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The egg parasitoid Telenomus remus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) has been investigated for classical and applied biological control of noctuid pests, especially Spodoptera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) species. Although T. remus was introduced into Brazil over three decades ago for classical biological control of S. frugiperda, this wasp has not been recorded as established in corn or soybean crops. We used an integrative approach to identify T. remus, combining a taxonomic key based on the male genitalia with DNA barcoding, using a cytochrome c oxidase subunit I mitochondrial gene fragment. This is the first report of natural parasitism of T. remus on S. frugiperda and S. cosmioides eggs at two locations in Brazil. We also confirmed that the T. remus lineage in Brazil derives from a strain in Venezuela (originally from Papua New Guinea and introduced into the Americas, Africa, and Asia). The occurrence of T. remus parasitizing S. frugiperda and S. cosmioides eggs in field conditions, not associated with inundative releases, suggests that the species has managed to establish itself in the field in Brazil. This opens possibilities for future biological control programs, since T. remus shows good potential for mass rearing and egg parasitism of important agricultural pests such as Spodoptera species.

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A new species of Trichogramma Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) is described: Trichogramma foersteri sp. nov. Takahashi from eggs of Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) a major soybean defoliating pest. The parasitoid was collected in São José dos Pinhais, Paraná State, Brazil, and molecular and morphological characters were used to confirm the identity of the new species. Preliminary biological data are provided to demonstrate its high capacity of parasitism. The new species is a potential candidate as a biological control agent against some lepidopteran-pests.

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ABSTRACT The widespread cultivation of transgenic soybeans has caused significant changes in the spectrum of Lepidoptera larvae, both in the number of species as well as on their densities in the field. Transgenic crops producing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal proteins have successfully reduced the incidence of the most common caterpillars infesting soybeans, namely Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) and Chrysodeixis includens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). However, lepidopteran species not previously recorded on the crop have been recently found, and are of concern due to the possibility of adaptation to the genetically modified cultivars. The occurrence of Peridroma saucia Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is described for the first time in Brazil feeding on genetically modified soybean cultivars.

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We report the complete genome sequence of Bacillus sp. strain ABP14 isolated from lignocellulosic compost and selected by its ability in hydrolyzing carboxymethyl cellulose. This strain does not produce a Cry-like protein but showed an insecticidal activity against larvae of Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera). Genome-based taxonomic analysis revealed that the ABP14 chromosome is genetically close to Bacillus thuringiensis serovar finitimus YBT020. ABP14 also carries one plasmid which showed no similarity with those from YBT020. Genome analysis of ABP14 identified unique genes related to cell surface structures, cell wall, metabolic competence, and virulence factors that may contribute for its survival and environmental adaptation, as well as its entomopathogenic activity.

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BACKGROUND: Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is native to South America and has recently invaded European, African and Asian countries, where it is causing severe damage to tomato crops leading to an increase in the number of insecticide applications. This situation has prompted a demand for alternative pest management strategies aiming to control T. absoluta and concomitantly reduce insecticide applications. The development period for immature stages of T. absoluta at constant temperatures was modelled to select appropriate mathematical functions for simulating its development. RESULTS: The performance of the models varied according to the insect development stage, but in general all models performed well considering the statistical criteria used. Discrimination among models was possible only when the reliability of the temperature thresholds estimated by the models was used as an additional criterion. In this case, the models Briere-1, Lactin-2 and Shi proved adequate to describe the relationship between temperature and development rate of T. absoluta. CONCLUSION: These models provide an important tool to predict the occurrence of the immature stages of T. absoluta in the field in order to determine the best period for implementing control measures. This is an important contribution to the development of pest management strategies for T. absoluta. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

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The development, longevity and reproduction of Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston) and Telenomus podisi Ashmead were investigated under natural conditions during autumn and winter from 1999 to 2001, in Southern Paraná State, Brazil, in order to understand how these parasitoids overwinter in subtropical regions. Adults of T. basalis e T. podisi emerged during autumn and winter from eggs parasitized between April and June. Adult longevity in natural conditions was higher than eight and seven months, for T. basalis and T. podisi respectively, showing that both species overwinter in the adult stage. Percentage survival of T. basalis and T. podisi females during autumn and winter was higher than 85% and mortality increased significantly in spring. Females maintained for six months in natural conditions parasitized E. heros eggs after transference to 25 degrees C, and the presence of females in the offspring showed that mating occurred during autumn and winter. Temperature during immature development influenced significantly the adult performance, regulating the longevity and reproductive capacity after dormancy. Female parasitoids that developed in higher temperatures lived longer and parasitized more host eggs after transference to 25 degrees C than females that developed under colder conditions.

