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Activated clotting time (ACT) has been used to monitor coagulation and guide management of anticoagulation control in patients undergoing cardiac surgery for decades. However, reversal of heparin with protamine is typically empirically based on total heparin administered. Dose-related adverse effects of protamine are well described. The aim of this study was to evaluate a heparin reversal strategy based on calculation of the protamine dose based on ACT measurements. We present a method using a mathematical formula based on the dose-response line (1). To check the formula, we performed a retrospective observational cohort study of 177 patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The study group of 80 patients was administered the dose of protamine obtained using our formula, and the control group of 97 patients was administered the empirically calculated dose. The ACT returned to normal values in patients who were given doses of protamine that were calculated using our formula; all but two had a final ACT of 141. The application of the formula resulted in a significant reduction in the dose of protamine (p < .023). The formula we present is a valid method for calculating the dose of protamine necessary to neutralize heparin. This same method can be used working with a target ACT to adjust the dose of heparin. As a result of its functionality, it allows application on a daily basis standardizing the process. We believe that the formula we developed can be applied in all those procedures in which it is necessary to anticoagulate patients with heparin and later neutralization (cardiac surgery with or without CPB, vascular surgery, procedures of interventional cardiology, and extracorporeal depuration procedures).

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Introducción: La hemorragia intracerebral lobular (HIL) es una causa poco frecuente de ictus y representan cerca del 20% de las hemorragias intracerebrales primarias. La causa más frecuente son la angiopatía amiloidea cerebral (AAC), la hipertensión arterial (HTA) y otras como el tratamiento antiagregante o anticoagulante. Analizar una serie de pacientes con HIL y compararla con subgrupos de pacientes con HIL antiagregados o anticoagulados previamente. Determinar el volumen de la hemorragia y su valor predictivo de mortalidad.Pacientes y métodos: Se incluyó de forma consecutiva y retrospectiva a 162 pacientes diagnosticados de HIL y atendidos en el servicio de neurología del Hospital Meixoeiro de Vigo entre los años 1991 y 2009. Se recogieron características demográficas, factores de riesgo, etiologías y clínica, y se realizó un análisis comparativo entre la serie general y los subgrupos de paciente antiagregados y anticoagulados.Resultados: En la serie general la causa más frecuente fue la AAC posible o probable seguida de la HTA. En los subgrupos de pacientes antiagregados o anticoagulados no había diferencias en las variables estudiadas excepto en la frecuencia de cardiopatía. Sí existían diferencias en cuanto a la edad, la cardiopatía y la volumen de la hemorragia entre la serie general (sin los pacientes antiagregados o anticoagulados) cuando se compararon con los subgrupos de antiagregados y anticoagulados.Conclusiones: Aportamos algunas novedades respecto al comportamiento clínico de la HIL y sus diferencias en los pacientes antiagregados o anticoagulados. La mortalidad es superior en las HIL anticoaguladas. Son variables predictivas de defunción el sexo femenino y el volumen de la hemorragia (AU)

Introduction: Lobar intracerebral haemorrhage (LIH), is a rare cause of stroke which accounts for about 20% of primary intracerebral haemorrhages. The most common causes are cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), high blood pressure and others, such as using anti-platelet or anticoagulation agents. We analysed a series of patients with LIH and compared it with subgroups of patients with LIH who were previously receiving anti-platelet or anticoagulation agents. We determined the volume of the bleeding and its predictive value for mortality. Patients and methods: We consecutively and retrospectively included 162 patients diagnosed with LIH and cared for in the Neurology Department of Hospital Meixoeiro in Vigo between 1991 and 2009. We collected demographic characteristics, risk factors, aetiologies and symptoms, and conducted a comparative analysis between the general series and the subgroups of patients receiving anticoagulation and anti-platelet agents. Results: In the general series, the most common cause was possible or probable CAA followed by hypertension. In the subgroup of patients receiving anti-platelet or anticoagulation agents there were no differences in the variables studied, except for the frequency of heart disease. Nonetheless, there were differences with respect to age, heart disease and bleeding volume between the general series (patients not treated with anti-platelet or anticoagulation agents) when compared with the subgroups of patients receiving anti-platelet and anticoagulation agents. Conclusions: We provide new information regarding the clinical behaviour of LIH and its differences in patients receiving anti-platelet or anticoagulation agents. Mortality is higher in cases of LIH on anticoagulants. LIH. Female sex and the volume of bleeding are predictors of mortality (AU)

