RESUMEN
It is a common method to analyse physiological mechanisms of organisms - commonly referred to as biomarkers - to indicate the presence of environmental pollutants. However, as biomarkers respond to a wide range of stressors we want to direct the attention on natural stressors, i.e. on parasites. After two years maintenance under controlled conditions, roach (Rutilus rutilus) revealed no influence on levels of metallothionein by the parasite Ligula intestinalis. The same was found for Gammarus fossarum infected with Polymorphus minutus. However, the heat shock protein (HSP70) response was affected in both host-parasite systems. While the infection of roach resulted in reduced levels of HSP70 compared to uninfected roach, the infection in G. fossarum led to higher levels of HSP70. We also analysed the effect of a 14 days Cd exposure (4 µg/L) on the uninfected and infected gammarids. The exposure resulted in induced levels for both, metallothionein and HSP70 whereas the combination of stressors, parasite and exposure, revealed a decrease for levels of HSP70 in comparison to the metal exposure only. Accordingly, parasites as natural parts of aquatic ecosystems have to be considered in ecotoxicological research.
Asunto(s)
Acantocéfalos/fisiología , Anfípodos/parasitología , Cestodos/fisiología , Cyprinidae/parasitología , Proteínas HSP70 de Choque Térmico/metabolismo , Metalotioneína/metabolismo , Anfípodos/fisiología , Animales , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Cadmio/toxicidad , Cyprinidae/fisiología , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidadRESUMEN
Reproductive parameters of Ligula intestinalis-infected roach (Rutilus rutilus) which were held under long-tem laboratory conditions with unlimited food supply were investigated. Although uninfected and infected roach showed no difference in condition factor and both groups deposited perivisceral fat, the gonadosomatic-index was significantly lower in infected female and male roach. Quantitative histological analysis revealed that gonad development was retarded upon parasitization in both genders. In contrast to the phenotype described in the field, infected females were able to recruit follicles into secondary growth, but a high percentage of secondary growth follicles underwent atresia. In both genders, the histological data corresponded well with reduced expression of pituitary gonadotropins and lowered plasma concentrations of sex steroids, as revealed by real-time RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. Furthermore, a reduction of vitellogenin mRNA and modulated expression of sex steroid receptors in the liver was demonstrated. Like in the field, there was a significant adverse impact of L. intestinalis on host reproductive physiology which could not be related to parasite burden. Our results show, for the first time, that maintenance under laboratory conditions can not abolish the deleterious effect of L. intestinalis on gametogenesis in roach, and indicate a specific inhibition of host reproduction by endocrine disruption.
Asunto(s)
Cestodos/fisiología , Infecciones por Cestodos/veterinaria , Cyprinidae/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Peces/parasitología , Gametogénesis/fisiología , Animales , Cestodos/patogenicidad , Infecciones por Cestodos/parasitología , Infecciones por Cestodos/fisiopatología , Cyprinidae/fisiología , Disruptores Endocrinos/farmacología , Ambiente Controlado , Femenino , Enfermedades de los Peces/fisiopatología , Hormonas Esteroides Gonadales/sangre , Gonadotropinas/genética , Gonadotropinas/metabolismo , Gónadas/anatomía & histología , Gónadas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Interacciones Huésped-Parásitos , Hígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Hipófisis/metabolismo , Receptores Androgénicos/genética , Receptores de Estrógenos/genética , Reproducción/genética , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , Factores de Tiempo , Vitelogeninas/genéticaRESUMEN
Fish represent the most frequently used vertebrate class for the investigation of endocrine disruption (ED) in wildlife. However, field studies are complicated by exposure scenarios involving a variety of anthropogenic and natural influences interfering with the endocrine system. One natural aspect rarely considered in ecotoxicological studies is how parasites modulate host physiology. Therefore, investigations were carried out to characterise the impacts of the parasitic tapeworm Ligula intestinalis on plasma sex steroid levels and expression of key genes associated with the reproduction in roach (Rutilus rutilus), a sentinel species for wildlife ED research. Parasitisation by L. intestinalis suppressed gonadal development in both genders of roach and analysis of plasma sex steroids revealed substantially lower levels of 17beta-oestradiol (E2) and 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) in infected females as well as E2, 11-KT, and testosterone in infected males. Consistently, in both, infected females and males, expression of the oestrogen dependent genes such as vitellogenin and brain-type aromatase in liver and brain was reduced. Furthermore, parasitisation differentially modulated mRNA expression of the oestrogen and androgen receptors in brain and liver. Most prominently, liver expression of oestrogen receptor 1 was reduced in infected females but not in males, whereas expression of oestrogen receptor 2a was up-regulated in both genders. Further, insulin-like growth factor 1 mRNA in the liver was increased in infected females but not in males. Despite severe impacts on plasma sex steroids and pituitary gonadotropin expression, brain mRNA levels of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) precursors encoding GnRH2 and GnRH3 were not affected by L. intestinalis-infection. In summary, the present results provide basic knowledge of the endocrine system in L. intestinalis-infected roach and clearly demonstrate that parasites can cause ED in fish.