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The management of the thermal environment to which dogs are exposed should be included in strategies to improve their welfare. An online questionnaire was administered to 624 owners of Siberian Husky dogs residing in Brazil, with the objective of assessing their perceptions regarding their dogs' capacity to adapt to heat, and its association with the owners' routine care. Owners who believed that dogs are low-heat-tolerant animals were more likely to report heat response behaviors from their dogs. Overall, owners reported walk with their dogs during early morning, late afternoon and nighttime. They also reported solar radiation as the primary criteria for determining the time to walk with their dogs. However, owners who reported walking with their dogs at noon mentioned time availability as their primary criteria. In conclusion, owners perceive Siberian Husky dogs living in Brazil as being poorly adapted to heat, and this perception appeared to influence their positive attitudes towards protecting their dogs from heat stress by choosing to walk them during times with less solar exposure. However, the lack of time for owners to walk with their dogs during cooler periods can still be a risk factor in exposing the animals to extreme hot conditions.

RESUMEN

This review makes an attempt to characterize the physical attributes of heat tolerance, thermal equilibrium and thermal stress thresholds for dairy cows living in tropical environments, with a particular emphasis on pasture-based systems. Under such circumstances, the radiant heat load is the principal climatic factor that determines rates of heat and mass exchanges between cows and the environment. This fact may explain why simple mechanistic models based on air temperature and humidity are not adequately predicting thermal stress thresholds for cattle in tropical regions. To overcome this limitation, the Index of Thermal Stress for Cows (ITSC) and Index for the time spent in shade (ITS), which account for various sources of thermal radiation, were proposed to predict autonomous and behavioral thermoregulation of cows. Overall, the evolutionary adaptation of cattle in tropics favored animals that have cutaneous surface with a skin well protected against penetration of ultraviolet solar radiation (UV), covered by a coat surface with high thermal conductivity. For Holstein breed, although predominantly black animals absorb greater levels of short-wave solar radiation, they may present better protection of skin than white ones. However, dark-colored cows in tropical pastures have potential to absorb as much as 640 W m-2 of thermal radiation. This amount of heat load would require close to 1,300 g h -1 of cutaneous evaporative water loss through sweating to prevent increases to body temperature, where cows do not have access to shade. Cows are motivated to reduce time spent grazing and to seek shade when solar irradiance exceeds 550 W m-2, levels that in equatorial latitudes are likely to occur between 08:00 and 16:00h. This information may help producers improve the welfare of cows, as they can determine more comfortable hours for them to graze, for example, by employing nocturnal grazing. Over the daytime, cows should have access to areas with shade and this could include shade provided via solar panels, which has the potential to improve thermal comfort and sustainability of dairy production in tropical areas.

RESUMEN

This study looked at the potential of thermal comfort provided to animals by four different Brazilian savanna (Cerrado) native trees, as well as their potential for carbon sink. The evaluations were carried out during the summer of 2020, which consisted of the collection of microclimate variables. The Mean Radiant Temperature (TMR, °C) was derived from the shaded and unshaded areas under the trees, and from that, the Radiant Heat Load (RHL, W m-2) was calculated as an index of thermal comfort. Solar radiation was estimated considering the sum of the direct, diffuse, and reflected components (W m-2), and carbon stock from trees biomass for CO2 sequestration was estimated from an allometric model applied to the native Cerrado tree species. The shade of the native trees reduced the meteorological variables such as dry bulb and black globe temperatures, to values considered adequate for the thermal comfort of animals, with an average reduction respectively equal to 1.3 °C and 6.4 °C. This represents a significant difference compared to the unshaded area as well as among tree species (P < 0.05), reflecting in lower values of TMR and RHL in the shaded area provided by each species. Carbon sequestration individually estimated by each native tree species was on average 8.85 Mg per tree. These results demonstrate the great potential for native tree species in the Cerrado biome to be used in agroforestry systems to provide higher levels of thermal comfort to animals and to combat climate change through their aptitude of CO2 sink.