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INTRODUCTION: Lobar intracerebral haemorrhage (LIH), is a rare cause of stroke which accounts for about 20% of primary intracerebral haemorrhages. The most common causes are cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), high blood pressure and others, such as using anti-platelet or anticoagulation agents. We analysed a series of patients with LIH and compared it with subgroups of patients with LIH who were previously receiving anti-platelet or anticoagulation agents. We determined the volume of the bleeding and its predictive value for mortality. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We consecutively and retrospectively included 162 patients diagnosed with LIH and cared for in the Neurology Department of Hospital Meixoeiro in Vigo between 1991 and 2009. We collected demographic characteristics, risk factors, aetiologies and symptoms, and conducted a comparative analysis between the general series and the subgroups of patients receiving anticoagulation and anti-platelet agents. RESULTS: In the general series, the most common cause was possible or probable CAA followed by hypertension. In the subgroup of patients receiving anti-platelet or anticoagulation agents there were no differences in the variables studied, except for the frequency of heart disease. Nonetheless, there were differences with respect to age, heart disease and bleeding volume between the general series (patients not treated with anti-platelet or anticoagulation agents) when compared with the subgroups of patients receiving anti-platelet and anticoagulation agents. CONCLUSIONS: We provide new information regarding the clinical behaviour of LIH and its differences in patients receiving anti-platelet or anticoagulation agents. Mortality is higher in cases of LIH on anticoagulants. LIH. Female sex and the volume of bleeding are predictors of mortality.

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INTRODUCTION: Lobar intracerebral haemorrhage (LH) is an uncommon cause of stroke. Many LH are caused by cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). The aim of the present study is to analyse the clinical signs, risk factors, lesion volume and development, of a consecutive series of patients suffering from LH and to compare the various characteristics between haemorrhages which comply with the Boston criteria for CAA and those which do not comply with these inclusion criteria. METHODS: A consecutive series of 106 patients suffering from LH and admitted to the neurological service in the Meixoeiro Hospital of Vigo between 1991 and 2005 is described. The Boston criteria were applied to all patients suffering from LH associated with possible, probable and confirmed CAA. The clinical signs, risk factors, haemorrhage sizes, evolution and complications of the patients complying with the CAA inclusion criteria were compared to those who did not comply with the inclusion criteria. RESULTS: The 106 patients from the series, represent 14.4% of intracerebral haemorrhages and 3.7% of all strokes. Fifty-four percent (54 %) of the patients were female and arterial hypertension was an important risk factor. Twenty point eight percent (20.8%) of the patients were admitted in coma and 60% with hemiparesis. Of these LH patients 28.3% died. The haemorrhage volume and the female gender were the only predictive factors for death. No significant variables were observed to differentiate the groups in the comparative analysis of the subgroups of patients with CAA inclusion criteria and those without. CONCLUSIONS: The series studied showed similar risk factors and clinical characteristics to other published series. No predictive clinical variables were found to differentiate between LH which complied with CAA inclusion criteria and those that did not comply.

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INTRODUCTION: The congenital obstruction of the pieloureteral junction (UPJ) is the most frequent cause of hydronephrosis in children. Sometimes, establishing the convenience of a surgical procedure is difficult, mainly if we consider the literature published on the spontaneous resolution of the slight, moderate and even severe hydronephrosis in newborns. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prognostic value of ultrasound in the evolution of the unilateral hydronephrosis, by assesing the size of the contralateral kidney. To verify if the "supranormal" renal function (SRF) is real or an artefact. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We have performed a descriptive observational study over a 10 years period (1995-2005). The study included all patients with the only diagnosis of obstructive unilateral hydronephrosis that underwent pieloplasty, and were controlled for 1 year period after the surgical treatment. RESULTS: Of the 66 patients in the study, 42 were boys (63.6%) and 24 girls (36.4%). After the first diuretic renogram (DR), in 57 of the patients (86.4%) the clearance half-time (T1/2) was over 20 minutes, in 6 cases (9.1%) it was 10-20 minutes and only in 3 cases it was shorter than 10 minutes. A similar differential renal function (FRD) was observed in the moderate and severe hydronephrosis. Supranormal function (FRD > 52%) was detected on DR in 11 patients, predominating in left hidronefrosis, and in more than 50% of the cases this value it did not agree with the renal function measured by dimercapto-succinic acid (DMSA), Pearson's correlation coefficient: 0.19. These kidneys experienced a greater reduction of the postoperative renal function. CONCLUSIONS: In the unilateral obstructive hydronephrosis, the healthy contralateral kidney experiences hypertrophy detectable by ultrasound, but these ecographic diameters are within the band of individual confidence of the healthy children of reference. The supranormal function exists, but in most cases it is an artefact.

