RESUMEN
Field records from the American Angus Association were used to study the associations of sire marbling score EPD and sire weaning weight maternal (milk) EPD with age at first calving (AFC) and calving interval (CI). Cows were selected based on the accuracy of their sire's milk (> or =.7) or marbling (> or =.6) EPD. The data were screened using biological constraints, and regression models were used to identify records that were greater than 5 SD from the mean. The AFC was modeled for both milk and marbling data sets to account for effects of year, sire EPD, and their interaction. The CI was subdivided into first, second, and mature calving interval traits and modeled to account for state, year, calf sex, calf birth weight (BW), calf weaning weight (WW), sire EPD, and interactions of EPD with year and state. Derivative-free REML was used to estimate heritability and genetic correlations for AFC and CI. Sire milk EPD and marbling EPD were predictors of AFC (P < .001); however, pooled estimates were unreliable because of state x EPD interactions (P < .001). Increases in sire milk EPD resulted in reductions in AFC; however, there was no consistent pattern to effects of marbling EPD increases. Models accounted for < 8% of variation in AFC. Sire milk EPD was not a predictor of first, second, or mature CI (P > .1). Sire marbling score EPD was not a predictor of second, or mature CI (P > .1); however, it was associated (P = .059) with first CI, although regression estimates varied across states and prevented pooling. The BW, sex, and WW were predictors of CI (P < .001). Increases in BW resulted in longer mature CI, and mature CI decreased as WW increased. The AFC was heritable (.22), and CI traits had heritabilities ranging from .01 to .03. The AFC was genetically correlated with first CI (-.6) and mature CI (-.93). Genetic correlations between CI traits were uninterpretable because of low additive genetic variances. In conclusion, sire marbling score and milk EPD do not seem to be reliable predictors of AFC or CI. The BW and WW have significant but small effects on AFC and CI. Selection for AFC is possible, but earlier calving heifers may have longer calving intervals.
Asunto(s)
Bovinos/anatomía & histología , Tejido Adiposo , Factores de Edad , Animales , Peso Corporal , Cruzamiento , Femenino , Impresión Genómica , Masculino , Carne/normas , Leche , Reproducción , DesteteRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: This study examined factors that predispose individuals to protect against Lyme disease. METHODS: Knowledge, attitude, and practice questions concerning Lyme disease prevention were included in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance surveys in Connecticut, Maine, and Montana. A total of 4246 persons were interviewed. RESULTS: Perceived risk of acquiring Lyme disease, knowing anyone with Lyme disease, knowledge about Lyme disease, and believing Lyme disease to be a common problem were significantly associated with prevention practices. CONCLUSIONS: Predisposing factors differ substantially between states and appear related to disease incidence. Personal risk, knowing someone with Lyme disease, and cognizance about Lyme disease and acting on this information are consistent with social learning theories.
Asunto(s)
Conductas Relacionadas con la Salud , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Enfermedad de Lyme/prevención & control , Adulto , Análisis de Varianza , Causalidad , Connecticut/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Incidencia , Modelos Logísticos , Enfermedad de Lyme/epidemiología , Maine/epidemiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Montana/epidemiología , Proyectos Piloto , Características de la Residencia , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
PROBLEM/CONDITION: Much chronic disease and injury morbidity and mortality is associated with high-risk behaviors (e.g., cigarette smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and physical inactivity) and with lack of preventive health care (e.g., screening for cancer). States use the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) to collect data about these modifiable health behaviors and to monitor trends and significant changes in their populations over time. REPORTING PERIOD: 1992 and 1993. DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM: The BRFSS is a state-based telephone survey of the civilian, noninstitutionalized, adult (persons > or = 18 years of age) population. In 1992, 48 states and the District of Columbia participated in the BRFSS; in 1993, 49 states and the District of Columbia participated. Several questions were added to the BRFSS in 1993. RESULTS: As in previous years, state-specific variations occurred in the prevalence of high-risk behaviors, awareness of certain medical conditions, use of preventive health services, and health-care coverage. In 1993, 4.0% (range: 1.4% - 6.4%) of adults reported riding with a driver who had had too much alcohol to drink. The percentage of persons > or = 50 years of age who had ever had a proctoscopic examination ranged from 25.6% to 51.5% (median: 36.8%). Among adults > or = 65 years of age, 27.4% (range: 18.5 % - 40.0%) had ever had a pneumococcal vaccination, and 49.9% (range: 28.7% - 66.2%) had had an influenza vaccination within the past 1 year. INTERPRETATION: The variations in prevalence across states likely reflect socioeconomic differences, differences in state laws enacted to discourage risky behaviors, different levels of effort to screen for certain types of cancer or risk factors for other diseases, and other factors. ACTION TAKEN: States will continue to use the BRFSS to collect data about health behaviors. Analysis of these data will enable states to monitor factors that may affect the rate of chronic disease and injury mortality and morbidity and to develop public health policies to address these problems.
