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Introdução: O controle periódico da reabsorção radicular durante o tratamento ortodôntico é frequentemente realizado através de exames radiográficos bidimensionais, nos quais as reabsorções irregulares não são detectadas no sentido vestibulolingual. Objetivo: Quantificar a área reabsorvida de raízes de incisivos com reabsorção radicular apical irregular subestimada por exames radiográficos bidimensionais. Material e Métodos: Foram avaliadas imagens de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico de 18 pacientes que apresentavam incisivos superiores com reabsorção radicular apical irregular substimada por exames radiográficos bidimensionais (grupo experimental) e os incisivos correspondentes contralaterais sem reabsorção radicular (grupo controle). No grupo controle foi simulada uma reabsorção radicular apical regular na mesma altura da encontrada nos incisivos com reabsorção irregular. As áreas apical e total das raízes dos incisivos com reabsorção radicular irregular e regular simulada foram avaliadas e comparadas. O teste t de Student para amostras pareadas foi utilizado, sendo considerado um nível de significância de 0,05. Resultados: A área apical nos incisvos com reabsorção radicular irregular foi significativamente menor do que nos incisivos com reabsorção radicular regular simulada (p<0,001). Não houve diferença significativa entre as áreas radiculares totais (p=0,435). Conclusão: A reabsorção radicular irregular foi significativamennte subestimada em imagens radiográficas bidimensionais quando a área apical radicular foi analisada. Entretanto, quando a área radicular total é considerada, a qual é responsável pela maior parte do suporte periodontal, esta subestimativa não foi significativa.

Introduction: Periodic control of root resorption during orthodontic treatment is frequently made by two-dimensional radiographic examinations, in which irregular resorptions are not detected buccolingually. Objective: Quantifying the resorbed root area of incisors with irregular apical root resorption underestimated by two-dimensional radiographic methods. Materials and Methods: Cone beam computed tomography images of 18 patients whose maxillary incisors presented irregular apical root resorption underestimated by two-dimensional radiographic methods (experimental group) and their contralateral correspondents without resorption (control group) were evaluated. In the control group, a regular apical root resorption was simulated at the same height as that of the irregularly resorbed incisors. The apical and total root surface areas of the incisors with irregular root resorption and simulated regular root resorption were measured and compared. The Student ́s t test for paired samples was used at a level of significance of 0.05. Results: The apical area of the incisors with irregular root resorption was significantly smaller than that of the incisors with simulated regular resorption (p<0.001). There was no significant difference in the comparison between total root surface areas (p=0.435). Conclusion: Underestimation of the irregular root resorption shown on two-dimensional images was significant when analyzing the apical area of the tooth. However, when considering the total root surface area of the tooth, which is responsible for the most part of the periodontal support, such underestimation was not significant.

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OBJECTIVE: The purposes of this study were to present a prototype of a bracket-positioning gauge, which makes vertical inclination of the instrument difficult, allowing a reduction of vertical bracket positioning error, and to test its accuracy in bracket positioning by groups of individuals with different clinical experience and in specific groups of teeth. METHODS: For the testing of the prototype, four groups of six participants each were used: Group 1 was composed of undergraduate students in the dental school, who had no previous experience in bonding orthodontic attachments; Group 2 was composed of orthodontic graduate students in the dental school; Group 3 consisted of orthodontists with a maximum of 5 years of clinical experience; Group 4 comprised orthodontists with more than 5 years of clinical experience. A typodont was simulated with a Class I crowded malocclusion, which reproduced the same occlusal characteristics for all groups to be bonded. All participants were instructed to bond 0.022×0.028-in Edgewise brackets on the labial surfaces of the upper and lower incisors, canines, and premolars at a height of 4 mm from the incisal edge or the labial cusp tip. RESULTS: Only the mean value of Group 1 showed statistically significant difference in the comparison with the standard measurement. In the groups of teeth, the difference was significant for the premolar and incisor groups. CONCLUSION: Clinical experience interfered with the accuracy of vertical positioning of orthodontic attachments. As for the groups of teeth, premolars, followed by canines and incisors had the closest mean values to the standard measurement.