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Introducción. La obstrucción congénita de la unión pieloureteral(EPU) es la causa más frecuente de hidronefrosis en el niño. A veces, establecer la indicación quirúrgica es difícil, sobre todo si tenemos en cuenta la literatura publicada sobre la resolución espontánea de la hidronefrosis leve, moderada e incluso grave en el periodo neonatal. Objetivo. Determinar el valor pronóstico de la ecografía en la evolución de la hidronefrosis unilateral, monitorizando el tamaño del riñón contralateral. Comprobar si la función renal “supranormal” (FRS) es real o un artefacto. Pacientes y métodos. Realizamos un estudio observacional descriptivo que abarca 10 años (1995-2005). Se han considerado a efectos del estudio a todos los pacientes pediátricos con diagnóstico de hidronefrosis obstructiva que fueron sometidos a una pieloplastia, y controlados durante un período mínimo de 1 año tras el tratamiento quirúrgico. Resultados. De los 66 pacientes revisados 42 eran niños (63,6%)y 24 niñas (36,4%). Tras el primer renograma diurético (RD), en 57pacientes (86,4%) el tiempo medio de eliminación (T1/2) estaba por encima de los 20 minutos, en 6 casos (9,1%) estaba entre 10-20 minutos y sólo en 3 casos era menor de 10 minutos. Se observó una función renal diferencial (FRD) similar en las hidronefrosis moderadas y graves. En 11 pacientes encontramos una FRS (FRD>52%) renográfica, predominando en las hidronefrosis izquierdas, y en más del 50% de los casos este valor no coincidía con la FRD gammagráfica con ácido dimercaptosuccínico (DMSA), coeficiente de correlación de Pearson: 0,19. Estos riñones con FRS preoperatoria experimentaron un mayor descenso de la función renal postoperatoria. Conclusiones. En las hidronefrosis obstructivas el riñón contralateral sano experimenta una hipertrofia apreciable en la ecografía, pero estos diámetros ecográficos están dentro de la banda de confianza individual de la población sana de referencia. La función supranormal existe, pero en la mayoría de los casos es un artefacto (AU)

Introduction. The congenital obstruction of the pieloureteral junction(UPJ) is the most frequent cause of hydronephrosis in children. Sometimes, establishing the convenience of a surgical procedure is difficult, mainly if we consider the literature published on the spontaneous resolution of the slight, moderate and even severe hydronephrosis in newborns. Objective. To determine the prognostic value of ultrasound in the evolution of the unilateral hydronephrosis, by assessing the size of the contralateral kidney. To verify if the “supranormal” renal function(SRF) is a real or an artefact. Patients and methods. We have performed a descriptive observational study over a 10 years period (1995-2005). The study included all patients with the only diagnosis of obstructive unilateral hydronephrosis that underwent pieloplasty, and were controlled for 1 year period after the surgical treatment. Results. Of the 66 patients in the study, 42 were boys (63.6%) and24 girls (36.4%). After the first diuretic renogram (DR), in 57 of the patients (86.4%) the clearance half-time (T1/2) was over 20 minutes, in6 cases (9.1%) it was 10-20 minutes and only in 3 cases it was shorter than 10 minutes. A similar differential renal function (FRD) was observed in the moderate and severe hydronephrosis. Supranormal function (FRD>52%)was detected on DR in 11 patients, predominating in left hidronefrosis, and in more than 50% of the cases this value it did not agree with the renal function measured by dimercapto-succinic acid (DMSA), Pearson’s correlation coefficient: 0.19. These kidneys experienced a greater reduction of the postoperative renal function. Conclusions. In the unilateral obstructive hydronephrosis, the healthy contralateral kidney experiences hypertrophy detectable by ultrasound, but these ecographic diameters are within the band of individual confidence of the healthy children of reference. The supranormal function exists, but in most cases it is an artefact (AU)

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