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Investigou-se o desenvolvimento, a longevidade e a reprodução de Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston) e Telenomus podisi Ashmead mantidos em condições naturais durante a entressafra da soja de 1999 a 2001 no sul do Paraná, a fim de se conhecer como esses parasitóides sobrevivem durante o outono e inverno em regiões subtropicais. Adultos de T. basalis e T. podisi emergiram durante o outono e inverno de ovos parasitados a 18°C entre abril e junho. A longevidade dos adultos em condições naturais foi superior a oito e sete meses, para T. basalis e T. podisi respectivamente, demonstrando que os parasitóides hibernam no estágio adulto. O índice de sobrevivência das fêmeas até o final do inverno foi superior a 85 por cento e a mortalidade acentuou-se significativamente após o início da primavera. Fêmeas dos parasitóides mantidas por até seis meses em condições naturais parasitaram ovos de E. heros após sua transferência para 25°C e a progênie constou de machos e fêmeas, demonstrando a ocorrência da cópula durante o outono e o inverno. A temperatura durante o desenvolvimento dos estágios imaturos afetou significativamente o potencial dos adultos hibernantes, regulando sua longevidade e capacidade reprodutiva após a dormência. Parasitóides desenvolvidos em temperaturas mais elevadas (início do outono) foram mais bem sucedidos no processo de hibernação, apresentando maior longevidade e parasitando mais ovos hospedeiros após a sua transferência para 25°C, em relação a fêmeas que nas fases imaturas passaram por temperaturas mais baixas (final do outono).

The development, longevity and reproduction of Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston) and Telenomus podisi Ashmead were investigated under natural conditions during autumn and winter from 1999 to 2001, in Southern Paraná State, Brazil, in order to understand how these parasitoids overwinter in subtropical regions. Adults of T. basalis e T. podisi emerged during autumn and winter from eggs parasitized between April and June. Adult longevity in natural conditions was higher than eight and seven months, for T. basalis and T. podisi respectively, showing that both species overwinter in the adult stage. Percentage survival of T. basalis and T. podisi females during autumn and winter was higher than 85 percent and mortality increased significantly in spring. Females maintained for six months in natural conditions parasitized E. heros eggs after transference to 25°C, and the presence of females in the offspring showed that mating occurred during autumn and winter. Temperature during immature development influenced significantly the adult performance, regulating the longevity and reproductive capacity after dormancy. Female parasitoids that developed in higher temperatures lived longer and parasitized more host eggs after transference to 25°C than females that developed under colder conditions.

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Levantamentos de campo foram realizados durante quatro safras de soja na região Sul do Brasil, visando avaliar as espécies de parasitóides que ocorrem em ovos de Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, 1818 e a incidência de parasitismo ao longo do ciclo da cultura. Os ovos foram coletados visualmente em folhas de soja e com a colocação de gaiolas em campo contendo adultos de A. gemmatalis para que realizassem oviposições. A espécie Trichogramma acacioi Brun, Moraes & Soares, 1984 foi registrada pela primeira vez parasitando ovos de A. gemmatalis e T. lasallei Pinto, 1998 teve seu primeiro registro no Brasil através destes levantamentos. Foram também encontradas as espécies T. pretiosum Riley, 1879, T. rojasi Nagaraja & Nagarkatti, 1973 e T. atopovirilia Oatman & Platner, 1983, já registradas anteriormente neste hospedeiro. Ovos parasitados foram coletados durante todo o período de ocorrência de A. gemmatalis, de janeiro a março de cada ano. Os índices de parasitismo foram de 4,8por cento em 2000 e 2002, 23,3por cento em 2001 e 28,9por cento na safra 2003. T. pretiosum e T. acacioi foram responsáveis por mais de 80por cento do parasitismo nos ovos coletados a cada ano, enquanto T. atopovirilia, T. rojasi e T. lasallei, apresentaram menos de 20por cento de incidência. Não houve diferença significativa entre a razão sexual e o número de parasitóides emergidos por ovo hospedeiro entre as espécies de Trichogramma coletadas. A coleta de ovos naturalmente depositados foi menos eficiente em comparação à coleta de ovos depositados por fêmeas no interior das gaiolas, o qual mostrou-se um método satisfatório para a estimativa qualitativa de parasitismo em ovos de A. gemmatalis.

