RESUMEN
Propolis is a natural resin that is produced by bees. It has anti-inflammatory and antibiotic properties, promotes reepithelization, and stimulates skin regeneration. Propolis has great potential for the development of new therapeutic approaches to treat skin ulcers. The present study performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies of the use of propolis for the regeneration of cutaneous wounds and its efficacy as a therapeutic agent. Data were collected from articles in the PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science databases that were published since 1900 by searching the terms "propolis" AND "wound healing." This search yielded 633 articles, of which 43 were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The results showed that interest in the therapeutic efficacy of propolis has increased over the years. The studies reported that the propolis was effective for the treatment of skin ulcers by promoting a higher percentage of healing than classically employed interventions. The mode of propolis application has also evolved. An increasing number of studies combined it with other substances and materials to achieve additive or synergistic effects on the skin regeneration process. Propolis appears to be an effective therapeutic alternative for the treatment of skin ulcers.
Asunto(s)
Própolis , Úlcera Cutánea , Humanos , Própolis/uso terapéutico , Piel , Cicatrización de Heridas , Úlcera Cutánea/tratamiento farmacológico , Antibacterianos/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
The outbreak of Zika virus in Latin America in the period 2015â»2016 has caused a sudden increase in the number of severe manifestations and reports of congenital changes in newborns in Brazil. This is the first study that evaluated and compared the growth and cognitive and motor development of children with microcephaly due to Congenital Zika Virus Syndrome (CZS) in relation to typical children. It was an observational, analytical, cross-sectional study with 8 children with CZS and 16 typical children, with a mean age of 20.5 months (±2.1), in a region of northeastern Brazil. Considering the mean, children with CZS presented extremely low performance in the motor domain and in the cognitive development domain, whereas typical children presented average performance in the cognitive and motor development domains. Children with CZS presented a mean growth rate (head circumference and weight) lower than typical children. Therefore, children with CZS are at risk for growth retardation and development compared to typical children.
Asunto(s)
Crecimiento y Desarrollo , Microcefalia , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo , Infección por el Virus Zika , Adolescente , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Brotes de Enfermedades , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Microcefalia/etiología , Embarazo , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/etiología , Síndrome , Adulto Joven , Infección por el Virus Zika/complicacionesAsunto(s)
Suplementos Dietéticos , Vitamina D/farmacología , Animales , Calcio/sangre , Citocinas/metabolismo , Células Dendríticas/efectos de los fármacos , Femenino , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Endogámicos DBA , Especificidad de la Especie , Linfocitos T Reguladores/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory and demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) has been widely employed to evaluate new strategies to control MS, including procedures to induce immunological tolerance. Considering that skin exposure to protein antigens can induce tolerance and that vitamin D analogs conserve immunomodulatory potential and are less toxic, we investigated the efficacy of epicutaneous application of a myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide (MOG35-55) associated with paricalcitol (PARI) on EAE development. Three and 11 days after EAE induction, C57BL/6 mice were treated with an occlusive patch containing MOG plus PARI. Clinical parameters were daily assessed, whereas immunological and histological evaluations were performed during the acute EAE phase. MOG and MOG + PARI significantly controlled disease development reducing weight loss and clinical score. Moreover, MOG and MOG + PARI reduced the inflammatory process and preserved the myelin sheath in the CNS. High percentages of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) and lower MHCII fluorescence intensity in dendritic cells in draining lymph nodes were concomitantly observed. MOG + PARI association was, however, more efficient being able to reduce disease incidence and clinical scores more significantly than MOG or PARI alone. This experimental group also displayed a higher ratio between mRNA expression for Foxp3 and RORc and a higher percentage of Foxp3+ cells in the CNS. Modulation of activation markers observed in microglial cells eluted from EAE treated mice were confirmed by in vitro studies with the BV-2 microglial cell line. The results show that MOG + PARI association applied by an epicutaneous route controlled EAE development. Protective involved mechanisms include mainly a higher proportion of Tregs and also a direct immunomodulatory effect of PARI on microglial cells.