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ABSTRACT Objective: The purposes of this study were to present a prototype of a bracket-positioning gauge, which makes vertical inclination of the instrument difficult, allowing a reduction of vertical bracket positioning error, and to test its accuracy in bracket positioning by groups of individuals with different clinical experience and in specific groups of teeth. Methods: For the testing of the prototype, four groups of six participants each were used: Group 1 was composed of undergraduate students in the dental school, who had no previous experience in bonding orthodontic attachments; Group 2 was composed of orthodontic graduate students in the dental school; Group 3 consisted of orthodontists with a maximum of 5 years of clinical experience; Group 4 comprised orthodontists with more than 5 years of clinical experience. A typodont was simulated with a Class I crowded malocclusion, which reproduced the same occlusal characteristics for all groups to be bonded. All participants were instructed to bond 0.022×0.028-in Edgewise brackets on the labial surfaces of the upper and lower incisors, canines, and premolars at a height of 4 mm from the incisal edge or the labial cusp tip. Results: Only the mean value of Group 1 showed statistically significant difference in the comparison with the standard measurement. In the groups of teeth, the difference was significant for the premolar and incisor groups. Conclusion: Clinical experience interfered with the accuracy of vertical positioning of orthodontic attachments. As for the groups of teeth, premolars, followed by canines and incisors had the closest mean values to the standard measurement.

RESUMO Objetivos: os objetivos deste estudo foram apresentar um protótipo de posicionador de braquetes ortodônticos que dificulte a inclinação no sentido vertical, possibilitando a redução dos erros de altura no posicionamento desses acessórios; além de testar sua precisão na colagem, realizada por grupos de indivíduos com diferentes tempos de experiência clínica em Ortodontia e em grupos específicos de dentes. Métodos: para os testes do protótipo desenvolvido, quatro grupos de seis participantes foram formados. O Grupo 1 foi composto por alunos do curso de Odontologia sem qualquer prática com colagem em Ortodontia; o Grupo 2, por estudantes em Ortodontia; o Grupo 3, por ortodontistas com menos de cinco anos de experiência clínica; e o Grupo 4, por ortodontistas com mais de cinco anos de experiência clínica em Ortodontia. Em um typodont, foi simulada uma má oclusão Classe I com apinhamento, com as mesmas características para todas as colagens realizadas. Todos os participantes foram instruídos a colar braquetes Edgewise 0,022" x 0,028" na superfície vestibular dos incisivos, caninos e pré-molares superiores e inferiores, na altura de 4mm da borda incisal ou cúspide vestibular. Resultados: somente a média do Grupo 1 apresentou diferença estatisticamente significativa na comparação com a medida padrão. Nos grupos de dentes, a diferença foi significativa para o grupo dos pré-molares e incisivos. Conclusão: o tempo de experiência clínica interferiu na precisão do posicionamento vertical do acessório ortodôntico e, quanto aos grupos de dentes, as médias mais próximas à medida padrão foram dos pré-molares, seguidas pelos caninos e incisivos.

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INTRODUCTION: In orthodontic treatment, an increased bone mineral density of the alveolar bone is considered as a risk factor for apical root resorption (ARR), whereas the mineral density of cementum has been associated with root protection against resorption. METHODS: This study aimed at evaluating the grey values (GVs) of the apical third of the root and of the alveolar bone adjacent to maxillary incisors with and without ARR in orthodontic patients. Twenty-one patients under treatment who presented one incisor with ARR and its corresponding contralateral without ARR were selected and submitted to cone-beam computed tomography. GVs were evaluated on the images obtained of four areas of the apical third of the root and of four areas of the adjacent alveolar bone. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The radicular tissue of the apical third of the incisors with ARR showed greater root GV (p < .05) than that of the incisors without ARR. Supra-apical alveolar bone exhibited greater GV in the incisors without ARR than incisors with ARR (p < .05). Root GV was not associated with root protection, but rather seemed to have facilitated the process of resorption. The GV of the lingual bone was associated with a higher progression of ARR in the incisors.