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We used a high-precision weighing system and flow-through respirometry to quantify cutaneous evaporative water loss rates in woolly sheep (wool thickness, ca. 6.5 cm) and haired goats (coat thickness, ca. 2.5 cm), while simultaneously recording parallel data obtained from (1) a flow-through ventilated capsule, (2) a closed hand-held electronic evaporimeter chamber, and (3) a closed colorimetric paper disc chamber. In comparison to the weighing system and respirometry, used here as a "gold standard" measure of cutaneous evaporative water loss rate, we found relatively good agreement with data obtained from the flow-through ventilated capsules. However, we found poor agreement with data obtained from the closed electronic evaporimeter chambers (underestimated by 60%, on average) and the closed colorimetric paper disc chambers (overestimated by 52%, on average). This deviation was likely associated with a requirement for shaved skin in the closed chamber methods. Our results therefore cast doubt on the validity of the closed chamber methods for measurement of cutaneous evaporative water loss rates in furred and fleeced mammals, and instead show that more accurate values can be obtained using flow-through ventilated capsules.

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The welfare of dairy cows is a major global concern, due to its impact on cow health and productivity, as well as public health. The aim of this study was to identify the main problems related to welfare in dairy herds managed on pasture in the state of Paraíba, Brazil. For this investigation, a cross-sectional study was conducted in 12 dairy farms in the municipalities of Areia, Alagoa Grande, Serraria, and Pilões, Paraíba, Brazil. Each farm was visited only once, recording the number of cows in the herd, type and number of milkings per day, daily milk yield, and access time to the pasture. Body conditionscore, cleanliness score, bodily injuries, and qualitative behavioral assessment (QBA) were measured. A total of 335 dairy cows were evaluated; herds ranged from 14 to 43 lactating cows, with an average milk yield of 8.4 ± 3.25 kg day-¹. Of the 335 cows observed, 26% had a low body condition score, 82% had bodily injuries, and 20% had dirt on their legs. For the QBA, a principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that PC1 had a high correlation mainly with positive body expressions (e.g., sociable, active, and happy), and PC2 was associated with negative terms of body expression (e.g., apathetic, frustrated, and fearful). In conclusion, evaluating indicators of cows' body condition, bodily injury, and cleanliness highlighted the importance of promoting improvements in pasture, management, and housing conditions to enable better performance, health, and welfare of the animals.(AU)

O bem-estar de vacas leiteiras é uma preocupação global, devido ao seu impacto na saúde e produtividade das vacas, bem como na saúde pública. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar os principais problemas relacionados ao bem-estar em rebanhos leiteiros manejados a pasto no estado da Paraíba, Brasil. Para esta investigação, foi realizado um estudo transversal em 12 fazendas leiteiras nos municípios de Areia, Alagoa Grande, Serraria e Pilões, Paraíba, Brasil. Cada fazenda foi visitada apenas uma vez, registrando se o número de vacas do rebanho, tipo e número de ordenhas por dia, produção diária de leite e tempo de acesso à pastagem. Escore de condição corporal, escore de limpeza, injúrias corporais e avaliação qualitativa do comportamento (AQC) foram medidos. Um total de 335 vacas leiteiras foram avaliadas; os rebanhos variaram de 14 a 43 vacas em lactação, com produção média de leite de 8,4 ± 3,25 kg dia-1.Das 335 vacas observadas, 26% apresentaram baixo escore de condição corporal, 82% sofreram injúrias corporais e 20% apresentaram sujeira nas pernas. Para o AQC, uma análise de componentes principais(ACP) indicou que o CP1 teve alta correlação com expressões corporais positivas (por exemplo, sociável, ativo e contente), e CP2 foi associado a termos negativos de expressão corporal (por exemplo, apático, frustrado e com medo). Em conclusão, a avaliação de indicadores da condição corporal das vacas, injúrias corporais e limpeza destacou a importância de promover melhorias nas pastagens, manejo e condições de alojamento para permitir melhor desempenho, saúde e bem-estar dos animais.(AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The welfare of dairy cows is a major global concern, due to its impact on cow health and productivity, as well as public health. The aim of this study was to identify the main problems related to welfare in dairy herds managed on pasture in the state of Paraíba, Brazil. For this investigation, a cross-sectional study was conducted in 12 dairy farms in the municipalities of Areia, Alagoa Grande, Serraria, and Pilões, Paraíba, Brazil. Each farm was visited only once, recording the number of cows in the herd, type and number of milkings per day, daily milk yield, and access time to the pasture. Body conditionscore, cleanliness score, bodily injuries, and qualitative behavioral assessment (QBA) were measured. A total of 335 dairy cows were evaluated; herds ranged from 14 to 43 lactating cows, with an average milk yield of 8.4 ± 3.25 kg day-¹. Of the 335 cows observed, 26% had a low body condition score, 82% had bodily injuries, and 20% had dirt on their legs. For the QBA, a principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that PC1 had a high correlation mainly with positive body expressions (e.g., sociable, active, and happy), and PC2 was associated with negative terms of body expression (e.g., apathetic, frustrated, and fearful). In conclusion, evaluating indicators of cows' body condition, bodily injury, and cleanliness highlighted the importance of promoting improvements in pasture, management, and housing conditions to enable better performance, health, and welfare of the animals.

