RESUMEN
While Treg cells are responsible for self-tolerance and immune homeostasis, pathogenic autoreactive Th17 cells produce pro-inflammatory cytokines that lead to tissue damage associated with autoimmunity, as observed in multiple sclerosis. Therefore, the immunological balance between Th17 and Treg cells may represent a promising option for immune therapy. Statin drugs are used to treat dyslipidemia; however, besides their effects on preventing cardiovascular diseases, statins also have anti-inflammatory effects. Here, we investigated the role of pitavastatin on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and the differentiation of Treg and Th17 cells. EAE was induced by immunizing C57BL/6 mice with MOG35-55. EAE severity was determined by analyzing the clinical score and inflammatory parameters in the spinal cord. Naive CD4 T cells were cultured under Treg and Th17-skewing conditions in vitro in the presence of pitavastatin. We found that pitavastatin decreased EAE development, which was accompanied by a reduction of all parameters investigated. Pitavastatin also reduced the expression of IBA1 and pSTAT3 (Y705 and S727) in the spinal cords of EAE mice. Interestingly, the reduction of Th17 cell frequency in the draining lymph nodes of EAE mice treated with pitavastatin was followed by an increase of Treg cells. Indeed, pitavastatin directly affects T cell differentiation in vitro by decreasing Th17 and increasing Treg cell differentiation. Mechanistically, pitavastatin effects are dependent on mevalonate synthesis. Thus, our data show the potential anti-inflammatory effect of pitavastatin on the pathogenesis of the experimental neuroinflammation by modulating the Th17/Treg axis.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Diferenciación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/prevención & control , Ácido Mevalónico/metabolismo , Quinolinas/farmacología , Médula Espinal/efectos de los fármacos , Linfocitos T Reguladores/efectos de los fármacos , Células Th17/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Células Cultivadas , Citocinas/genética , Citocinas/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/inducido químicamente , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/inmunología , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/metabolismo , Mediadores de Inflamación/metabolismo , Ganglios Linfáticos/efectos de los fármacos , Ganglios Linfáticos/inmunología , Ganglios Linfáticos/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Glicoproteína Mielina-Oligodendrócito , Fragmentos de Péptidos , Médula Espinal/inmunología , Médula Espinal/metabolismo , Linfocitos T Reguladores/inmunología , Linfocitos T Reguladores/metabolismo , Células Th17/inmunología , Células Th17/metabolismoRESUMEN
Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) is a widespread, contagious ocular disease that affects cattle, especially dairy breeds. The disease is caused by Gram-negative bacteria mainly Moraxella bovis, and its treatment consists of parenteral or topic antibiotic therapy. The topic treatment approach is used more commonly in lactating cows, to avoid milk disposal. However, treatment failures are common, because the antibiotic is removed during lacrimation. This study aimed to evaluate the susceptibility of commercial cloxacillin and evaluate the efficacy of nanostructured cloxacillin in clinical cases of IBK by Moraxella. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of nanoparticle cloxacillin nanocoated, the nanoparticle without the antibiotic and the commercial cloxacillin were determined in vitro with field samples of Moraxella ovis (5) and Moraxella bovis (5). The efficiency of nanoparticles was tested in three cows naturally infected that were treated with 1.0 mL (with 0.32 mg of nanostructured cloxacillin) for the ocular route. Moraxella bovis was isolated and identified by biochemical and molecular methods before the treatment. The animals were treated every 12 h for six days. The cure was considered by the absence of clinical symptoms and bacteria after treatment. The mucoadhesive nanoparticle-based formulation promoted clinical cure with a low number of doses of antibiotics, probably due to the maintenance of the MIC in the ocular mucosa for longer due to the mucoadhesive characteristics of the nanoparticle. The results indicate that the use of nanocoated cloxacillin is possible to control infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis.