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The monophyly of Flourensia was examined for the first time by sequencing the nuclear ITS and plastid psbA- trnH regions in 18 species of the genus, analyzing them along with representatives of the remaining genera of subtribe Enceliinae. Results showed strong evidence for the polyphyly of Flourensia identifying two well-supported groups: Flourensia, a clade from North America including the type F. laurifolia, and another clade, here designed as the new genus Austroflourensia, containing the South American species. Austroflourensia is related to the other four genera composing the subtribe Enceliinae, whereas Flourensia s.s. is sister to all of them. Austroflourensia can be mainly distinguished by having a shrubby or subshrubby habit, capitula always radiate usually arranged in weakly cymose-corymbose capitulescences, phyllaries 2-3-seriate, and disc corollas shortly dentate. This paper proposes twelve new combinations to accommodate species previously described in the genus Flourensia and provides emended descriptions of Flourensia and the new genus Austroflourensia. The illustration of the type of the new genus, a distribution map, and a key to the genera of Enceliinae are also provided.

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Pseudognaphalium Kirp. (Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae) consist of about 60 species mainly distributed in South, Central, and North America. As a first contribution toward a comprehensive taxonomic review of Pseudognaphalium, we perform here the first morphometric analysis of North American species, using UPGMA method for the construction of the dendrogram. Based upon these results we present a synopsis including a key to identify species and their associated synonymy. Thirty-seven species are recognized, two taxa are newly synonymized, Pseudognaphalium microcephalum under the name P. canescens and Pseudognaphalium semilanatum under the name P. semiamplexicaule, and two other names are confirmed as synonyms as previously proposed, Pseudognaphalium micradenium as a synonym of P. helleri and Pseudognaphalium crenatum as a synonym of P. viscosum. Lectotypes are newly designated for Gnaphalium beneolens, G. berlandieri (= Pseudognaphalium stramineum), Gnaphalium decurrens (= Pseudognaphalium macounii), G. leucocephalum, G. oxyphyllum, G. oxyphyllum var. semilanatum (= P. semiamplexicaule), G. semiamplexicaule, G. sulphurescens (= P. stramineum), G. thermale, and second-step lectotypifications are proposed for G. helleri and G. wrightii (= P. canescens). In addition, the first illustrations of Pseudognaphalium helleri and P. semiamplexicaule, and a colour figure of P. canescens and P. beneolens emphasizing the results of the morphometric analysis are provided.

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el presente trabajo representa la quinta y última parte de las compuestas medicinales de la provincia biogeográfica Pampeana (este de la Argentina, Uruguay y mitad austral de Río Grande do Sul en Brasil), ubicados en el sexto y séptimo grupos artificiales de los siete delimitados en la primera parte del trabajo. Estos grupos están caracterizados por sus capítulos con flores dimorfas o trimorfas y con papus en todas las flores o sólo en las del disco. Comprenden 48 especies y 7 variedades que pertenecen a siete tibus(AU)

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el presente trabajo representa la quinta y última parte de las compuestas medicinales de la provincia biogeográfica Pampeana (este de la Argentina, Uruguay y mitad austral de Río Grande do Sul en Brasil), ubicados en el sexto y séptimo grupos artificiales de los siete delimitados en la primera parte del trabajo. Estos grupos están caracterizados por sus capítulos con flores dimorfas o trimorfas y con papus en todas las flores o sólo en las del disco. Comprenden 48 especies y 7 variedades que pertenecen a siete tibus

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El presente trabajo presenta la cuarta parte de las compuestas medicinales de la provincia biogeográficaPampeana (este de la Argentina, Uruguay, y mitad austral de Rio Grande do sul en Brasi) ubicadas en el quinto grupo artificial de los siete delimitados en la primera parte del trabajo. Este grupo está caracterizado por sus capítulos con flores dimorfas y papusausente y comprende catorce especies y una variedad,las cuales pertencen a cuatro tribus: Anthemideae (achillea, anthemis, artemisia, matricaria, soliva y tanacetum), Calenduleae (calendula), Helenieae (flaveria) y Heliantheae (acanthospermum y Cosmos). Se brinda una clave para la determinación de las especies y, para cada una de ellas, nombre científico válido, sinónimos, nombres vulgares, distribución geográfica, usos medicinales e iconografía(AU)

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El presente trabajo presenta la cuarta parte de las compuestas medicinales de la provincia biogeográficaPampeana (este de la Argentina, Uruguay, y mitad austral de Rio Grande do sul en Brasi) ubicadas en el quinto grupo artificial de los siete delimitados en la primera parte del trabajo. Este grupo está caracterizado por sus capítulos con flores dimorfas y papusausente y comprende catorce especies y una variedad,las cuales pertencen a cuatro tribus: Anthemideae (achillea, anthemis, artemisia, matricaria, soliva y tanacetum), Calenduleae (calendula), Helenieae (flaveria) y Heliantheae (acanthospermum y Cosmos). Se brinda una clave para la determinación de las especies y, para cada una de ellas, nombre científico válido, sinónimos, nombres vulgares, distribución geográfica, usos medicinales e iconografía

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Abstract- Lucilia is a South American genus with 23 species restricted to disjunct areas in southeastern Brazil and along the Andes. Lucilia is a monophyletic group defined by the co-occurrence of six characters: herbaceous, alternate-leaved, pappus with scabrid bristles fused at the base into a ring, style-branches with sweeping hairs far down, capitula sessile, and aseptate-flagellate hairs. A dadogram is presented using 41 morphological and anatomical characters arranged into 26 transformation series. The polarity of character states was determined by outgroup comparison with the genus Berroa. The cladistic analysis showed extensive parallel evolution in a number of the more conspicuous characters and produced four unresolved trichotomies. However, basing the hierarchy of Lucilia on the branching pattern produced by cladistic analysis results in a more natural and predicitive classification. Lucilia is divided into three sections, Lucilia, Intermedieae (sect, nov), and Lucilioides [divided into two subsections, Subspicata (subsect. nov.) and Lucilioides]. The latter subsection is subdivided into two series, Lucilioides (ser. nov.) and Paralucilia. The Brazilian species of section Lucilia (acutijolia, linearifolia, ferruginea, tmentosa, recurva, nitens, and flagelliformis) form the most primitive group within the genus. The more derived species of the genus, section lucilioides (plicatifolia, catamarcensis, burkartii, subspkata, lopezmirandae, alpina, pickeringii, piptolepis, santamca, chilensis, schultzii, longifolia, radians, lehmanni, pusilla) are found in the Andes L. eriophora (section Intermedieae) from central Chile bridges these two groups. An explanation for the distribution of the genus is given, based on the ecology of the species in relation to theories of the geologic and climatic history of South America. The present pattern has been determined by the age, geographical range, and vicissitudes of the habitat in which each group occurs. In the Brazilian species group, the habitat is old, and has remained relatively stable since well before the Pleistocene. In the Andean species group, the habitat is young and has undergone numerous rapid alterations since its inception at the end of the Pliocene.