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Biosynthesis of bacterial cellulose (BC) in cylindrical oxygen permeable molds allows the production of hollow tubular structures of increasing interest for biomedical applications (artificial blood vessels, ureters, urethra, trachea, esophagus, etc.). In the current contribution a simple set-up is used to obtain BC tubes of predefined dimensions; and the effects of fermentation time on the water holding capacity, nanofibrils network architecture, specific surface area, chemical purity, thermal stability, mechanical properties, and cell adhesion, proliferation and migration of BC tubes are systematically analysed for the first time. The results reported highlight the role of culture time on key properties of the BC tubes produced, with significant differences arising from the denser and more compact fibril arrangements generated at longer fermentation intervals.

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Research on the prevention of post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) has seen remarkable advances regarding its physiopathology in recent years. From the search for biomarkers that might be used to indicate individual susceptibility to the development of new animal models and the investigation of new drugs, a great deal of knowledge has been amassed. Various groups have concentrated efforts in generating new animal models of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in an attempt to provide the means to further produce knowledge on the subject. Here we forward the hypothesis that restricting the search of biomarkers and of new drugs to prevent PTE by using only a limited set of TBI models might hamper the understanding of this relevant and yet not preventable medical condition.

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Research on the prevention of post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) has seen remarkable advances regarding its physiopathology in recent years. From the search for biomarkers that might be used to indicate individual susceptibility to the development of new animal models and the investigation of new drugs, a great deal of knowledge has been amassed. Various groups have concentrated efforts in generating new animal models of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in an attempt to provide the means to further produce knowledge on the subject. Here we forward the hypothesis that restricting the search of biomarkers and of new drugs to prevent PTE by using only a limited set of TBI models might hamper the understanding of this relevant and yet not preventable medical condition.

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This mini review is limited to very recent studies (last 5-10 years) on two major issues, concerning: the production and physical/chemical modification of bacterial cellulose (BC), and its transformation into carbon and integrated synthesis of metal oxides (TiO2, ZnO, Fe3O4, etc.), metal sulfide (ZnS, CdS, etc.) and metal nanoparticles (Au, Ag, Pt, Pd, etc.) within bacterial cellulose nanoribbons network. We believe that the crossover of these two domains could be of considerable interest in the view of improving the performance of materials prepared with bacterial cellulose. The diversity of these nanomaterials allows targeting of many very different properties/applications: electrochemical devices, catalysis and photocatalysis, sensors, etc. After an introduction to the most important chemical and physical characteristics of BC, production parameters, and its physical and chemical modifications, we review the use of BC as a precursor of inorganic materials like carbon and composites with metal or inorganic nanoparticles.

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In recent years acetylated, propionylated and butyrylated starches have received special attention due to their capacity to deliver specific short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) to the colon in a sustained and predictable manner, and thus contribute to maintaining the normal physiologic function of the large bowel and preventing specific diseases. In the current contribution a non-conventional organocatalytic solventless route for the eco-friendly propionylation of corn starch is proposed. The catalyst used in the acylation is a naturally occurring α-hydroxy acid (l-tartaric acid). Propionylated starches with degree of substitution (DS) in the 0.05-1.59 interval were obtained and characterized in terms of chemical structure, morphology, crystallinity, thermal stability and hydrophilicity. Results showed that by the proposed methodology propionylated starch with the DS required for clinical use (i.e. 0.2-0.3) could be obtained within 2-3h of reaction. Characterization results evidenced the progressive loss of crystallinity of starch granules as higher substitution levels were conferred.

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A facile method for the preparation of cobalt ferrite nanotubes by use of bacterial cellulose nanoribbons as a template is described. The proposed method relays on a simple coprecipitation operation, which is a technique extensively used for the synthesis of nanoparticles (either isolated or as aggregates) but not for the synthesis of nanotubes. The precursors employed in the synthesis are chlorides, and the procedure is carried out at low temperature (90 °C). By the method proposed a homogeneous distribution of cobalt ferrite nanotubes with an average diameter of 217 nm in the bacterial nanocellulose (BC) aerogel (3%) was obtained. The obtained nanotubes are formed by 26-102 nm cobalt ferrite clusters of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles with diameters in the 9-13 nm interval. The nanoparticles that form the nanotubes showed to have a certain crystalline disorder, which could be attributed in a greater extent to the small crystallite size, and, in a lesser extent, to microstrains existing in the crystalline lattice. The BC-templated-CoFe2O4 nanotubes exhibited magnetic behavior at room temperature. The magnetic properties showed to be influenced by a fraction of nanoparticles in superparamagnetic state.

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BACKGROUND: Total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) subjects often suffer pain on the anteromedial side of their ankle joint. Whether this prevalent pain is caused by a changed motion pattern of the TAA is unclear. Therefore, this study assessed the kinematic differences in the motion of the TAA components during gait, comparing TAA subjects with elevated versus absent levels of pain. METHODS: Eleven TAA subjects (5 with pain vs. 6 without pain), all with unilateral Mobility™ TAA and at least two years post-operation, were recruited and stratified based on standard clinical assessed patient data. The 3D motion of the TAA was assessed by means of videofluoroscopy during level, uphill and downhill walking. RESULTS: The hypothesis that the pain group shows a different kinematic motion pattern than the no pain group could not be confirmed. CONCLUSIONS: The same kinematic motion pattern causes pain in some patients, but not in others. Further investigation concerning ligament stresses is needed.

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The possibility of synergic effects of some metals on the catalytic activity of silver led us to study the way to perform controlled deposition on silver. In fact, many metals of technological interest such as Co, Ni, and Fe cannot be deposited at underpotential on silver, and any attempt to control the deposition at overpotential, even at potentials slightly negative of the Nernst value, did not allow an effective control. However, due to the favorable energy gain involved in the formation of the corresponding sulfides, these metals can be deposited at underpotential on sulfur covered silver. The deposition is surface limited and the successive electrodesorption of sulfur leaves confined clusters of metals. The method can also be used to obtain metal clusters of different size. In fact, the alternate underpotential deposition of elements that form a compound is the basis of the electrochemical atomic layer epitaxy (ECALE), and the reiteration of the basic cycle allows us to obtain sulfide deposits whose thickness increases with the number of cycles. Therefore, the successive selective desorption of sulfur leaves increasing amounts of metals.

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PURPOSE: This study sought to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of surface-coil 3T magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in the preoperative study of patients with rectal cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty patients with histologically proven rectal cancer underwent surface-coil 3T MR imaging with sagittal, paracoronal and para-axial T2-weighted turbo spin echo (TSE) sequences. Slice thickness was 3 mm without gap, field of view 24 cm, matrix 400 × 512. Images were assessed for infiltration of the rectal wall, perirectal fat and pelvic structures. Tumours were staged according to the TNM system, and the MR imaging results were correlated with histopathology. RESULTS: In the patients who underwent MR imaging before and after radiotherapy (group 1), the diagnostic accuracy of 3T MR imaging was 88% for T2, 94% for T3 and 88% for T4 cancers. In those who underwent surgical treatment without preoperative radiotherapy (group 2), the diagnostic accuracy was 90% for T2, 87% for T3 and 87% for T4 cancers. CONCLUSIONS: The high signal-to-noise ratio coupled with a large field of view enables surface-coil 3T MR imaging to achieve high levels of diagnostic accuracy in the local staging of rectal cancer, and in particular in assessing infiltration of mesorectum and mesorectal fascia.

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Underpotential (UPD) deposition of sulfur from Na(2)S solution in 0.1 M NaOH was studied on Ag(100) and Ag(110) using in situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The cyclic voltammogram on Ag(100) presents two broad peaks, whereas three partial overlapping peaks and a sharper one are observed on Ag(110). STM measurements carried out during the whole UPD process show that progressively more compact structures are formed as the applied potential is scanned toward more positive potentials. More precisely, p(2×2), c(2×6), and c(2×2) were found on Ag(100) at E = -1.25, -1.0, and -0.9 V, respectively. Less definite conclusions can be drawn for the structures of S overlayers on Ag(110). However, the experimental findings are consistent with an incomplete p(2×1) at potentials preceding the sharp peak, and with a c(2×2) structure at E = -0.9 V vs Ag/AgCl, KCl(sat). The coverage values calculated on the basis of the hypothesized structures have been compared with the values obtained from chronocoulometric measurements at the most positive potentials investigated. Thus, the experimental coverage θ = 0.5 coincides with the coverage calculated for the c(2×2) structure found on Ag(110) at E = -0.9 V by STM, whereas the experimental coverage θ = 0.42 suggests that a mixture of structures c(2×6) and c(2×2) is formed on Ag(100).

