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OBJECTIVES: To describe evidence of international literature on the safe care of the hospitalised child after the World Alliance for Patient Safety and list contributions of the general theoretical framework of patient safety for paediatric nursing. METHOD: An integrative literature review between 2004 and 2015 using the databases PubMed, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Scopus, Web of Science and Wiley Online Library, and the descriptors Safety or Patient safety, Hospitalised child, Paediatric nursing, and Nursing care. RESULTS: Thirty-two articles were analysed, most of which were from North American, with a descriptive approach. The quality of the recorded information in the medical records, the use of checklists, and the training of health workers contribute to safe care in paediatric nursing and improve the medication process and partnerships with parents. CONCLUSION: General information available on patient safety should be incorporated in paediatric nursing care.

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RESUMO Objetivos Descrever evidências na literatura internacional para o cuidado seguro da criança hospitalizada após a criação da Aliança Mundial para a Segurança do Paciente e elencar contribuições do referencial teórico geral da segurança do paciente para a enfermagem pediátrica. Método Revisão integrativa da literatura entre 2004 e 2015 nas bases de dados PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Scopus, Web of Science e Wiley Online Library, utilizando os descritores Safety or Patient safety, Hospitalized child, Pediatric nursing e Nursing care. Resultados Foram analisados 32 artigos, a maioria norte-americanos, com delineamento descritivo. A qualidade do registro das informações no prontuário, o emprego de checklists e a formação profissional contribuem para o cuidado seguro na enfermagem pediátrica, bem como para melhorias no processo medicamentoso e na parceria com os pais. Conclusão As informações gerais disponíveis sobre a segurança do paciente devem ser incorporadas no cuidado de enfermagem pediátrica.

RESUMEN Objetivos Describir la evidencia de la literatura internacional para el cuidado seguro de los niños hospitalizados después de la creación de la Alianza Mundial para la Seguridad del Paciente y listar las contribuciones del marco teórico general de la seguridad del paciente para la enfermería pediátrica. Método Una revisión integradora de la literatura entre 2004 y 2015 fue realizada en las bases de datos PubMed, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Scopus, Web of Science y Wiley Online Library, utilizando los descriptores Seguridad o Seguridad del paciente, Niño hospitalizado, Enfermería pediátrica y cuidado de enfermería. Resultados Se analizaron 32 artículos, la mayoría de América, con diseño descriptivo. La calidad de los registros de la información en la historia clínica, el uso de listas de control y la formación profesional contribuyen a la atención segura en enfermería pediátrica, así como mejoras en el proceso de la medicación y la asociación con los padres. Conclusión La información general disponible sobre la seguridad del paciente debe ser incorporada en la atención de enfermería pediátrica.

ABSTRACT Objectives To describe evidence of international literature on the safe care of the hospitalised child after the World Alliance for Patient Safety and list contributions of the general theoretical framework of patient safety for paediatric nursing. Method An integrative literature review between 2004 and 2015 using the databases PubMed, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Scopus, Web of Science and Wiley Online Library, and the descriptors Safety or Patient safety, Hospitalised child, Paediatric nursing, and Nursing care. Results Thirty-two articles were analysed, most of which were from North American, with a descriptive approach. The quality of the recorded information in the medical records, the use of checklists, and the training of health workers contribute to safe care in paediatric nursing and improve the medication process and partnerships with parents. Conclusion General information available on patient safety should be incorporated in paediatric nursing care.

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PURPOSE: To investigate the degree of placental permeability in dyslipidemic rabbits and the consequent vascular dysfunction in fetuses of female rabbits with high lipoprotein levels. METHODS: Fifteen adult females New Zealand White rabbits were divided into two groups. Group 1(n=5) - hypercholesterolemic diet with 0.5 percent cholesterol, and Group 2 (n=10) - control. On day 30, the levels of plasma lipoproteins and triglycerides were analyzed in the mothers, and the presence of collagen was analyzed in the placenta as well as in fetal coronary and aorta. Statistical analyses used the Student's t and the Mann-Whitney tests. RESULTS: Lipoprotein levels were significantly different (p=0.02 to p<0.001) in experimental and control groups. In the hypercholesterolemic group, total cholesterol levels were in average 793mg/dl; triglycerides were in average 257mg/dl; HDL-C was 48mg/dl, and LDL-C was in average 692mg/dl. The amount of collagen per micrometers square (mµ²) in samples from hypercholesterolemic animals was significantly higher than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The study confirmed placental permeability to lipoproteins, shown by increased amounts of collagen in fetal tissues. This alteration results in increased susceptibility to atherosclerosis in adult life, representing a risk factor for the early development of disease, which may appear even in the prenatal period.

OBJETIVO: Investigar a permeabilidade placentária em coelhos adultos fêmeas dislipidêmicas e a consequente disfunção vascular em seus fetos. MÉTODOS: Quinze coelhos adultos fêmeas Nova Zelândia Brancas foram distribuídas em grupo dislipidêmico e grupo controle. No trigésimo dia de gestação foram medidos os triglicerídeos e as lipoproteínas nas coelhas e verificada a presença de colágeno na placenta e coronárias fetais. Análise estatística foi feita com teste t de Student´s e Mann-Whitney. RESULTADOS: Os níveis de lipoproteínas foram diferentes estatisticamente entre os grupos (p=0,02 a p<0,001). A quantidade de colágeno por micrômetro quadrado foi significantemente maior no grupo hipercolesterolêmico em comparação ao grupo controle. CONCLUSÕES: O estudo confirmou a permeabilidade placentária para lipoproteínas demonstrando aumento de colágeno nos tecidos fetais. Esta alteração induz ao aumento da suscetibilidade para aterosclerose na vida adulta, representando um fator de risco para desenvolvimento precoce da doença aterosclerótica a qual pode estar presente mesmo no período pré-natal.

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PURPOSE: To investigate the degree of placental permeability in dyslipidemic rabbits and the consequent vascular dysfunction in fetuses of female rabbits with high lipoprotein levels. METHODS: Fifteen adult females New Zealand White rabbits were divided into two groups. Group 1(n=5) - hypercholesterolemic diet with 0.5 percent cholesterol, and Group 2 (n=10) - control. On day 30, the levels of plasma lipoproteins and triglycerides were analyzed in the mothers, and the presence of collagen was analyzed in the placenta as well as in fetal coronary and aorta. Statistical analyses used the Student's t and the Mann-Whitney tests. RESULTS: Lipoprotein levels were significantly different (p=0.02 to p<0.001) in experimental and control groups. In the hypercholesterolemic group, total cholesterol levels were in average 793mg/dl; triglycerides were in average 257mg/dl; HDL-C was 48mg/dl, and LDL-C was in average 692mg/dl. The amount of collagen per micrometers square (mµ²) in samples from hypercholesterolemic animals was significantly higher than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The study confirmed placental permeability to lipoproteins, shown by increased amounts of collagen in fetal tissues. This alteration results in increased susceptibility to atherosclerosis in adult life, representing a risk factor for the early development of disease, which may appear even in the prenatal period.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Investigar a permeabilidade placentária em coelhos adultos fêmeas dislipidêmicas e a consequente disfunção vascular em seus fetos. MÉTODOS: Quinze coelhos adultos fêmeas Nova Zelândia Brancas foram distribuídas em grupo dislipidêmico e grupo controle. No trigésimo dia de gestação foram medidos os triglicerídeos e as lipoproteínas nas coelhas e verificada a presença de colágeno na placenta e coronárias fetais. Análise estatística foi feita com teste t de Studentïs e Mann-Whitney. RESULTADOS: Os níveis de lipoproteínas foram diferentes estatisticamente entre os grupos (p=0,02 a p<0,001). A quantidade de colágeno por micrômetro quadrado foi significantemente maior no grupo hipercolesterolêmico em comparação ao grupo controle. CONCLUSÕES: O estudo confirmou a permeabilidade placentária para lipoproteínas demonstrando aumento de colágeno nos tecidos fetais. Esta alteração induz ao aumento da suscetibilidade para aterosclerose na vida adulta, representando um fator de risco para desenvolvimento precoce da doença aterosclerótica a qual pode estar presente mesmo no período pré-natal.(AU)

