la arteria pulmonar también conocida como síndrome de Bland-White-Garland (BWG) es la anomalía coronaria más frecuente. Reporte de caso: Se presenta caso de mujer de 51 años de edad, quien ingresó de forma electiva para cateterismo cardiaco como protocolo prequirúrgico de recambio valvular por disfunción de prótesis mitral donde como hallazgo se encontró inmovilidad de uno de los discos; la paciente tenía antecedente de sustitución valvular mitral a los 15 años por prolapso congénito. Durante el cateterismo cardiaco se evidencia el implante anómalo de la coronaria izquierda, situación que no había sido detectada en el primer evento quirúrgico, presentada en sesión médico-quirúrgica y siendo aceptada para recambio valvular más reconexión coronaria, llevándose procedimiento sin complicaciones. Conclusiones: Aunque el síndrome BWG es una enfermedad con rara presentación en la edad adulta, el conocimiento de esta anomalía congénita es importante, ya que el diagnóstico precoz y el tratamiento pueden prevenir daños irreversibles al miocardio.
Coronary anomalies have an incidence in the general population of 0.2 to 1.2 %, of which the most common is the anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the main pulmonary artery, known as ALCAPA (anomalous left coronary artery from pulmonary artery). It is a rare anomaly representing 0.25 to 0.5 % of all heart disease. The implementation of the left coronary artery from the main pulmonary artery also known as Bland-White-Garland syndrome is the most common coronary anomaly. Case Report: Female 51-year-old show, who electively income for preoperative cardiac catheterization and Protocol were valve replacement for mitral prosthesis dysfunction where was found immobility of a disk. Immobility was found, patient had a history of mitral valve replacement for 15 years for congenital prolapse, during cardiac catheterization of anomalous left coronary implant situation that had not been detected in the first surgical event, presented in medical and surgical session and being accepted for coronary valve replacement reconnection is more evidence, taking procedure without complications. Conclusions: Although BWG syndrome is a rare disease presenting in adulthood, knowledge of this congenital anomaly is important because early diagnosis and treatment can prevent irreversible damage to the myocardium.
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This study aims to examine the self-assessed oral health status and quality of life (QoL) of independent living Chilean older adults, and their distribution by selected socio-demographic characteristics. The study conducted a secondary analysis of data collected as part of a larger study of dependency which involved 4766 independent living older adults, 60 years of age and older, residents of all Chilean Regions. Participants were interviewed using an 11-module instrument. The majority (61.2%) were female. Mean age was 72.3 (s.d. 8.5) years. 47.5% lived with their spouses/partners. The majority had primary education (63.4%), were under the National Health Fund (87.9%), and lived in urban locations (68.3%). The majority (56%) perceived their QoL to be 'Excellent/Very good'; another 37.5% self-assessed their QoL as 'Average'; and 6.6% self-assessed his/her QoL as being 'Bad/Very bad'. 21.7% of participants reported no natural teeth; 43.1% had 'the majority' of teeth missing; 29.9% had 'A few' teeth missing; and 5.3% reported no missing teeth. The probability of being edentulous was explored using LRA. Age; health conditions; education; gender and region of residence remained statistically significant [χ(2)(13)=379.05; p<0.001]. Those who self-reported their QoL as 'Average/Bad' were more likely to be edentulous than those who self-reported their QoL as Good/Excellent (OR=1.5; 95% CI 1.10-2.00). Despite general improvements in oral health among Chilean older adults, this study found poor oral health among older adults is compounded by poor QoL, and substantial inequalities in oral health outcomes by location, levels of education and income.
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Salud Bucal , Calidad de Vida , Autoevaluación (Psicología) , Anciano , Chile , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
RegulonDB contains the largest and currently best-known data set on transcriptional regulation in a single free-living organism, that of Escherichia coli K-12 (Gama-Castro et al. Nucleic Acids Res 36:D120-D124, 2008). This organized knowledge has been the gold standard for the implementation of bioinformatic predictive methods on gene regulation in bacteria (Collado-Vides et al. J Bacteriol 191:23-31, 2009). Given the complexity of different types of interactions, the difficulty of visualizing in a single figure of the whole network, and the different uses of this knowledge, we are making available different views of the genetic network. This chapter describes case studies about how to access these views, via precomputed files, web services and SQL, including sigma-gene relationships corresponding to transcription of alternative RNA polymerase holoenzyme promoters; as well as, transcription factor (TF)-genes, TF-operons, TF-TF, and TF-regulon interactions. 17.
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Biología Computacional/métodos , Minería de Datos/métodos , Bases de Datos Genéticas , Escherichia coli K12/genética , Redes Reguladoras de Genes/genética , Regulón/genética , Internet , Operón/genética , Factores de Transcripción/genéticaRESUMEN
Hemocyanin, the oxygen transporter metallo-glycoprotein from mollusks, shows strong relationship between its notable structural features and intrinsic immunomodulatory effects. Here we investigated the individual contribution of CCHA and CCHB subunits from Concholepas hemocyanin (CCH) to in vivo humoral immune response and their pre-clinical evaluation as immunotherapeutic agent in a mice bladder cancer model, in relation to their biochemical properties. To this end, subunits were purified and well characterized. Homogeneous subunits were obtained by anionic exchange chromatography, and its purity assessed by electrophoretic and immunochemical methods. While each CCH subunit contains eight functional units showing partial cross reaction, the vibrational spectral analysis showed several spectral differences, suggesting structural differences between them. In addition, we demonstrated differences in the carbohydrate content: CCHA had a 3.6% w/w sugar with both N- and O-linked moieties. In turn, CCHB had a 2.5% w/w sugar with N-linked, while O-linked moieties were nearly absent. Considering these differences, it was not possible to predict a priori whether the immunogenic and immunotherapeutic properties of subunits might be similar. Surprisingly, both subunits by itself induced a humoral response, and showed an antitumor effect in the bladder carcinoma cell line MBT-2. However, when immunologic parameters were analyzed, CCHA showed better efficiency than CCHB. No allergic reactions or any toxic effects were observed in mice treated with CCHA, sustaining its potential therapeutic use. Our study supports that CCHA subunit accounts for the most important features involved in the immunogenicity of CCH, such as better hydrophilicity and higher content of carbohydrates.