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Confined electrodeposition can be achieved through the use of suitable templates, by which the electrodeposition occurs in natural or artificial holes of an insulating layer on a conducting substrate. Here, we present the electrodeposition of CdS on the holes left by the selective desorption of 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) from a binary self-assembled monolayer (SAM) formed on Ag(111) with 1-octanethiol (OT). The electrodeposition of a compound is quite demanding, since it requires the right stoichiometry. In addition, the surface underpotential deposition phenomena exploited by electrochemical atomic layer epitaxy (ECALE) technique ensures that the surface available for electrodeposition after the selective desorption is still Ag(111). Parallel electrochemical experiments show that the amount of compound electrodeposited is consistent with this free Ag(111) surface, and the morphological analysis performed both by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and by lateral force microscopy (LFM) confirm the electrochemical data.

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A crude extract rich in plant cysteine peptidases was obtained from the latex of the fruits of Araujia hortorum, a South American climbing plant. The highly concentrated extract was immobilized onto titanium dioxide to produce biocatalysts through a simple adsorption procedure. Absorbance measurement at 280 nm and Bradford's method for protein quantification revealed that the protein content of the crude extract was selectively adsorbed onto the titanium dioxide surface at a very high rate. In 5 min of contact with the support all protein present in the crude extract was selectively withdrawn from the solution, leading to an immobilized biocatalyst with a high protein concentration. Caseinolytic assays indicated that, except for the catalyst obtained with the highest crude amount contacted with the support, all the proteolytic activity present in the crude extract was adsorbed onto TiO(2). The amidasic activity of the immobilized catalysts (Ah/TiO(2)) was tested in the hydrolysis of a synthetic chromogenic substrate (PFLNA) showing partial deactivation with respect to the native enzyme. In amidasic activity assays the ionic strength of the buffer medium showed to be a key feature to consider in order to avoid protease desorption from the support, indicating the importance of electrostatic interactions between the enzymes and TiO(2). Reuse of the produced biocatalysts with PFLNA as substrate revealed that after five successive uses Ah/TiO(2) retained more than 20% of its initial activity.

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Morphology and electronic properties of CdS, CdSe, and the ternary compounds of formula CdSxSe(1-x) deposited on Ag(111) by ECALE have been characterized as a function of the composition. The number of the attainable x values is limited by the necessity of using well-defined CdS/CdSe deposition sequences. However, the quantitative analysis carried out by XPS and electrochemical stripping experiments indicates that the ECALE method has a good control on composition. The AFM images together with the electrochemical characterization indicate both two-dimensional and three-dimensional growth contributions. The photospectra recorded at CdS film electrodes in liquid junction with an alkaline (poly)sulfide electrolyte show good efficiency of photoconversion and band gap typical of the single crystal. Lower photoconversion efficiency and the presence of subband gap response are observed for CdSe; a possible reason is some crystalline disorder due to lower control of the layer-by-layer deposition in the case of Se. The dependence of band gap on composition of ternary CdSxSe(1-x) ECALE films is monotonic and in agreement with literature data reported for bulk materials.

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Compared with chemical catalysis, enzymatic catalysis is a relatively new topic. Experimental work involving lipases deserves careful attention and accurate procedures still need to be implemented. A rapid but careful survey of published data immediately demonstrates that experiments performed under similar conditions with similar reagents have led to very different results. The aim of this work is to point out the importance of accurate and systematic procedures in order to ensure the reproducibility of experimental data. We strongly believe that different results found by different labs are due to problems detected in the procedures used. Quantification of the immobilisation efficiency of lipase on several supports through UV/visible methods and sampling methods used to obtain correct enzymatic activity values are specifically analysed. After a brief review which demonstrates the big discrepancies found in the literature, original data from Candida rugosa lipase adsorption on polypropylene powder and its use in the solvent-free synthesis of ethyl oleate are introduced in order to exemplify the difficulties found in these kinds of systems. Several procedures described in the literature are assayed and the accuracy of the results obtained is carefully analysed. The aim of the whole analysis performed is that it would be useful for any powdered solid to be used as a support for a lipase in a solvent-free system for any synthesis reaction, especially for those involving a volatile reagent. Throughout this contribution, special emphasis is placed on how catalytic reaction results using enzymes (free and immobilised) are reported so as to allow comparison between published data, something which is usually difficult since very different units are used and often complementary data are not included.