Asunto(s)
Conductas Relacionadas con la Salud , Estado de Salud , Vigilancia de la Población , Asunción de Riesgos , Adulto , Anciano , Enfermedad Crónica/epidemiología , Recolección de Datos , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores de Riesgo , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Heridas y Lesiones/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Breast cancer screening can be an effective tool in the early detection of breast cancer but remains underused by women in the United States. METHODS: We analyzed data from 22,657 women (2,068 black women, 707 Hispanic women, and 19,882 white women) who participated in the 1990 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance state-based telephone survey. Using the recommended guidelines of the American Cancer Society for breast cancer screening, we examined utilization rates by demographic and selected variables, stratified by ethnic groups. RESULTS: Of the women included in the analysis, 47% of both black and Hispanic women and 50% of white women reported having had a recent mammogram, and 68% of black women, 59% of Hispanic women, and 66% of white women reported having had a recent clinical breast examination (CBE). Important predictors of the use of breast cancer screening procedures for each group were having had a routine examination in the past year, having seen an obstetrician or gynecologist or specialist during the last routine examination, and more than a high school education. CONCLUSIONS: Many women are not having mammography and CBEs. Efforts to increase screening must focus on encouraging providers to use CBEs as a screening tool and to recommend mammography. Strategies should be developed to increase the use of these procedures among women, particularly those of low income and low education levels.
Asunto(s)
Negro o Afroamericano , Neoplasias de la Mama/prevención & control , Hispánicos o Latinos , Mamografía/estadística & datos numéricos , Tamizaje Masivo/estadística & datos numéricos , Palpación/estadística & datos numéricos , Población Blanca , Adulto , Anciano , Femenino , Conductas Relacionadas con la Salud/etnología , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores de Riesgo , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To determine the prevalence of tobacco use among Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) employees and the effect of the smoke-free policy on smoking behavior and air quality at work. DESIGN: A stratified telephone survey of 1181 CDC/ATSDR employees randomly selected from employee rosters. SETTING: CDC/ATSDR work sites in Atlanta, Georgia, and other major CDC locations throughout the United States and Puerto Rico. SUBJECTS: Randomly selected employees of CDC/ATSDR1, or about 22% of the total CDC/ATSDR population; 98% of eligible persons selected agreed to participate. MEASURES: Demographic and smoking history variables, attitudes toward and impact of the smoke-free policy on smoking behavior, and self-report changes in air quality were the measures used. RESULTS: Overall cigarette smoking prevalence was only 11.1%. One percent reported using chewing tobacco, 1.1% reported smoking a pipe, and 1.4% reported smoking cigars. Average self-reported, daily cigarette consumption significantly decreased after the smoking ban took effect. Overall, 90% of the employees supported the smoke-free policy, and 80% of the employees believed that smokers were complying with the smoke-free policy. Most employees believed that the air quality of work areas and nonwork areas (65% and 69%, respectively) had improved since the smoke-free policy was implemented. CONCLUSIONS: These findings are consistent with previous evaluations of smoke-free policies and suggest that most employees are generally supportive of workplace smoking restrictions. Such policies can also have a positive impact on smoking behavior and perceived air quality.