O bem-estar de vacas leiteiras é uma preocupação global, devido ao seu impacto na saúde e produtividade das vacas, bem como na saúde pública. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar os principais problemas relacionados ao bem-estar em rebanhos leiteiros manejados a pasto no estado da Paraíba, Brasil. Para esta investigação, foi realizado um estudo transversal em 12 fazendas leiteiras nos municípios de Areia, Alagoa Grande, Serraria e Pilões, Paraíba, Brasil. Cada fazenda foi visitada apenas uma vez, registrando se o número de vacas do rebanho, tipo e número de ordenhas por dia, produção diária de leite e tempo de acesso à pastagem. Escore de condição corporal, escore de limpeza, injúrias corporais e avaliação qualitativa do comportamento (AQC) foram medidos. Um total de 335 vacas leiteiras foram avaliadas; os rebanhos variaram de 14 a 43 vacas em lactação, com produção média de leite de 8,4 ± 3,25 kg dia-1.Das 335 vacas observadas, 26% apresentaram baixo escore de condição corporal, 82% sofreram injúrias corporais e 20% apresentaram sujeira nas pernas. Para o AQC, uma análise de componentes principais(ACP) indicou que o CP1 teve alta correlação com expressões corporais positivas (por exemplo, sociável, ativo e contente), e CP2 foi associado a termos negativos de expressão corporal (por exemplo, apático, frustrado e com medo). Em conclusão, a avaliação de indicadores da condição corporal das vacas, injúrias corporais e limpeza destacou a importância de promover melhorias nas pastagens, manejo e condições de alojamento para permitir melhor desempenho, saúde e bem-estar dos animais.

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This study addresses the hypothesis that Bos indicus cattle breeds can be discriminated by the changes that occur in their sweat gland traits between summer and winter seasons in tropical conditions. Samples of the skin were taken from six Bos indicus cattle breeds (eight subjects per breed), including Nellore, Cangaian, Gyr, Guzerat, Punganur, and Sindhi in winter and summer. The sweat gland epithelium (µm), glandular portion length (µm), sweat gland duct length (µm), gland depth (µm), and sweat gland density (cm2) were determined. Principal component analyses were performed to address the overall structure of breed's group, together with confirmatory analyses by the least squares procedures. Exploratory analysis showed that cattle breeds presented patterns of dissimilarity in the changes in their skin and sweat glands traits between winter and summer seasons. Breeds were separated into three groups under the two principal components, which represented 77.26% of the total variance. The first group was composed of Sindh and Guzerat cattle, which did not present modifications in the parameters assessed between seasons. The most visible alterations were observed in Gyr cattle (third group). In fact, confirmatory analyses showed that glandular portion length, sweat gland duct length, gland depth, and sweat gland density of the Gyr cattle increased (P < 0.05) during the summer season. In conclusion, the results of this investigation demonstrated that morphological traits of the skin and sweat glands associated with seasonal changes in tropical conditions were able to discriminate among Bos indicus cattle breeds.