RESUMEN
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a demyelinating pathology of the central nervous system (CNS) used as a model to study multiple sclerosis immunopathology. EAE has also been extensively employed to evaluate potentially therapeutic schemes. Considering the presence of an immune response directed to heat shock proteins (hsps) in autoimmune diseases and the immunoregulatory potential of these molecules, we evaluated the effect of a previous immunization with a genetic vaccine containing the mycobacterial hsp65 gene on EAE development. C57BL/6 mice were immunized with 4 pVAXhsp65 doses and 14 days later were submitted to EAE induction by immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG35-55) emulsified in Complete Freund's Adjuvant. Vaccinated mice presented significant lower clinical scores and lost less body weight. MOG35-55 immunization also determined less inflammation in lumbar spinal cord but did not change CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells frequency in spleen and CNS. Infiltrating cells from the CNS stimulated with rhsp65 produced significantly higher levels of IL-10. These results suggest that the ability of pVAXhsp65 vaccination to control EAE development is associated with IL-10 induction.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Chaperonina 60/genética , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/inmunología , Esclerosis Múltiple/inmunología , Mielitis/inmunología , Vacunas de ADN/inmunología , Animales , Clonación Molecular , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/prevención & control , Femenino , Factores de Transcripción Forkhead/metabolismo , Humanos , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Esclerosis Múltiple/prevención & control , Glicoproteína Mielina-Oligodendrócito/inmunología , Mielitis/prevención & control , Fragmentos de Péptidos/inmunología , Linfocitos T Reguladores/inmunología , VacunaciónRESUMEN
Vitamin D (VitD) is a hormone primarily synthesized in human skin under the stimulation of ultraviolet radiation. Beyond its endocrine role in bone metabolism, VitD is endowed with remarkable immunomodulatory properties. The effects of VitD on the immune system include the enhancement of microbicidal ability of monocytes/macrophages and the down-modulation of inflammatory cytokines produced by T lymphocytes. VitD deficiency is involved in many health problems, including immune-mediated diseases such as autoimmune disorders. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory systemic autoimmune disease that compromises the joints, causing cartilage destruction and bone erosion. RA treatment usually consists of combined therapies that generally suppress the entire immune response leading to increased susceptibility to infections. This review describes the main effects of VitD on innate and adaptive immune system and also VitD status in inflammatory rheumatic diseases such as RA. Despite some controversies, the majority of reports reinforce the idea that lower VitD levels correlate with more severe clinical manifestations in RA and other rheumatic diseases. Therefore, supplementation with VitD to achieve normal serum levels is worthwhile as an aforethought. Original data concerning the potential applicability of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VitD3), the active form of vitamin D, as a tolerogenic adjuvant are also included. In this sense, the effect of VitD3 associated with proteoglycan (PG), which is a specific cartilage antigen, was tested in the course of experimental arthritis. This association significantly lowered clinical scores and local histopathological alterations. Even though local analysis of T cell subsets and cytokine production did not reveal any difference between the experimental groups, VitD3+PG association significantly reduced cytokine production by spleen cells. These results suggest that VitD3 played a role as a tolerogenic adjuvant by down-modulating the course of experimental RA. Considering this tolerogenic effect of VitD3+PG association, further investigations will reveal its plausible use in human RA.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios/metabolismo , Artritis Experimental/inmunología , Artritis Reumatoide/inmunología , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/inmunología , Vitamina D/metabolismo , Inmunidad Adaptativa , Animales , Artritis Experimental/terapia , Artritis Reumatoide/terapia , Autoinmunidad , Cartílago/efectos de los fármacos , Cartílago/patología , Humanos , Tolerancia Inmunológica , Inmunidad Innata , Inmunomodulación , Inflamación , Proteoglicanos/metabolismo , Vitamina D/uso terapéutico , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/terapiaRESUMEN
This study was undertaken to evaluate the prophylactic potential of proteoglycan (PG) administration in experimental arthritis. Female BALB/c retired breeder mice received two (2xPG50 and 2xPG100 groups) or three (3xPG50 group) intraperitoneal doses of bovine PG (50 µg or 100 µg) every three days. A week later the animals were submitted to arthritis induction by immunization with three i.p. doses of bovine PG associated with dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide adjuvant at intervals of 21 days. Disease severity was daily assessed after the third dose by score evaluation. The 3xPG50 group showed significant reduction in prevalence and clinical scores. This protective effect was associated with lower production of IFN-γ and IL-17 and increased production of IL-5 and IL-10 by spleen cells restimulated in vitro with PG. Even though previous PG administration restrained dendritic cells maturation this procedure did not alter the frequency of regulatory Foxp3(+) T cells. Lower TNF-α and IL-6 levels and higher expression of ROR-γ and GATA-3 were detected in the paws of protected animals. A delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction confirmed specific tolerance induction. Taken together, these results indicate that previous PG inoculation determines a specific tolerogenic effect that is able to decrease severity of subsequently induced arthritis.