Asunto(s)
Salud Laboral , Prevención del Hábito de Fumar , Fumar/epidemiología , Contaminación por Humo de Tabaco/prevención & control , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. , Demografía , Femenino , Política de Salud , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Exposición Profesional , Muestreo , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
PROBLEM/CONDITION: Risk reduction is a major focus of the national health objectives for the year 2000. Progress toward several of these objectives can be evaluated by using data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Year 2000 objective areas measurable by BRFSS data include those for overweight, lack of physical activity, smoking, safety belt use, and medical screening for breast and cervical cancer and elevated blood cholesterol. BRFSS data have been used to guide health promotion/disease prevention programs. REPORTING PERIOD: 1991. DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM: BRFSS is a state-based random-digit-dialing telephone survey of noninstitutionalized adults (> or = 18 years of age); 47 states and the District of Columbia participated in BRFSS in 1991. RESULTS: Some year 2000 objectives appear to be readily attainable for many states, whereas others do not. For example, among participating states, a median 57.8% (range = 45.6%-82.8%) of women ages > or = 50 years reported having had both a clinical breast examination and a mammogram in the previous 2 years (year 2000 objective: > or = 60%). In contrast, a median 37.3% (range = 22.1%-52.5%) of persons with annual family income < $20,000 reported that they did not engage in leisure-time physical activity--more than twice the year 2000 objective (> or = 17%). INTERPRETATION: BRFSS data demonstrate substantial state-to-state variation in progress toward year 2000 objectives and highlight areas (e.g., lack of leisure-time physical activity) in which substantial progress remains to be made in most states. Action taken: The BRFSS will continue to report data that relate to year 2000 health objectives. BRFSS data will enable states to monitor progress toward these objectives and develop health policies aimed at achieving them.
Asunto(s)
Conductas Relacionadas con la Salud , Promoción de la Salud , Vigilancia de la Población , Adulto , Anciano , Neoplasias de la Mama/prevención & control , Femenino , Humanos , Hipercolesterolemia/prevención & control , Estilo de Vida , Masculino , Tamizaje Masivo/estadística & datos numéricos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Obesidad/epidemiología , Factores de Riesgo , Cinturones de Seguridad/estadística & datos numéricos , Fumar/epidemiología , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/prevención & control , Frotis Vaginal/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
PROBLEM/CONDITION: High-risk behaviors, such as smoking cigarettes and driving under the influence of alcohol, contribute heavily to morbidity and mortality from noninfectious disease and injury. Substantial variation exists among states in the prevalences of these behaviors. REPORTING PERIOD: 1991. DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM: The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) is a state-based random-digit-dialing telephone survey of noninstitutionalized adults (> or = 18 years of age). In 1991, 47 states and the District of Columbia participated in BRFSS. The system focuses on behaviors that are related to one or more of the 10 leading causes of death. In 1991, BRFSS also began collecting data on self-reported lack of health insurance. RESULTS: As in previous years, BRFSS data for 1991 indicate substantial state-to-state variation in the prevalence of risk factors such as chronic or binge alcohol consumption, sedentary lifestyle, and overweight. In addition to measures reported in previous years, the current report includes state prevalences of high blood cholesterol awareness (range = 13.5%-21.5%; median = 16.9%) and lack of health insurance (range = 7.2%-25.7%; median = 14.5%). INTERPRETATION: Because prevalence estimates vary considerably from state to state, state estimates may be preferable to national ones for use in planning programs. ACTIONS TAKEN: The BRFSS will continue to provide state-specific data about health behaviors to allow states to monitor trends that affect the burden of chronic diseases in the United States.
Asunto(s)
Conductas Relacionadas con la Salud , Promoción de la Salud , Vigilancia de la Población , Adulto , Anciano , Alcoholismo/epidemiología , Concienciación , Femenino , Humanos , Hipercolesterolemia/epidemiología , Hipertensión/epidemiología , Seguro de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Estilo de Vida , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Obesidad/epidemiología , Factores de Riesgo , Estados Unidos/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Since 1984, an increasing number of states (including the District of Columbia) have participated in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). This report provides state-specific estimates of the prevalence of selected health-risk behaviors for the years 1986 through 1990. Apparent trends and progress toward several of the year 2000 national health objectives are discussed, both for the entire adult population (persons ages greater than or equal to 18 years) and selected high-risk demographic subgroups. Now that BRFSS includes 45 states and covers over 90% of the nation's adult population, it can be used both as a measure of state-specific risk factor prevalence and an indicator of national trends.