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This study was designed to assess the effects of feeding space availability on social behavior and performance of housed crossbreed sheep through the use of three different types of feeders. Thirty-six crossbreed ewes (Santa Inês × Dorper; 2-3 years old) with initial body weight of 34.99±4.28 kg were randomly assigned to a 3 × 3 (feeder type × available space at the feeder) factorial arrangement among nine pens. Pens had one of three feeder types (concrete bunk, plastic, or wood barrel) and one of three amounts of available space in the feeder (0.33, 0.25, or 0.20 m animal−1). Total dry matter intake/pen, dry matter intake per animal, total weight gain/pen, daily weight gain/animal, and food waste were evaluated. Percentage of time spent at feeding and frequency of aggressive behaviors/12 h were recorded. We observed a higher total daily weight gain in ewes with a feeding space of 0.33 and 0.25 m animal−1. The wastes were essentially insignificant for wood feeders in all feeding space treatments. The average number of aggressive behaviors was lower (P<0.05) for animals kept in pens with feeding space of 0.33 m animal−1 than for those maintained in pens with feeding space of 0.20 and 0.25 m animal−1. Ewes with feeding space of 0.33 m animal−1 fed simultaneously 54% of the time, while among pens with feeding spaces of 0.25 or 0.20 m animal−1, this period was reduced to 41 and 30%, respectively. An available feeding space of 0.33 m animal−1 is recommended for adult housed ewes, once it favors simultaneous access, lower competitive interactions at the feeder, and less variation in terms of individual weight gain among ewes.(AU)

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This study characterized the thermal environment and assessed the physiological aspects of acclimatization of Sindhi and Guzerat heifers in a tropical environment (Brazil) under shade. Eight Sindhi and eight Guzerat purebred heifers (Bos indicus) had their physiological traits measured twice a day (9:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m.). Environmental data during the experimental period were collected at two-hour intervals between 5:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. The temperature-humidity (THI) and the black globe temperature-humidity (BGHI) indices were calculated, and surface temperature (St), respiratory rate (Rr), and rectal temperature (Rt) were collected, being used to estimate heat loss by cutaneous (Ec) and respiratory (Er) evaporation. In the warmer parts of the day (1:00 and 3:00 p.m.), the THI and BGHI reached values of 80.26 and 81.25, respectively. There was no significant difference in rectal temperatures between the breeds, but higher values were observed in the afternoon. Heat transfer by cutaneous evaporation reached 118.71±12.91 W.m-2 and 103.43±6.82 W.m-2 at 2:00 p.m. for the Sindhi and Guzerat heifers, respectively. Under these conditions (air temperature was between 29 and 30°C), 84% of the total latent heat loss in Sindhi and Guzerat heifers was represented by Ec. It can be concluded that Sindhi and Guzerat heifers can maintain homeothermy with minimal thermoregulatory effort under shade conditions in a tropical environment.

Objetivou-se com este estudo caracterizar o ambiente térmico e respostas fisiológicas de novilhas Sindi e Guzerá em ambiente tropical. Oito novilhas Sindi e oito Guzerá (Bos indicus) foram utilizadas para medições fisiológicas duas vezes ao dia (09:00 e 14:00). Durante o período experimental, os dados ambientais foram coletados em intervalos de duas horas, entre 05:00 e 17:00. O índice de temperatura-umidade (ITU) e o de globo negro-umidade (ITGU) foram calculados. Foram aferidas a temperatura de superfície (TS) , frequência respiratória (FR) e a temperatura retal (TR), sendo estimados a perda de calor por evaporação cutânea (EC) e pelo trato respiratório (Er). Nos horários mais quentes do dia (01:00 e 15:00), o ITU e ITGU atingiram valores de 80,26 e 81,25, respectivamente. Não houve diferença significativa para a temperatura retal entre as raças, contudo, valores mais elevados foram observados no período da tarde. As estimativas para a transferência de calor latente via evaporação cutânea atingiram 118,71 ± 12,91 W.m-2 e 103,43 ± 6,82 W.m-2 no período da tarde (2:00) para as novilhas Sindi e Guzerá, respectivamente. Em condições de temperatura do ar entre 29 e 30 ° C, 84% da perda de calor latente total em novilhas Sindi e Guzerá foi representada pela Ec. Pode-se concluir que novilhas Sindi e Guzerá criadas em condições de sombra, numa região tropical, conseguem manter a homeotermia com baixo dispêndio de energia para a termorregulação.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