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Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate, through cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), the transverse dimension of the alveolar bone in the posterior region of the maxilla and mandible in subjects with different patterns of mastication, comparing both sides of the arches according to the performance of the masticatory function. Methods: 39 subjects not orthodontically treated, with normal occlusion or symmetrical malocclusion, and normal periodontal condition were selected. Twenty-one subjects (54%) were identified as having preferential unilateral mastication, 11 subjects (28%) had bilateral mastication and 7 (18%) had exclusive unilateral mastication. All participants were submitted to CBCT and the buccolingual dimension of the posterior regions was evaluated at a height of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10mm from the alveolar crest. Results and Conclusion: Subjects with bilateral mastication showed statistically significant difference between the right and left sides at the heights of 6 (p=0.030) and 8mm (p=0.023) between the first and second maxillary premolars. There was no difference in the transverse dimension of the alveolar bone in the posterior regions of maxilla and mandible between preferred and non-preferred sides in subjects with preferred unilateral mastication and between right and left sides in subjects with bilateral mastication (AU)

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INTRODUCTION: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the influence of clinical experience and the type of tooth (incisors, canines, and premolars) on the vertical accuracy of bracket placement with the Boone gauge. METHODS: For this analysis, 4 groups were defined. Group 1 was composed of undergraduate students from the dental school with no previous experience in bonding orthodontic attachments; group 2 was composed of graduate students in the dental school; group 3 consisted of orthodontists with a maximum of 5 years of clinical experience; and group 4 comprised orthodontists with more than 5 years of clinical experience. Each group included 6 participants. A typodont was simulated with a Class I crowded malocclusion that reproduced the same occlusal characteristics for all groups to be bonded. All participants were instructed to bond 0.022 × 0.028-in edgewise brackets on the labial surfaces of the maxillary and mandibular incisors, canines, and premolars at a height of 4 mm from the incisal edge or the labial cusp tip. After each bonding procedure, all teeth were photographed after being removed from the typodont and positioned in a stabilizing device adapted to a camera stand. RESULTS: The analyses of the variations showed that group 1 had the closest mean to 4 mm. However, this group also showed the greatest variance (0.433) (P <0.001). The smallest variations were observed in group 2 (variance, 0.093), followed by group 4 (variance, 0.094). The comparison of the means obtained in the groups of teeth at 4 mm demonstrated that the incisors showed a statistically significant difference (P <0.001), whereas canines (P = 0.133) and premolars (P = 0.913) did not. CONCLUSIONS: Operators are prone to fail in the placement of orthodontic attachments with the Boone gauge, despite their clinical experience in orthodontics. In the comparison of the groups of teeth, the incisors showed a statistically significant difference in relation to the height suggested for bracket placement with the Boone gauge.

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PURPOSE: To determine the effect of field of view (FOV) size on gray values in cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and multislice computed tomography (MSCT) images. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A phantom made up of 3 cylinders containing distilled water, plaster, and motor oil was constructed and inserted into an acrylic cylinder filled with distilled water. The phantom was scanned with a CBCT and MSCT device using 3 FOV sizes. Gray value of each material was evaluated in 40 axial slices, and the comparison between the results obtained with the same FOV size was made. RESULTS: In CBCT examinations, there was significant difference between the gray values of different FOVs for the 3 materials. In the MSCT, there was significant difference for the oil. Gray values showed significant difference between the CBCT and MSCT examinations for the 3 materials in the 3 different FOV sizes. CONCLUSIONS: Gray values determined in CBCT images are significantly influenced by the FOV size. Although the gray values obtained in MSCT have shown statistically significant differences between some acquisitions, the analysis of those differences seems to indicate low clinical relevance.