Asunto(s)
Artritis Experimental/etiología , Artritis Experimental/prevención & control , Sustancias Protectoras/administración & dosificación , Proteoglicanos/administración & dosificación , Animales , Artritis Experimental/patología , Diferenciación Celular , Citocinas/metabolismo , Células Dendríticas/citología , Células Dendríticas/inmunología , Células Dendríticas/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Femenino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Linfocitos T Reguladores/inmunología , Linfocitos T Reguladores/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismoRESUMEN
AIMS: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). We described that Candida albicans (Ca) aggravates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) that is a model to study MS. We also observed that vaccination with a myelin peptide (MOG) in the presence of vitamin D (VitD) protected mice against EAE. In this work, we investigated whether Ca infection interferes with the efficacy of this vaccine. METHODS: EAE was induced in C57BL/6 female mice previously vaccinated with MOG+VitD and then infected 3 days before encephalomyelitis induction. RESULTS: Vaccination was able to control EAE development in infected mice. These animals gained weight, and only a few progressed to very low clinical scores. Protection was confirmed by a lower inflammatory infiltration in the CNS and was also associated with a reduced production of encephalitogenic cytokines by spleen and CNS cell cultures. The elevated percentage of CD25(+) FoxP3(+) cells suggests that regulatory T cells are involved in the protection. Adoptive transfer of splenocytes from mice vaccinated with MOG+VitD supports the view that protection is mediated by immunoregulatory cells. CONCLUSION: Together, these experiments provide evidence demonstrating that EAE can be prevented by the inverse vaccination with MOG+VitD even in the presence of a disease-aggravating infectious agent.
Asunto(s)
Candidiasis/terapia , Colecalciferol/uso terapéutico , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/prevención & control , Glicoproteína Mielina-Oligodendrócito/inmunología , Vitaminas/uso terapéutico , Animales , Peso Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Candida albicans/patogenicidad , Candidiasis/inmunología , Candidiasis/fisiopatología , Células Cultivadas , Sistema Nervioso Central/patología , Citocinas/genética , Citocinas/metabolismo , Células Dendríticas/efectos de los fármacos , Células Dendríticas/inmunología , Células Dendríticas/patología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Regulación hacia Abajo/efectos de los fármacos , Regulación hacia Abajo/inmunología , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/inmunología , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/patología , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/terapia , Femenino , Factores de Transcripción Forkhead/genética , Factores de Transcripción Forkhead/metabolismo , Indolamina-Pirrol 2,3,-Dioxigenasa/metabolismo , Ganglios Linfáticos/patología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BLRESUMEN
Staphylococcus aureus is the most common agent of septic arthritis (SA) that is a severe, rapidly progressive and erosive disease. In this work we investigated the clinical, histopathological and immunological characteristics of the SA triggered by an enterotoxin C producer S. aureus strain. The effect of a ß-lactamic antibiotic over disease evolution and cytokine production was also evaluated. After confirmation that ATCC 19095 SEC(+) strain preserved its ability to produce enterotoxin C, this bacteria was used to infect C57BL/6 male mice. Body weight, clinical score and disease prevalence were daily evaluated during 14 days. Cytokine production by splenocytes, cytokine mRNA expression in arthritic lesions, transcription factors mRNA expression in inguinal lymph nodes and histopathological analysis were performed 7 and 14 days after infection. ATCC 19095 SEC(+) strain caused a severe arthritis characterized by weight loss, high clinical scores and a 100% disease prevalence. Histopathological analysis revealed inflammation, pannus formation and bone erosion. Arthritis aggravation was associated with elevated production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, higher local mRNA expression of these cytokines and also higher mRNA expression of T-bet, ROR-γ and GATA-3. Disease control by cloxacillin was associated with decreased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines but not of IL-10. These findings indicate that the ATCC 19095 SEC(+) strain is able to initiate a severe septic arthritis in mice associated with elevated cytokine production that can be, however, controlled by cloxacillin.