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O ectoparasitóide Euplectrus ronnai (Brèthes) é um dos componentes do complexo de espécies que parasitam a lagarta do trigo Mythimna (Pseudaletia) sequax Franclemont (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae). Não há dados na literatura sobre o potencial de parasitismo, preferência por ínstares do hospedeiro e longevidade desse parasitóide, o que motivou a realização do presente trabalho. O parasitismo ocorreu entre o terceiro e o quinto ínstares do hospedeiro; lagartas de segundo instarinviabilizaram o desenvolvimento do parasitóide, e no primeiro e no sexto ínstares não houve oviposição pelas fêmeas de E. ronnai. O número de ovos depositados pelas fêmeas aumentou com o estádio de desenvolvimento do hospedeiro, variando de 1,5 ovos/lagarta no terceiro instar a 3,6 ovos/lagarta no quinto ínstar. A proporção de lagartas parasitadas entre os diferentes ínstares mostrou que E. ronnai apresenta preferência pelo quarto e quinto ínstares de M. sequax. Não houve diferença no tempo dedesenvolvimento, na razão sexual, no número médio de lagartas parasitadas e na porcentagem de lagartas parasitadas em testes de livre escolha entre lagartas de quarto e de quinto ínstares. Entretanto, o número de parasitóides/hospedeiro foi significativamente maior em lagartas de quinto ínstar. A fecundidade média das fêmeas de E. ronnai foi de 63,7 ovos e cada fêmea parasitou a média de 20,3 lagartas. A oviposição iniciou-se um dia após a emergência e manteve-se até um dia antes da morte das fêmeas. A longevidade de fêmeas em atividade de oviposição (29,7 dias) foi significativamente menor do que a de fêmeas que não receberam hospedeiros (187,5 dias).

The larval ectoparasitoid Euplectrus ronnai (Brèthes) is one of the components of a species complex that attacks the armyworm Mythimna (Pseudaletia) sequax Franclemont (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). No data are available on the fecundity, longevity and host instar preference of E. ronnai,what prompted the conduction of this research. No parasitism occurred on the first and sixth instars of the host, and a positive relationship was found between host instar and the number of parasitoid eggs/ host, which ranged from 1.5 on third- instar hosts to 3.6 on fifth instars. Females of E. ronnai showed a preference for either the fourth or fifth instar of M. sequax. There were no significant differences in the developmental time of the parasitoid, sex ratio, mean number of parasitized hosts and percentage of parasitized caterpillars in free-choice tests using fourth- and fifth-instar M. sequax. However significantly more parasitoids/host were found on fifth than on fourth-instar caterpillars. Mean lifetime fecundity was 63.7 eggs/female and each female parasitized an average of 20.3 caterpillars. Oviposition startedone day after emergence of the females, which remained reproductively active until one day before death. Females of E. ronnai lived significantly longer when deprived of hosts (187.5 days) in comparison to females kept in ovipositional activity throughout their lifetime (29.7 days).

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The larval endoparasitoid Microplitis mediator Haliday is described for the first time in the Neotropical Region, parasitizing the wheat armyworm Mythimna (Pseudaletia) sequax Franclemont. Females successfully parasitized the four first instars of the host, with a significant preference for the second and third, in relation to either the first or fourth instars. No parasitoids emerged from caterpillars parasitized in the fifth and sixth instars. Development of M. mediator was determined at four constant temperatures between 15°C and 30°C. The duration of the egg-larval stages varied from 32.3 days at 15°C to 8.0 days at 30°C. The pupal stage lasted 24.3 and 5.1 days at 15°C and 30°C, respectively. Development of the parasitoid from oviposition to adult emergence required the total of 251.3 degree-days (DD) above the threshold of 10.3ºC. At 20°C, longevity of females was significantly shorter when kept in oviposition activity (16.8 ± 1.81 days) in comparison to females kept without hosts (29.7 ± 1.83 days). Parasitoid females remained reproductively active until one day before death, and parasitized an average of 60.6 ± 8.40 second instar hosts during their adult life, with an average of 3.9 parasitized caterpillars/day.