This study characterized the thermal environment and assessed the physiological aspects of acclimatization of Sindhi and Guzerat heifers in a tropical environment (Brazil) under shade. Eight Sindhi and eight Guzerat purebred heifers (Bos indicus) had their physiological traits measured twice a day (9:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m.). Environmental data during the experimental period were collected at two-hour intervals between 5:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. The temperature-humidity (THI) and the black globe temperature-humidity (BGHI) indices were calculated, and surface temperature (St), respiratory rate (Rr), and rectal temperature (Rt) were collected, being used to estimate heat loss by cutaneous (Ec) and respiratory (Er) evaporation. In the warmer parts of the day (1:00 and 3:00 p.m.), the THI and BGHI reached values of 80.26 and 81.25, respectively. There was no significant difference in rectal temperatures between the breeds, but higher values were observed in the afternoon. Heat transfer by cutaneous evaporation reached 118.71±12.91 W.m-2 and 103.43±6.82 W.m-2 at 2:00 p.m. for the Sindhi and Guzerat heifers, respectively. Under these conditions (air temperature was between 29 and 30°C), 84% of the total latent heat loss in Sindhi and Guzerat heifers was represented by Ec. It can be concluded that Sindhi and Guzerat heifers can maintain homeothermy with minimal thermoregulatory effort under shade conditions in a tropical environment.(AU)

Objetivou-se com este estudo caracterizar o ambiente térmico e respostas fisiológicas de novilhas Sindi e Guzerá em ambiente tropical. Oito novilhas Sindi e oito Guzerá (Bos indicus) foram utilizadas para medições fisiológicas duas vezes ao dia (09:00 e 14:00). Durante o período experimental, os dados ambientais foram coletados em intervalos de duas horas, entre 05:00 e 17:00. O índice de temperatura-umidade (ITU) e o de globo negro-umidade (ITGU) foram calculados. Foram aferidas a temperatura de superfície (TS) , frequência respiratória (FR) e a temperatura retal (TR), sendo estimados a perda de calor por evaporação cutânea (EC) e pelo trato respiratório (Er). Nos horários mais quentes do dia (01:00 e 15:00), o ITU e ITGU atingiram valores de 80,26 e 81,25, respectivamente. Não houve diferença significativa para a temperatura retal entre as raças, contudo, valores mais elevados foram observados no período da tarde. As estimativas para a transferência de calor latente via evaporação cutânea atingiram 118,71 ± 12,91 W.m-2 e 103,43 ± 6,82 W.m-2 no período da tarde (2:00) para as novilhas Sindi e Guzerá, respectivamente. Em condições de temperatura do ar entre 29 e 30 ° C, 84% da perda de calor latente total em novilhas Sindi e Guzerá foi representada pela Ec. Pode-se concluir que novilhas Sindi e Guzerá criadas em condições de sombra, numa região tropical, conseguem manter a homeotermia com baixo dispêndio de energia para a termorregulação.(AU)

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This study aimed to evaluate physical aspects of the semen and sexual behavior of Moxotó breed goats at different ages. Two males Moxotó goats, ages 4 and 7, represented by (1) and (2) respectively, and twenty-six (26) female goats as mannequins, were used. The breeders were subjected to sexual behavior evaluation by measuring of reaction time to the female in estrus, which were recorded the patterns of behavior (courtship with paw, emission of sounds, tongue exposure, exposure penis exposure, smell the urogenital female and Flehmen reflex) performed in two shifts (morning and afternoon) during the months of February to April 2010, totaling 50 observations. To assess the physical aspects of semen collections were performed twice on each breeder at the beginning and end of the observation period. There was no difference in reaction time and the number of jumps in terms of shifts and breeders. The frequency of behavioral events in relation to shifts evaluation did not differ. The emission of sounds (EMS) and exposure of the tongue (EXL) was expressed more often by the oldest breeder (2). Regarding the assessment soundness, the average values for the parameters studied as motility, vigor, pathology and sperm concentration, results were favorable to the breeder (1). The study of behavioral patterns during the courting stage is an indispensable tool in predicting the reproductive potential of male goats; however, other aspects within the reproductive management should be evaluated in combination.(AU)