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Artritis Infecciosa/tratamiento farmacológico , Cloxacilina/farmacología , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/tratamiento farmacológico , Staphylococcus aureus/patogenicidad , Animales , Artritis Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Artritis Experimental/microbiología , Artritis Experimental/patología , Artritis Infecciosa/inmunología , Artritis Infecciosa/microbiología , Artritis Infecciosa/patología , Citocinas/genética , Citocinas/metabolismo , Enterotoxinas/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Staphylococcus aureus/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/genéticaRESUMEN
Resumo Trata-se de um estudo transversal de abordagem qualitativa para conhecer as percepções de 77 responsáveis por pré-escolares matriculados em uma Creche em Belo Horizonte/MG, acerca do que entendem por alimentação saudável e suas dificuldades para se alimentarem de maneira adequada. O instrumento utilizado foi um questionário semiestruturado, previamente testado, contendo perguntas norteadoras obtidas por meio de entrevista face a face. Para a análise dos dados, utilizou-se a técnica do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo, que permitiu organização de dados de natureza verbal. Observou-se que os responsáveis têm uma noção do que é uma alimentação saudável, a qual não é refletida em seus discursos que evidenciam uma prática alimentar inadequada. Apontaram como principais dificuldades para obter uma alimentação saudável os recursos financeiros, falta de tempo e hábito alimentar. Conclui-se que estes responsáveis precisam melhorar a sua alimentação, pois suas práticas alimentares influenciam as de seus filhos. Estes achados revelaram a necessidade de estratégias de educação alimentar e nutricional que possibilitem aos responsáveis reconhecer e ter uma alimentação saudável.
Abstract A cross-sectional qualitative study was conducted to establish the perceptions of 77 guardians of preschool children enrolled in a Child Day Care Center in Belo Horizonte/Minas Gerais State, regarding what is a healthy diet and the difficulties faced in having a healthy diet. The instrument used was a pretested semi-structured questionnaire containing leading questions obtained in face-to-face interviews. For data analysis, the Collective Subject Discourse technique was used, which elicited data organization of a verbal nature. It was revealed that the guardians have a notion of what healthy diet is, however their answers implied inadequate eating habits. They attributed insufficient financial resources, lack of time and ingrained eating habits as being the main difficulties in having a healthy diet. These three difficulties are the reasons given by some guardians who do not believe they have a healthy diet. The conclusion drawn is that the guardians need to have a better diet, because their eating habits influence their children's eating habits. These findings revealed the need for food and nutrition education strategies to enable the guardians to recognize and have a healthy diet.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Preescolar , Adulto , Padres , Actitud Frente a la Salud , Dieta Saludable , Instituciones Académicas , Brasil , Estudios TransversalesRESUMEN
A cross-sectional qualitative study was conducted to establish the perceptions of 77 guardians of preschool children enrolled in a Child Day Care Center in Belo Horizonte/Minas Gerais State, regarding what is a healthy diet and the difficulties faced in having a healthy diet. The instrument used was a pretested semi-structured questionnaire containing leading questions obtained in face-to-face interviews. For data analysis, the Collective Subject Discourse technique was used, which elicited data organization of a verbal nature. It was revealed that the guardians have a notion of what healthy diet is, however their answers implied inadequate eating habits. They attributed insufficient financial resources, lack of time and ingrained eating habits as being the main difficulties in having a healthy diet. These three difficulties are the reasons given by some guardians who do not believe they have a healthy diet. The conclusion drawn is that the guardians need to have a better diet, because their eating habits influence their children's eating habits. These findings revealed the need for food and nutrition education strategies to enable the guardians to recognize and have a healthy diet.