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Objective:To assess the long-term stability of leveling the curve of Spee after at least 8 years post-treatment in patients with mesocephalic pattern. Material and Methods:Measuring the depth of the curve of Spee in 10 mesocephalic patients at the following times: T0 (before the beginning of orthodontic treatment), T1 (at the end of orthodontic treatment) and T2 (at least 8 years after orthodontic treatment). These measures were compared using paired t-test (significance level of 5%). The curve depths were calculated from the measures of the distances between the lower buccal cusp of the posterior teeth of each side to a reference surface, which was supported by 3 points of the lower cast. Results:The mean curve of Spee depth at T0 was 1.86 mm, 0.50 mm at T1 and 0.53 mm at T2. The mean correction of the curve of Spee depth was 1.36 mm (73.11%) and the average relapse was 0.03 mm (2.2%). No statistically significant differencebetween T1 and T2 values in left or right sides was found. On the other hand, significant differences among T0 and T1 and T0 and T2 values were found. Conclusion:The results suggest that there was no significant depth relapse of the curve of Spee and also that leveling the curve is a stable procedure after 8 years after treatment in mesocephalic patients still using mandibular fixed retainer. The values found when comparing the depth in T0 and T1 showed that the curve of Spee was leveled during orthodontic treatment

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Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) has often been used to determine the quality of craniofacial bone structures through the determination of mineral density, which is based on gray scales of the images obtained. However, there is no consensus regarding the accuracy of the determination of the gray scales in these exams. This study aims to provide a literature review concerning the reliability of CBCT to determine bone mineral density. The gray values obtained with CBCT show a linear relationship with the attenuation coefficients of the materials, Hounsfield Units values obtained with medical computed tomography, and density values from dual energy X-ray absorciometry. However, errors are expected when CBCT images are used to define the quality of the scanned structures because these images show inconsistencies and arbitrariness in the gray values, particularly when related to abrupt change in the density of the object, X-ray beam hardening effect, scattered radiation, projection data discontinuity-related effect, differences between CBCT devices, changes in the volume of the field of view (FOV), and changes in the relationships of size and position between the FOV and the object evaluated. A few methods of mathematical correction of the gray scales in CBCT have been proposed; however, they do not generate consistent values that are independent of the devices and their configurations or of the scanned objects. Thus, CBCT should not be considered the examination of choice for the determination of bone and soft tissue mineral density at the current stage, particularly when values obtained are to be compared to predetermined standard values. Comparisons between symmetrically positioned structures inside the FOV and in relation to the exomass of the object, as it occurs with the right and left sides of the skull, seem to be viable because the effects on the gray scale in the regions of interest are the same.

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INTRODUCTION: A wide variety of orthodontic wires made of different alloys is available to be used in orthodontic practice and may produce different clinical responses during tooth movement. OBJECTIVE: This research evaluated the alignment and leveling of lower dental arches after the use of three types of orthodontic wires. METHODS: A sample of 36 patients was randomly divided into 3 groups: stainless steel, multistranded steel and superelastic nickel-titanium, according to the first leveling arches used. In order to observe differences in tooth position and axial inclination of the lower incisors, all patients had lateral cephalometric radiographs taken before the insertion of the first arches and 2 months later. The irregularity index and the curve of Spee were measured, compared between groups and considered influential on the proclination of incisors during the initial phase of alignment and leveling. The Reflex microscope was used to measure the irregularity index, whereas the ANOVA analysis of variance was used to verify differences between groups with regard to the degree of dental alignment and leveling. RESULTS: There were significant differences between groups only at T2 for the irregularity index. CONCLUSIONS: The NiTi and multistranded steel wires showed greater aligning capacity when compared with stainless steel wires.

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OBJECTIVE: Development of a new device to be coupled to light-curing units for bonding orthodontic brackets and accessories, and test its efficacy in an in vitro mechanical trial. The inner surface of the device is mirrored and is based on physical concepts of light refraction and reflection. The main advantage of such device is the reduced clinical time needed for bonding and the low possibility of contamination during the process. METHODS: One hundred and twenty specimens were used for testing the shear bond strength of brackets bonded with the device. The Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) was also determined. The sample was divided into 2 groups. In group 1 a halogen light-curing unit was used while in group 2 a led light-curing unit was used. Each group was then subdivided. In subgroups H1 and L1, a conventional light guide rod was used while in subgroups H2 and L2 bonding was performed with the mirrored device coupled to the tip of the guide light rod. RESULTS: The values obtained for the shear bond strength and the ARI in the subgroups were compared. Results showed that there was no statistically significant difference for the shear strength (p > 0.05) and the ARI (p > 0.05) between the subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: The tests of mechanical trials and the ARI analysis showed that the new device fulfilled the requirements for bonding orthodontic accessories, and that the time for bonding was reduced to half, being necessary only one light exposure.