O endoparasitóide larval Microplitis mediator Haliday é descrito pela primeira vez na Região Neotropical, parasitando a lagarta do trigo Mythimna (Pseudaletia) sequax Franclemont. Fêmeas parasitaram com sucesso hospedeiros do primeiro ao quarto instar, com preferência pelo segundo e terceiro instares. Parasitóides não emergiram de lagartas de quinto e sexto instares ofertadas para o parasitismo. O desenvolvimento de M. mediator foi determinado em quatro temperaturas constantes entre 15ºC e 30ºC. A duração dos estágios de ovo-larva variou entre 32,3 dias e 15ºC e 8,0 dias a 30ºC. A duração do estágio pupal foi entre 24,3 e 5,1 dias, a 15ºC e 30ºC respectivamente. O desenvolvimento do parasitóide da oviposição ao estágio adulto requereu o total de 251,3 graus-dia, acima da temperatura-base de 10,3ºC. A 20ºC, a longevidade das fêmeas mantidas em atividade de oviposição (16,8 ± 1,81 dias) foi significativamente menor em comparação a fêmeas mantidas na ausência de hospedeiros (29,7 ± 1,83 dias). Fêmeas do parasitóide permaneceram ativas reprodutivamente até um dia antes da morte, e parasitaram em média 60,6 ± 8,40 hospedeiros de segundo instar durante a vida, com a média de 3,9 lagartas parasitadas por dia.

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Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner is an egg parasitoid of the corn earworm Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), and has recently been collected from eggs of Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner on soybeans. In order to evaluate the suitability of A. gemmatalis eggs as hosts of T. atopovirilia, field surveys were conducted in 1999 and 2000 on corn and soybeans, and a colony of the parasitoid was established in laboratory. At 25 ºC, development from oviposition to emergence lasted nine days and a sex-ratio of 0.58 (females:males) was obtained. Females lived significantly longer (11.4 days) when kept in ovipositional activity, than in the absence of host eggs (6.6 days). Total fecundity averaged 104.5 parasitized eggs, resulting in the emergence of 138.3 descendents. Mean daily fecundity was highest (30 eggs/female) on the first day. Oviposition continued until one day before the death of the females, however 70 percent of the eggs were laid during the first four days after emergence. A female-biased progeny was produced during the first three days of oviposition, whereas further ovipositions were male-biased. Females lived significantly longer when exposed to host eggs in comparison to females deprived of eggs. The results show that eggs of A. gemmatalis are suitable for the development of T. atopovirilia, and this parasitoid should be considered in future programs of biological control of the velvetbean caterpillar

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O efeito de quatro temperaturas no desenvolvimento do endoparasitóide larval Peleteria robusta (Wiedman), e a preferência do parasitóide por diferentes ínstares de seu hospedeiro, a lagarta do trigo Mythmina (Pseudaletia) sequax Franclemont foram avaliados. Fêmeas de P. robusta depositaram mais de um ovo sobre o corpo da lagarta hospedeira, porém apenas uma larva conseguiu completar o seu desenvolvimento e empupar dentro do corpo da lagarta. O parasitóide completou o seu desenvolvimento apenas em lagartas de quarto a sexto instar de M. sequax, com preferência pelo quarto e quinto ínstares. Lagartas de primeiro ao terceiro ínstar expostas a fêmeas de P. robusta não produziram parasitóides. O parasitóide completou seu desenvolvimento até o estágio adulto em todas as temperaturas e o período de incubação foi inferior a 24h nas quatro temperaturas avaliadas. Aporcentagem de adultos de P. robusta emergidos foi significativamente maior a 20ºC (56,2%) e 25ºC (70,0%) em comparação a 15ºC (29,2%) e 30ºC (9,5%). O tempo de desenvolvimento desde a oviposição até a emergência dos adultos variou de 23,8 dias a 30ºC até 90,3 dias a 15ºC. As constantestérmicas calculadas para os estágios de ovo+larva, pupa e para o período entre a oviposição e a emergência dos adultos foram de 266,9; 235,5 e 457,5 graus-dia, a partir de temperaturas base de6,7ºC, 9,7ºC e 9,3ºC, respectivamente. A 20ºC e 25ºC, o tempo de desenvolvimento foi significativamente menor para os machos em relação às fêmeas. Juntamente com outros parasitóides já descritos, P. robusta é mais um componente de um complexo de espécies que, em conjunto, causamum impacto significativo na redução de populações da lagarta do trigo.