Asunto(s)
Actitud Frente a la Salud , Dieta Saludable , Padres , Adulto , Brasil , Preescolar , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Instituciones AcadémicasRESUMEN
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory/autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) mainly mediated by myelin specific T cells. It is widely believed that environmental factors, including fungal infections, contribute to disease induction or evolution. Even though Candida infection among MS patients has been described, the participation of this fungus in this pathology is not clear. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effect of a Candida albicans infection on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) that is a widely accepted model to study MS. Female C57BL/6 mice were infected with C. albicans and 3 days later, animals were submitted to EAE induction by immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. Previous infection increased the clinical score and also the body weight loss. EAE aggravation was associated with expansion of peripheral CD4(+) T cells and production of high levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ IL-6, and IL-17 by spleen and CNS cells. In addition to yeast and hyphae, fungus specific T cells were found in the CNS. These findings suggest that C. albicans infection before EAE induction aggravates EAE, and possibly MS, mainly by CNS dissemination and local induction of encephalitogenic cytokines. Peripheral production of encephalitogenic cytokines could also contribute to disease aggravation.
Asunto(s)
Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/inmunología , Candidiasis/inmunología , Sistema Nervioso Central/inmunología , Sistema Nervioso Central/microbiología , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/inmunología , Animales , Candida albicans/inmunología , Células Cultivadas , Sistema Nervioso Central/citología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/patología , Femenino , Interferón gamma/metabolismo , Interleucina-17/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Esclerosis Múltiple/inmunología , Esclerosis Múltiple/patología , Glicoproteína Mielina-Oligodendrócito/farmacología , Fragmentos de Péptidos/farmacología , Bazo/citología , Bazo/inmunología , Bazo/metabolismo , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMEN
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model to study multiple sclerosis (MS). Considering the tolerogenic effects of active vitamin D, we evaluated the therapeutic effect of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) associated with active vitamin D in EAE development. EAE was induced in female C57BL/6 mice by immunization with MOG emulsified with Complete Freund's Adjuvant plus Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Animals also received two intraperitoneal doses of Bordetella pertussis toxin. One day after immunization, mice were treated with 0,1 µg of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) every other day during 15 days (on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15). MOG (150 µg) was co-administered on days 3 and 11. The administration of 1,25(OH)2D3 or MOG determined significant reduction in EAE incidence and in clinical scores. When MOG was associated with 1,25(OH)2D3 the animals did not develop EAE. Spleen and central nervous system (CNS) cell cultures from this group produced less IL-6 and IL-17 upon stimulation with MOG in comparison to the EAE control group. In addition, this treatment inhibited dendritic cells maturation in the spleen and reduced inflammatory infiltration in the CNS. The association of MOG with 1,25(OH)2D3 was able to control EAE development.