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INTRODUCTION: Ninety five percent of orthodontic patients routinely report pain, due to alterations in the periodontal ligament and surrounding soft tissues, with intensity and prevalence varying according to age. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess toothache and buccal mucosal pain in adults and children during two initial phases of the orthodontic treatment. METHODS: The intensity of toothache and buccal mucosal pain reported by 20 patients, 10 children (11-13 years) and 10 adults (18-37 years) was recorded with the aid of a Visual Analog Scale (VAS), during 14 days--7 days with bonded brackets only and 7 days with the initial archwire inserted. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in pain intensity among adults and children. After bracket bonding, 50% of the children and 70% of the adults reported pain. 70% of both groups reported pain after initial archwire insertion. While adults reported constant, low intensity, buccal mucosal pain, the children showed great variation of pain intensity, but with a trend towards decreasing pain during the assessment period. After initial archwire insertion the peaks of toothache intensity and prevalence occurred 24 hours in children and 48 hours in adults. CONCLUSIONS: In general, children reported pain less frequently than adults did, though with greater intensity.

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INTRODUCTION: A wide variety of orthodontic wires made of different alloys is available to be used in orthodontic practice and may produce different clinical responses during tooth movement. OBJECTIVE: This research evaluated the alignment and leveling of lower dental arches after the use of three types of orthodontic wires. METHODS: A sample of 36 patients was randomly divided into 3 groups: stainless steel, multistranded steel and superelastic nickel-titanium, according to the first leveling arches used. In order to observe differences in tooth position and axial inclination of the lower incisors, all patients had lateral cephalometric radiographs taken before the insertion of the first arches and 2 months later. The irregularity index and the curve of Spee were measured, compared between groups and considered influential on the proclination of incisors during the initial phase of alignment and leveling. The Reflex microscope was used to measure the irregularity index, whereas the ANOVA analysis of variance was used to verify differences between groups with regard to the degree of dental alignment and leveling. RESULTS: There were significant differences between groups only at T2 for the irregularity index. CONCLUSION: The NiTi and multistranded steel wires showed greater aligning capacity when compared with stainless steel wires.

INTRODUÇÃO: uma grande variedade de fios ortodônticos, compostos por diferentes ligas, está disponível para utilização ortodôntica, podendo gerar respostas clínicas diversas, durante a movimentação dentária. OBJETIVO: este trabalho visa a avaliar o alinhamento e nivelamento das arcadas dentárias inferiores, após a utilização de três tipos de fios ortodônticos. MÉTODOS: uma amostra de 36 pacientes foi aleatoriamente dividida em três grupos, de acordo com os primeiros arcos utilizados para o alinhamento e nivelamento: aço inoxidável convencional, aço multifilamentado e de níquel-titânio superelástico. Para se avaliar as diferenças relacionadas ao posicionamento dentário e inclinação axial dos incisivos inferiores, foram obtidas radiografias cefalométricas de perfil, de todos os pacientes, em duas fases do tratamento: antes da inserção dos primeiros arcos e dois meses após a inserção dos mesmos. O índice de irregularidade dentária (IID) e a profundidade inicial de curva de Spee, fatores influentes sobre a projeção de incisivos durante a fase inicial de alinhamento e nivelamento, foram avaliados e comparados intra- e intergrupos. Para a medição do IID, foi utilizado o Reflex Microscope, possibilitando a mensuração do grau de alinhamento e nivelamento dentário em terceira dimensão. A análise de variância (ANOVA) foi utilizada para se avaliar as diferenças intergrupos em relação ao grau de alinhamento e nivelamento dentário. RESULTADOS: diferenças estatisticamente significativas intergrupos somente foram encontradas em T2, em relação ao índice de irregularidade dentária, já que os fios de NiTi e aço multifilamentado apresentaram maior capacidade de alinhamento do que os fios de aço inoxidável convencionais.