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PURPOSE: To investigate the degree of placental permeability in dyslipidemic rabbits and the consequent vascular dysfunction in fetuses of female rabbits with high lipoprotein levels. METHODS: Fifteen adult females New Zealand White rabbits were divided into two groups. Group 1(n=5) - hypercholesterolemic diet with 0.5% cholesterol, and Group 2 (n=10) - control. On day 30, the levels of plasma lipoproteins and triglycerides were analyzed in the mothers, and the presence of collagen was analyzed in the placenta as well as in fetal coronary and aorta. Statistical analyses used the Student's t and the Mann-Whitney tests. RESULTS: Lipoprotein levels were significantly different (p=0.02 to p<0.001) in experimental and control groups. In the hypercholesterolemic group, total cholesterol levels were in average 793 mg/dl; triglycerides were in average 257 mg/dl; HDL-C was 48 mg/dl, and LDL-C was in average 692 mg/dl. The amount of collagen per micrometers square (mµ²) in samples from hypercholesterolemic animals was significantly higher than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The study confirmed placental permeability to lipoproteins, shown by increased amounts of collagen in fetal tissues. This alteration results in increased susceptibility to atherosclerosis in adult life, representing a risk factor for the early development of disease, which may appear even in the prenatal period.

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INTRODUÇÃO: Os modelos experimentais são utilizados para simulações de situações relacionadas ao treinamento físico. OBJETIVO: O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a aptidão física de ratos em treinamento através da avaliação das concentrações de ácido láctico sérico. METODOLOGIA: Foi realizado estudo experimental utilizando 40 ratos machos Wistar, adultos, divididos em cinco grupos de oito indivíduos, havendo um grupo controle. Foi realizado o primeiro teste de esforço máximo (TE) após uma semana de familiarização com a esteira rolante e antes do primeiro dia de treinamento. Os testes de esforço seguintes foram feitos a cada 10 dias de treinamento. No final de cada teste de esforço foi coletado 1ml de sangue para medir o ácido láctico. O teste t de Student foi utilizado para comparação das médias. RESULTADOS: O ácido láctico sérico diminuiu significativamente entre o primeiro e o último teste de esforço máximo nos grupos GE10, 20 e 30. No G30 pode-se demonstrar diferença significativa entre os testes inicial e final no que se refere à velocidade (p = 0,003) e tempo (p = 0,018), assim como no G40 velocidade inicial (p = 0,0006) e tempo (p = 0,0001). CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados demonstraram que ratos submetidos a treinamento físico apresentam capacidade metabólica medida pelo ácido láctico, que demonstra aptidão física e treinamento adequado com aumento do esforço físico, sendo bem tolerado até 40 dias de treinamento em esteira rolante.

INTRODUCTION: Experimental models are used for simulation of situations related to physical training. OBJECTIVE: This study had the objective of verifying the fitness of rats in training; this was achieved through the measurement of the concentration of lactic acid in the blood serum. METHODOLOGY: An experimental study using 40 Wistar male adult rats, divided into five groups of eight individuals and a control group was carried out. The first test of Maximum Effort (TE) was applied after one week of familiarization with the treadmill running and right before the first day of training. The following effort tests were applied at every ten days. In order to measure the concentration of lactic acid in the blood after the test; it 1ml of blood was collected from each rat. The Student t test was used to compare the means. RESULTS: Lactic acid serum significantly decreased in groups GE10, 20, 30 between the first and the last effort test. In the G30 there was a significant difference between the initial and final tests regarding speed (p = 0.003) and time (p = 0.018), as well as in the G40 group, where the initial velocity was (p = 0.0006) and time (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The results measured through the lactic acid in the blood showed that rats submitted to physical training present better metabolic capacity and that with suitable training, the physical fitness increased after the physical effort. This effort is well tolerated by the rats up to 40 days of treadmill running.

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