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This paper presents the results of a MM2 study of the adsorption of oleic acid and ethanol/water in the tunnel and active-site models of lipases from Candida rugosa and Candida antarctica B. The role of an interface polar/no polar in the opening of C. rugosa lipase's lid is also addressed, discussed and analyzed at the level of the conformational changes needed to achieve the lipase open form. The adsorption of oleic acid and alcohols considering C. antarctica B, a lipase not interfacially activated, is also presented. In this case, the tunnel is shorter than in case of C. rugosa lipase. Two different pockets can be visualized at the active site-tunnel model of C. antarctica B lipase: one for the acyl group and another for the alcohol. Wrong location of alcohol and oleic acid severely hinders reaction because it hinders the H-transfer to histidine, a key step in the reaction mechanism. Right location of alcohol decreases the possibility of alcohol inhibition. In the case of C. rugosa, no restrictions for ethanol/water location are found. For that lipase, a second adsorption site for oleic acid (outside the tunnel) is presented. This site is the exit tunnel of the ester product when oleic acid is adsorbed in the tunnel. Experimental results of our own that correlate with this study are presented.

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Mouse erythroleukemia (Mel) cells have a cell cycle-dependent high sensitivity to chemical and physical mutagens. This report shows that a 5 h exposure to 0.1 or 0.01 microg/ml metavanadate during the initial period of erythroid differentiation induction was sufficient to permanently damage the ability of treated Mel cells and their progeny to undergo erythroid differentiation, without affecting cell viability and proliferation. Conversely, a 5 h pulse of metavanadate at 1 or 10 microg/ml inhibited both differentiation and cell proliferation. The cell cycle-dependent period of mutagenesis was essential for fixation of damage in the cell genome and the progeny of the cells treated with 0.1 or 0.01 microg/ml metavanadate stably inherited an impaired capacity to differentiate. The efficiency of the DNA repair synthesis machinery during the specific period of exposure of Mel cells seemed directly involved in damage fixation. In fact, the mutagenic effects of a 0.1 microg/ml metavanadate pulse was further increased in the presence of 1 mM hydroxyurea, an inhibitor of DNA repair synthesis. In contrast, 5 microg/ml vanillin, an antimutagenic agent that stimulates repair, completely restored the capacity of progeny of cells treated with 0.1 microg/ml metavanadate to complete differentiation. Determination of [(3)H]deoxythymidine in acid-insoluble DNA indicated that incorporation was stimulated by metavanadate alone and was further increased by metavanadate plus vanillin; conversely, incorporation of thymidine was reduced in the presence of hydroxyurea. The capacity of metavanadate to permanently damage Mel cell erythroid differentiation appeared to depend on the cell cycle-related efficiency of the DNA repair systems, activated to correct the induced alteration, rather than on a specific concentration.

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BACKGROUND AND AIM: Patients with facial asymmetries undergoing maxillo-mandibular surgery may have residual asymmetries in the gonial region, body and blade of the mandible that call for further surgery. Other patients may present asymmetries of the lower third of the face that are not associated with occlusal alterations, for which there are no indications for maximally osteotomy. In these cases the authors propose using osteotomy of the outer mandibular cortex to resolve the aesthetic defect. METHODS: A retrospective study was made using a clinical and radiographical evaluation of 7 patients undergoing this operation. The follow-up ranged between 3 and 16 months. The study was performed in 4 patients with residual asymmetry after mono or bimaxillary surgery for facial asymmetry and 3 patients with mandibular asymmetry not associated with occlusal alterations. Surgery included the realisation of osteotomy of the outer cortex of the mandibular angle, with repositioning according to set values and synthesis through rigid fixation. The increased gonial diameter, the degree of reabsorption and the cosmetic results were evaluated. RESULTS: Surgery succeeded in recreating a satisfactory facial symmetry without resorting to extraoral incisions, without using alloplastic materials and minimising the harvesting of autologous material. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed technique enabled the asymmetry to be corrected by maintaining the natural marginal morphology, eliminating the risks of infection, extrusion or deplacement that may occur when using alloplastic materials.