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OBJECTIVE: development of a new device to be coupled to light-curing units for bonding orthodontic brackets and accessories, and test its efficacy in an in vitro mechanical trial. The inner surface of the device is mirrored and is based on physical concepts of light refraction and reflection. The main advantage of such device is the reduced clinical time needed for bonding and the low possibility of contamination during the process. METHODS: One hundred and twenty specimens were used for testing the shear bond strength of brackets bonded with the device. The Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) was also determined. The sample was divided into 2 groups. In group 1 a halogen light-curing unit was used while in group 2 a led light-curing unit was used. Each group was then subdivided. In subgroups H1 and L1, a conventional light guide rod was used while in subgroups H2 and L2 bonding was performed with the mirrored device coupled to the tip of the guide light rod. RESULTS: The values obtained for the shear bond strength and the ARI in the subgroups were compared. Results showed that there was no statistically significant difference for the shear strength (p > 0.05) and the ARI (p > 0.05) between the subgroups. CONCLUSION: The tests of mechanical trials and the ARI analysis showed that the new device fulfilled the requirements for bonding orthodontic accessories, and that the time for bonding was reduced to half, being necessary only one light exposure.

OBJETIVO: desenvolver uma nova ponteira para ser acoplada aos aparelhos fotopolimerizadores utilizados para colagem de braquetes e acessórios ortodônticos, e testar sua da efetividade em ensaio mecânico in vitro. A ponteira é espelhada na superfície interna e baseia-se em conceitos físicos de refração e reflexão de luz. Apresenta como principal vantagem o menor tempo clínico durante o procedimento de colagem, reduzindo a possibilidade de contaminação durante o processo. MÉTODOS: por meio de ensaio de resistência ao cisalhamento e determinação do índice remanescente de adesivo (IRA), testou-se a ponteira desenvolvida em 120 corpos de prova. A amostra foi dividia em dois grupos. No grupo 1, foi utilizado aparelho fotopolimerizador de fonte de luz halógena e, no grupo 2, fonte de LED. Cada grupo foi subdividido. Nos subgrupos H1 e L1, utilizou-se a ponteira convencional. Nos subgrupos H2 e L2 a colagem foi feita utilizando a ponteira desenvolvida para a polimerização do material de colagem. RESULTADOS: os valores dos testes de cisalhamento e IRA para os subgrupos foram comparados entre si. Os resultados mostraram que não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa para o ensaio de resistência ao cisalhamento (p > 0,05) nem para o IRA (p > 0,05) entre os subgrupos. CONCLUSÃO: os testes de ensaio mecânico, assim como a análise do IRA, mostraram que a nova ponteira desenvolvida cumpriu os requisitos necessários à colagem dos acessórios ortodônticos, e que o tempo de colagem foi reduzido pela metade, sendo necessária uma só incidência.

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BACKGROUND: The present study aimed to determine and compare the anteroposterior position of the condyle in the mandibular fossa between groups of asymptomatic subjects with normal occlusion and asymptomatic subjects with Class I, Class II Division 1, and Class III malocclusions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty persons with normal occlusion, 30 with Class I malocclusion, 30 with Class II Division 1, and 30 with Class III had computed tomography scans of their temporomandibular joints. The anterior joint space/posterior joint space (AJS/PJS) ratio was determined for the right and left joints. The paired t test was used to analyze the AJS/PJS ratio between both sides for each group. The ANOVA test was applied to verify the differences between the groups for the measurements of the right and left sides. In case the ANOVA test confirmed significance, the Dunnett's t test was performed to compare the groups of malocclusion with that of normal occlusion. RESULTS: The paired t test between the AJS/PJS relationships in the right and left sides showed the following p values: Class I (0.168), Class II Division 1 (0.662), Class III (0.991), and normal occlusion (0.390). The ANOVA test showed a p value of 0.445 for the comparisons of the right side and 0.040 for the left side. The Dunnett's t test demonstrated a statistically significant difference between the Class II group and the normal occlusion group (p value of 0.026) in the joints of the left side. CONCLUSIONS: Bilateral symmetry and lack of condyle centralization were common characteristics among all groups. The greatest condylar decentralization was observed in the Class II group, whereas the least condylar decentralization was found in the normal occlusion group.