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Cestodos/veterinaria , Cyprinidae/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Peces/parasitología , Expresión Génica/fisiología , Hormonas Esteroides Gonadales/sangre , Reproducción/genética , Animales , Aromatasa/genética , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Cestodos/fisiología , Infecciones por Cestodos/fisiopatología , Cyprinidae/genética , Cyprinidae/fisiología , Estradiol/sangre , Femenino , Enfermedades de los Peces/fisiopatología , Gónadas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Hígado/metabolismo , Masculino , ARN Mensajero/análisis , Receptores Androgénicos/genética , Receptores de Estrógenos/genética , Caracteres Sexuales , Testosterona/análogos & derivados , Testosterona/sangre , Vitelogeninas/genéticaAsunto(s)
Infecciones por Cestodos/veterinaria , Disruptores Endocrinos/toxicidad , Enfermedades de los Peces/parasitología , Peces , Gónadas/parasitología , Animales , Biomarcadores , Infecciones por Cestodos/complicaciones , Infecciones por Cestodos/patología , Reproducción/efectos de los fármacos , Maduración Sexual , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidadRESUMEN
Plerocercoids of the tapeworm Ligula intestinalis (Cestoda: Bothriocephalidea) have been reported to inhibit gametogenesis of their intermediate fish hosts. However, mechanistic studies are rare and the proximate cues leading to impaired reproduction still remain unknown. In the present study we investigated the effects of infection by L. intestinalis on reproductive parameters of roach (Rutilus rutilus, Cyprinidae), a common fish host of this parasite. Field studies on roach demonstrated that in both genders infection prevented gonad development. As revealed by quantitative PCR, infection was accompanied by essentially lower pituitary expression of follicle-stimulating hormone beta-subunit (FSHbeta) and luteinizing hormone beta-subunit (LHbeta) mRNA compared with uninfected roach, providing clear evidence for gonadotropin-insufficiency as the cause of arrested gametogenesis. Under controlled laboratory conditions infected roach showed lower mRNA levels of FSHbeta but not of LHbeta, despite histology revealing similar gonad stages as in uninfected conspecifics. These findings indicate the involvement of FSH rather than LH in mediating effects of infection early during gonad development in roach. Moreover, the impact of L. intestinalis on reproductive parameters of roach appeared to be independent of the parasite burden. Together, these data provide valuable information on the role of FSH and LH as mediators of parasite-induced sterilization in a vertebrate and implicate the selective inhibition of host reproduction by L. intestinalis as a natural source of endocrine disruption in fish.
Asunto(s)
Cestodos/metabolismo , Cyprinidae/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Peces/parasitología , Hormona Folículo Estimulante/metabolismo , Hormona Luteinizante/metabolismo , Animales , Carga Corporal (Radioterapia) , Cestodos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Infecciones por Cestodos/metabolismo , Cyprinidae/crecimiento & desarrollo , Femenino , Gametogénesis/fisiología , Interacciones Huésped-Parásitos , Masculino , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Plerocercoide/crecimiento & desarrollo , Plerocercoide/metabolismoRESUMEN
The effects of different exposure concentrations of palladium (Pd) on relative metallothionein (MT) response and bioaccumulation were investigated in zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha). The mussels were exposed to 0.05, 5, 50, and 500 microg/L Pd2+ for 10 weeks under controlled temperature and fasting conditions. Relative MT contents were assessed by a modified Ag-saturation method, which allows to discriminate between MT bound to Pd (Pd-MT) and MT bound to unidentified metals (Ag-MT). Determination of metal contents resulted from atomic absorption spectrometry following a microwave digestion. For unexposed mussels and mussels exposed to 0.05 microg/L Pd no metal accumulation could be detected. All other exposure concentrations resulted in detectable Pd accumulation in mussels with final tissue concentrations of 96 microg/g (500 microg/L), 45 microg/g (50 microg/L), and 9 microg/g (5 microg/L). Compared with initial levels Pd-MT concentrations at the end of the exposure period were 600 (500 microg/L), 160 (50 microg/L), and 27 (5 microg/L) times higher. These results show that an increase in MTs in D. polymorpha already occurs at relatively low aqueous Pd concentrations indicating that there is the need for detoxification of Pd in the mussel. Furthermore, correlations between Ag-MT and Pd accumulation indicate that higher exposure concentrations are associated with adverse effects on the mussels. Thus, harmful effects of chronic Pd exposure of organisms even in lowest concentrations cannot be excluded in the environment.