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Alveolar soft-part sarcoma is a rare form of malignant tumour. It is generally localized at the limb muscles, rarely in the head and neck. Its histogenesis is still uncertain but its specific cellular characters make the diagnosis easier. The case of a woman with an ASPS of the tongue is described. The morphological aspects and the immunohistochemical results seem, according to the data reported in literature, suitable with the diagnosis of alveolar soft-part sarcoma; however, it is difficult to explain the presence of local positivity to specific neuronal enolase.

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BACKGROUND: Congenital origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) results in chronically dysfunctional myocardium with the partial ability to recover after revascularization. We attempted to establish an ALCAPA syndrome in anesthetized pigs for 24 hours and to compare it with stunned and infarcted myocardium. METHODS AND RESULTS: In group 1 (n = 12), a bypass graft was interposed between the pulmonary artery and the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). Reduction of flow in the LAD with gradual increases in flow from the pulmonary artery resulted in an incremental reduction of segment shortening (8.9 +/- 5.3% at 24 hours vs 26.6 +/- 10% at baseline, P <.005). In group 3 (n = 5), 2 cycles of 10-minute LAD occlusion resulted in decreased segment shortening with slow recovery (at 24 hours 18.7 +/- 1.3% vs 24.2 +/- 4% at baseline, segment shortening with slow recovery (at 24 hours 18.7 +/- 1.3% vs 24.2 +/- 4% at baseline, P <.05). In group 3 (n = 6), 1-hour LAD occlusion reduced segment shortening at 24 hours to 4.7 +/- 5.2% (P <.005 vs baseline). Histological analysis of the LAD territory revealed severe degeneration, myolysis, and alteration of the chromatin structure in group 1 comparable to ischemic cell death in group 3, whereas control areas and the LAD area in group 2 showed only minor structural alterations. Infarct size/risk area, as measured by tetrazolium staining, was 49.8 +/- 11.2% in group 1, 9.3 +/- 8.1% in group 2 (P <.005), and 60.3 +/- 9% in group 3. CONCLUSION: Hypoxic myocardial hypoperfusion from the pulmonary artery results in myocardial necrosis in anesthetized pigs. These findings are in contrast to the concept of myocardial hibernation in the ALCAPA syndrome because in this model, hypoxic hypoperfusion failed to induce adaptation to preserve myocardial structure.

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BACKGROUND: Controversy exists concerning the duration of infarct size reduction with ischemic preconditioning in different species. In the present study, we (a) evaluated the time course of protection with preconditioning and (b) sought to determine whether late protection (the "second window") after 24 hours is manifest in the open-chest pig model. METHODS AND RESULTS: Six groups of pentobarbital-anesthetized pigs underwent 1 hour of left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion and 2 hours of reperfusion. Group 1 served as control, and pigs in group 2 received two 10-minute episodes of preconditioning ischemia followed by 30 minutes of reperfusion before the sustained 1-hour occlusion. In groups 3-6, the period of intervening reperfusion between the preconditioning stimulus and the index ischemia was extended to 60, 90, and 300 minutes and 24 hours, respectively. The area at risk was determined by fluorescein dye injection, and infarct size was measured by incubation in p-nitrobluetetrazolium and expressed as percent of the risk area. Infarct size in preconditioned pigs (group 2) was significantly reduced compared with controls (25.6 +/- 3.9% v 71.3 +/- 5.9%, P <.001). Extension of the intervening reperfusion to 60, 90, and 300 minutes and 24 hours resulted in infarct sizes of 64.5 +/- 5.5%, 67.2 +/- 8%, 62.6 +/- 6.1%, and 75.3 +/- 7%, respectively (P = NS v control). CONCLUSIONS: The infarct size-limiting effects of ischemic preconditioning last less than 1 hour in the pig model. Moreover, in contrast to other species, a late protection at 24 hours after the preconditioning stimulus was not detected. These results indicate that precondition-induced reduction of infarct size is monophasic in anesthetized pigs.