Este estudo objetivou avaliar o comportamento sexual e aspectos físicos do sêmen de reprodutores caprinos da raça Moxotó. Foram utilizados dois reprodutores, com idades de 4 e 7 anos, representados por (1) e (2), respectivamente, e vinte e seis (26) cabras como manequins. Os reprodutores foram submetidos à avaliação do comportamento sexual pela medida do tempo de reação frente à fêmea em estro, onde foram registrados os padrões de comportamento (cortejo com a pata, emissão de sons, exposição da língua, exposição do pênis, cheirar a região urogenital da fêmea e reflexo de flehmen) realizados em dois turnos (manhã e tarde) durante os meses de fevereiro à abril de 2010, totalizando 50 observações. Para avaliação dos aspectos físicos do sêmen, foram realizadas duas coletas em cada reprodutor no início e fim do período de observações. Não houve diferença quanto ao tempo de reação e ao número de saltos em função dos turnos e reprodutores. A freqüência dos eventos comportamentais em relação aos turnos de avaliação não diferiu. A emissão de sons (EMS) e exposição da língua (EXL) foi expresso mais vezes pelo reprodutor mais velho (2). Com relação à avaliação andrológica os valores médios encontrados para os parâmetros estudados como motilidade, vigor, patologia e concentração espermática, apresentaram resultados favoráveis ao reprodutor (1). O estudo dos padrões comportamentais durante a fase de cortejo é uma ferramenta indispensável na predição do potencial reprodutivo de machos caprinos, contudo, outros aspectos dentro do manejo reprodutivo devem ser conjuntamente avaliados.(AU)

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RESUMEN

This study aimed to evaluate physical aspects of the semen and sexual behavior of Moxotó breed goats at different ages. Two males Moxotó goats, ages 4 and 7, represented by (1) and (2) respectively, and twenty-six (26) female goats as mannequins, were used. The breeders were subjected to sexual behavior evaluation by measuring of reaction time to the female in estrus, which were recorded the patterns of behavior (courtship with paw, emission of sounds, tongue exposure, exposure penis exposure, smell the urogenital female and Flehmen reflex) performed in two shifts (morning and afternoon) during the months of February to April 2010, totaling 50 observations. To assess the physical aspects of semen collections were performed twice on each breeder at the beginning and end of the observation period. There was no difference in reaction time and the number of jumps in terms of shifts and breeders. The frequency of behavioral events in relation to shifts evaluation did not differ. The emission of sounds (EMS) and exposure of the tongue (EXL) was expressed more often by the oldest breeder (2). Regarding the assessment soundness, the average values for the parameters studied as motility, vigor, pathology and sperm concentration, results were favorable to the breeder (1). The study of behavioral patterns during the courting stage is an indispensable tool in predicting the reproductive potential of male goats; however, other aspects within the reproductive management should be evaluated in combination.

Este estudo objetivou avaliar o comportamento sexual e aspectos físicos do sêmen de reprodutores caprinos da raça Moxotó. Foram utilizados dois reprodutores, com idades de 4 e 7 anos, representados por (1) e (2), respectivamente, e vinte e seis (26) cabras como manequins. Os reprodutores foram submetidos à avaliação do comportamento sexual pela medida do tempo de reação frente à fêmea em estro, onde foram registrados os padrões de comportamento (cortejo com a pata, emissão de sons, exposição da língua, exposição do pênis, cheirar a região urogenital da fêmea e reflexo de flehmen) realizados em dois turnos (manhã e tarde) durante os meses de fevereiro à abril de 2010, totalizando 50 observações. Para avaliação dos aspectos físicos do sêmen, foram realizadas duas coletas em cada reprodutor no início e fim do período de observações. Não houve diferença quanto ao tempo de reação e ao número de saltos em função dos turnos e reprodutores. A freqüência dos eventos comportamentais em relação aos turnos de avaliação não diferiu. A emissão de sons (EMS) e exposição da língua (EXL) foi expresso mais vezes pelo reprodutor mais velho (2). Com relação à avaliação andrológica os valores médios encontrados para os parâmetros estudados como motilidade, vigor, patologia e concentração espermática, apresentaram resultados favoráveis ao reprodutor (1). O estudo dos padrões comportamentais durante a fase de cortejo é uma ferramenta indispensável na predição do potencial reprodutivo de machos caprinos, contudo, outros aspectos dentro do manejo reprodutivo devem ser conjuntamente avaliados.

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