Asunto(s)
Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Glicoproteína Mielina-Oligodendrócito/uso terapéutico , Vitamina D/uso terapéutico , Vitaminas/uso terapéutico , Animales , Células Cultivadas , Sistema Nervioso Central/metabolismo , Células Dendríticas/citología , Femenino , Interleucina-17/genética , Interleucina-17/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/genética , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Glicoproteína Mielina-Oligodendrócito/administración & dosificación , Bazo/metabolismo , Vitamina D/administración & dosificación , Vitaminas/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
Objective: Identifying sociodemographic factors associated with mortality of women in fertile age in Rio Grande do Norte in the period from 2006 to 2010. Method: a descriptive, quantitative study with collected data through the Mortality Information System and processed by the test of association chi-square. Results: 59.1% of the deaths occurred from preventable causes and the main underlying causes: cancer, heart disease and circulatory system and external causes. Deaths grow proportionally with age and wereassociated with: educational attainment, occupation and origin of the institution of occurrence. Conclusion: the results indicate weaknesses in the quality of care and point to the need of investing inactions that reduce inequality in access to primary care services that ensure quality and resolution at all levels of health care.
Objetivo: Identificar os fatores sociodemográficos associados com a mortalidade de mulheres em idade fértil do Rio Grande do Norte no período de 2006 a 2010. Método: Estudo descritivo, quantitativo com dados coletados através do Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade e processados pelo teste de associaçãoqui-quadrado. Resultados: 59,1% dos óbitos ocorreram por causas evitáveis sendo as principais causasbásicas: neoplasias, doenças cardíacas e do aparelho circulatório e causas externas. Os óbitos crescem proporcionalmente com a faixa etária e foram associados com anos de estudo, ocupação e origem da instituição de ocorrência. Conclusão: os resultados indicam fragilidades na qualidade da assistência oferecida e apontam para a necessidade de investimentos em ações que reduzam a desigualdade no acesso aos serviços de atendimento básico garantindo qualidade e resolutividade em todos os níveis de atenção asaúde.
Objetivo: Identificar los factores sociodemográficos asociados con la mortalidad de mujeres de edad fértilde Río Grande do Norte en el periodo 2006 hasta 2010. Método: estudio descriptivo, cuantitativo con datos colectados por el Sistema de Información de mortalidad y procesados de pruebas de asociación por qui-cuadrado. Resultados: 59,1% de las muertes ocurrieron en situaciones evitables y las principales causas básicas eran neoplasias, enfermedades cardiacas y de aparejo circulatorio y causas externas. Las muertesaumentaron proporcionalmente con el grupo de edad y fueron asociadas con: años de estudio, ocupación y origen de la institución de ocurrencia.Conclusión: los resultados indican debilidad en la cualidad de la asistencia ofrecida a la populación estudiada e indican la necesidad de investimentos en acciones que reduzcan la desigualdad en el acceso a los servicios de atendimiento básico que aseguren la cualidad y los resultados en todos los niveles de atención a la salud.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Adolescente , Adulto Joven , Persona de Mediana Edad , Causas de Muerte/tendencias , Mortalidad , Salud de la Mujer/estadística & datos numéricos , BrasilRESUMEN
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common systemic autoimmune disease. It affects mainly the joints, causing synovitis, cartilage destruction, and bone erosion. Many experimental models are used to study the mechanisms involved in immunopathogenesis and new therapies for this disease. Proteoglycan-induced arthritis (PGIA) is a widely used model based on the cross-reactivity of injected foreign (usually human) PG and mice self-PG. Considering the complexity of the extraction and purification of human PG, in this study we evaluated the arthritogenicity of bovine PG that is commercially available. Bovine PG was highly arthritogenic, triggering 100% incidence of arthritis in female BALB/c retired breeder mice. Animals immunized with bovine PG presented clinical symptoms and histopathological features similar to human RA and other experimental models. Moreover, bovine PG immunization determined higher levels of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in arthritic mice compared to healthy ones. As expected, only the arthritic group produced IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies against PG. Thus, commercial bovine PG can be used as an alternative antigenic source to PGIA for the study of many RA aspects, including the immunopathogenesis of the disease and also the development of new therapies.