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INTRODUCTION: Ninety five percent of orthodontic patients routinely report pain, due to alterations in the periodontal ligament and surrounding soft tissues, with intensity and prevalence varying according to age. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess toothache and buccal mucosal pain in adults and children during two initial phases of the orthodontic treatment. METHODS: The intensity of toothache and buccal mucosal pain reported by 20 patients, 10 children (11-13 years) and 10 adults (18-37 years) was recorded with the aid of a Visual Analog Scale (VAS), during 14 days - 7 days with bonded brackets only and 7 days with the initial archwire inserted. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in pain intensity among adults and children. After bracket bonding, 50% of the children and 70% of the adults reported pain. 70% of both groups reported pain after initial archwire insertion. While adults reported constant, low intensity, buccal mucosal pain, the children showed great variation of pain intensity, but with a trend towards decreasing pain during the assessment period. After initial archwire insertion the peaks of toothache intensity and prevalence occurred 24 hours in children and 48 hours in adults. CONCLUSIONS: In general, children reported pain less frequently than adults did, though with greater intensity.

INTRODUÇÃO: durante o tratamento ortodôntico, os pacientes rotineiramente relatam situações de dor, que ocorrem em até 95% dos casos. Essa dor é proveniente de alterações no ligamento periodontal e nos tecidos moles circundantes, e a sua intensidade e prevalência variam de acordo com a faixa etária dos pacientes. OBJETIVO: o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a experiência de dor nos dentes e na mucosa bucal em pacientes adultos e crianças durante duas fases iniciais do tratamento ortodôntico. MÉTODOS: a intensidade de dor nos dentes e na mucosa bucal relatada por 20 pacientes, 10 crianças (11-13 anos) e 10 adultos (18-37 anos), foi registrada com uma Escala Visual Analógica (EVA) durante 14 dias, sendo 7 dias apenas com os braquetes colados e 7 dias com o arco inicial inserido. RESULTADOS: não houve diferença significativa na intensidade de dor entre adultos e crianças. Após a colagem dos braquetes, 50% das crianças e 70% dos adultos relataram dor; e, após a inserção do arco inicial, a prevalência de relatos foi de 70% para ambos os grupos. Os adultos relataram dores constantes e de baixa intensidade na mucosa bucal, enquanto as crianças mostraram grande variação na intensidade, porém com tendência de diminuição durante o período de avaliação. Os picos de intensidade e prevalência de dor nos dentes ocorreram, respectivamente para crianças e adultos, 24h e 48h após a inserção do arco inicial. CONCLUSÃO: de modo geral, as crianças exibiram menor prevalência de relatos de dor, porém com maior intensidade do que os adultos.

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INTRODUCTION: The diagnosis of apical root resorption is usually based on routine radiographs. However, these methods are limited because the images reflect the superimposition of the whole root structure and can lead to underestimation of the extent of apical root resorption. In this study, we aimed to determine the lengths of the labial and lingual surfaces of incisors with apical root resorption and compare them with the longest radicular length obtained on sagittal images of cone-beam computed tomography, and to create a qualitative visual scale of the different patterns of apical root resorption. METHODS: Eighty-two incisors with apical root resorption from 25 patients had their labial and lingual root surfaces and the longest radicular lengths determined in the sagittal plane and compared. Five orthodontists, at 2 times, classified the images of each incisor according to a visual scale developed by the authors. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the labial and lingual surfaces; however, the longest radicular length was significantly greater than the shortest surface length. The visual scale showed intraobserver agreement of 0.615 and interobserver agreements of 0.74 and 0.52 at both times, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The difference between the longest and shortest root lengths suggests that radiographic superimposition underestimates the extent of the resorption lesion. The proposed visual scale showed a frequency of agreement above 65% and a coefficient of reproducibility varying from moderate to substantial.

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