Asunto(s)
Artritis Experimental/inducido químicamente , Artritis Reumatoide/inducido químicamente , Inmunoglobulina G/inmunología , Proteoglicanos/farmacología , Animales , Artritis Experimental/inmunología , Artritis Reumatoide/inmunología , Bovinos , Citocinas/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Femenino , Humanos , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB CRESUMEN
Most of the therapeutic strategies to control multiple sclerosis are directed to immune modulation and inflammation control. As heat shock proteins are able to induce immunoregulatory T cells, we investigated the therapeutic effect of a genetic vaccine containing the mycobacterial hsp65 gene on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Although pVAXhsp65 was immunogenic for mice with EAE and downmodulated specific cytokine induction by MOG, therapy was not able to decrease clinical severity nor to modify immunologic parameters in the CNS. These results indicate that hsp65, administered as a DNA vaccine, was not therapeutic for EAE.
Asunto(s)
Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/inmunología , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/patología , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/inmunología , Vacunas de ADN/farmacología , Animales , Citocinas/biosíntesis , Citocinas/inmunología , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/prevención & control , Femenino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Glicoproteína Mielina-Oligodendrócito/inmunología , Vacunas de ADN/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Introdução: O câncer do colo do útero é um problema de saúde pública e o rastreamento dessa doença deve seguirum conjunto de ações programadas organizadas, com população e periodicidade definidas. Objetivos: Verificar a periodicidade de realização de exames citopatológicos e identificar a frequência de alterações citopatológicas e doenças sexualmente transmissíveis nos registros de mulheres atendidas em Unidade Básica de Saúde. Método: Estudo retrospectivo, entre novembro de 2005 e dezembro de 2010, nos livros de controle do câncer do colo do útero disponíveis no serviço. Resultados: Dos registros de 1.967 mulheres, prevaleceu o intervalo de cinco anos ou mais (42,9%) entre a realização dos exames. As alterações citopatológicas malignas mais frequentes foram: lesão intraepitelial de baixo grau: 73,1%; lesão intraepitelial de alto grau: 3,7% e células atípicas escamosas de significado indeterminado possivelmentenão neoplásicas: 2,9%. A doença sexualmente transmissível de maior ocorrência diagnosticada foi a Gardnerella vaginalis: 66,2%. As mulheres que se submeteram ao exame colpocitológico apresentaram alterações cervicais associadas a doenças sexualmente transmissíveis especialmente no grupo etário-alvo, 25-64 anos, e procuraram o serviço com periodicidade predominantemente superior à trienalidade. Conclusão: O rastreamento periódico é importante ferramenta para a detecção de alterações citopatológicas, mas há que se organizar o seguimento das mulheres com ações de informação sobre a periodicidade dos controles e de prevenção de doenças sexualmente transmissíveis, convocação para exames,tratamento, fechamento dos casos e vigilância, reduzindo o padrão oportunístico dos controles
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Diagnóstico Precoz , Tamizaje Masivo , Enfermería Oncológica , Salud Pública , Estudios Retrospectivos , Neoplasias del Cuello UterinoRESUMEN
A prime-boost strategy conserving BCG is considered the most promising vaccine to control tuberculosis. A boost with a DNA vaccine containing the mycobacterial gene of a heat shock protein (pVAXhsp65) after BCG priming protected mice against experimental tuberculosis. However, anti-hsp65 immunity could worsen an autoimmune disease due to molecular mimicry. In this investigation, we evaluated the effect of a previous BCG or BCG/pVAXhsp65 immunization on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) development. Female Lewis rats were immunized with BCG or BCG followed by pVAXhsp65 boosters. The animals underwent EAE induction and were daily evaluated for weight loss and clinical score. They were euthanized during recovery phase to assess immune response and inflammatory infiltration at the central nervous system. Previous immunization did not aggravate or accelerate clinical score or weight loss. In addition, this procedure clearly decreased inflammation in the brain. BCG immunization modulated the host immune response by triggering a significant reduction in IL-10 and IFN-γ levels induced by myelin basic protein. These data indicated that vaccination protocols with BCG or BCG followed by boosters with pVAXhsp65 did not trigger a deleterious effect on EAE evolution.
Asunto(s)
Vacuna BCG/inmunología , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/inmunología , Mycobacterium bovis/inmunología , Tuberculosis Bovina/prevención & control , Animales , Vacuna BCG/administración & dosificación , Encéfalo/inmunología , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/patología , Bovinos , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/metabolismo , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/patología , Femenino , Interferón gamma/biosíntesis , Interleucina-10/biosíntesis , Ratas , Médula Espinal/inmunología , Médula Espinal/metabolismo , Médula Espinal/patologíaRESUMEN
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an artificially induced demyelination of the central nervous system (CNS) that resembles multiple sclerosis in its clinical, histopathological, and immunological features. Activated Th1 and Th17 cells are thought to be the main immunological players during EAE development. This study was designed to evaluate peripheral and local contribution of IL-17 to acute and chronic EAE stages. C57BL/6 mice were immunized with MOG plus complete Freund's adjuvant followed by pertussis toxin. Mice presented an initial acute phase characterized by accentuated weight loss and high clinical score, followed by a partial recovery when the animals reached normal body weight and smaller clinical scores. Spleen cells stimulated with MOG produced significantly higher levels of IFN- γ during the acute period whereas similar IL-17 levels were produced during both disease stages. CNS-infiltrating cells stimulated with MOG produced similar amounts of IFN- γ but, IL-17 was produced only at the acute phase of EAE. The percentage of Foxp3+ Treg cells, at the spleen and CNS, was elevated during both phases. The degree of inflammation was similar at both disease stages. Partial clinical recovery observed during chronic EAE was associated with no IL-17 production and presence of Foxp3+ Treg cells in the CNS.
Asunto(s)
Sistema Nervioso Central/metabolismo , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/inmunología , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Interleucina-17/metabolismo , Animales , Femenino , Factores de Transcripción Forkhead/metabolismo , Adyuvante de Freund , Inflamación , Interferón gamma/metabolismo , Subunidad alfa del Receptor de Interleucina-2/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Esclerosis Múltiple/inmunología , Bazo/citología , Células TH1/citología , Células Th17/citologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus aureus is the most common agent of septic arthritis that is a severe, rapidly progressive and destructive joint disease. Superantigens produced by S. aureus are considered the major arthritogenic factors. In this study, we compared the arthritogenic potential of five superantigen-producing staphylococcal strains. METHODS: Male C57BL/6 mice were intravenously infected with ATCC 19095 SEC+, N315 ST5 TSST-1+, S-70 TSST-1+, ATCC 51650 TSST-1+ and ATCC 13565 SEA+ strains. Clinical parameters as body weight, arthritis incidence and clinical score were daily evaluated. Joint histopathological analysis and spleen cytokine production were evaluated at the 14th day after infection. RESULTS: Weight loss was observed in all infected mice. ATCC 19095 SEC+, N315 ST5 TSST-1+ and S-70 TSST-1+ were arthritogenic, being the highest scores observed in ATCC 19095 SEC+ infected mice. Intermediate and lower clinical scores were observed in N315 ST5 TSST-1+ and S-70 TSST-1+ infected mice, respectively. The ATCC 13565 SEA+ strain caused death of 85% of the animals after 48 h. Arthritis triggered by the ATCC 19095 SEC+ strain was characterized by accentuated synovial hyperplasia, inflammation, pannus formation, cartilage destruction and bone erosion. Similar joint alterations were found in N315 ST5 TSST-1+ infected mice, however they were strikingly more discrete. Only minor synovial proliferation and inflammation were triggered by the S-70 TSST-1+ strain. The lowest levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-17 production in response to S. aureus stimulation were found in cultures from mice infected with the less arthritogenic strains (S-70 TSST-1+ and ATCC 51650 TSST-1+). The highest production of IL-17 was detected in mice infected with the most arthritogenic strains (ATCC 19095 SEC+ and N315 ST5 TSST-1+). CONCLUSIONS: Together these results demonstrated that S. aureus strains, isolated from biological samples, were able to induce a typical septic arthritis in mice. These results also suggest that the variable arthritogenicity of these strains was, at least in part, related to their differential ability to induce IL-17 production.