The effect of four temperatures on the development of the larval endoparasitoidPeleteria robusta (Wiedman) as well as its preference for different instars of the host, the armyworm Mythmina (Pseudaletia) sequax Franclemont were evaluated. Females of P. robusta laid more than one egg outside the cuticle of the caterpillars, however only one parasitoid developed and pupated within the host. Females of P. robusta successfully parasitized the fourth- to sixth-instars of M. sequax, with preference for the fourth and fifth instars of the host. No parasitoids emerged from caterpillars exposed to P. robusta females between the first and third instars. The development of P. robusta to the adult stage was completed in the range between 15ºC and 30ºC, and the incubation period lasted less than 24h in all temperatures evaluated. Successful parasitism, asindicated by percentage of adult emergence, was significantly higher at 20ºC (56.2%) and 25ºC (70.0%), as compared to 15ºC (29.5%) or 30ºC (9.5%). Developmental time from oviposition to adult emergence ranged from 23.8 days at 30ºC to 90.3 days at 15ºC. At 20ºC and 25ºC, developmental time was significantly shorter for males as compared to females. The thermal constant for the egg + larval stages was 266.9 degree-days (DD) above a lower threshold of 6.7ºC; the pupal stage required 235.5 DD above 9.7ºC; and the development from oviposition to adultemergence was completed in 457.5 DD above a lower limit of 9.3ºC. Together with other parasitoids already described, P. robusta is another member of a complex of species that may have considerable importance in the natural control of the wheat armyworm.

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Female longevity and fecundity of Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston) and Telenomus podisi Ashmead were evaluated at 25ºC after storage periods ranging from one to 140 days at 15ºC, in intervals of 10 days. The oviposition capacity of both parasitoids was also evaluated at 15ºC, following preovipositional periods ranging from one to 60 days, also at 10-day intervals. Females of both species survived for more than five months when stored at 15ºC, however fecundity was significantly reduced by the exposure to the low temperature. Despite the reduction in fecundity, both species were able to parasitize host eggs at 25ºC after spending 140 days at 15ºC. Although parasitism was observed at15ºC, only 3.1% and 0.2% of the exposed eggs were parasitized by T. basalis and T. podisi, respectively. The proportion of males was significantly increased in the progeny of T. basalis females, maintained at 15ºC, for any of the storage periods investigated. Similar results were obtained for T. podisi stored at 15ºC up to 50 days; however the females of this species, maintained at the lower temperature for longerperiods, either laid no eggs or produced progenies with sex-ratio similar to the control insects, kept at 25ºC. The presence of females in the offspring of both parasitoid species indicate that mating occurred at the lower temperature. The increased longevity and reduced fecundity of T. basalis and T. podisi obtained when the adults were stored at 15ºC, show that both species hibernate, and this arrestment can be useful as a tool for mass production and storage of T. basalis and T. podisi during autumn and winter.

A longevidade e a fecundidade de fêmeas de Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston) e Telenomus podisi Ashmead foram avaliadas a 25ºC após permanecerem a 15ºC por períodos variando de um a 140 dias, a intervalos de 10 dias. A capacidade de oviposição dos dois parasitóides também foi avaliada a 15ºC, após períodos de pré-oviposição entre um e 60 dias, igualmente em intervalos de 10 dias. Fêmeas das duas espécies sobreviveram por mais de cinco meses a 15ºC, porém sua fecundidade foi significativamente reduzida. Entretanto, ambas as espécies foram capazes de parasitar ovos dosrespectivos hospedeiros a 25ºC após permanecerem por 140 dias a 15ºC. Apesar de ter ocorrido parasitismo a 15ºC, apenas 3,1% e 0,2% dos ovos ofertados foram parasitados por T. basalis e T. podisi, respectivamente. A proporção de machos aumentou significativamente na progênie produzidapor fêmeas de T. basalis mantidas a 15ºC, em qualquer dos períodos de estocagem avaliados. Resultados semelhantes foram obtidos para T. podisi mantidos a 15ºC por até 50 dias; períodos de estocagem mais longos resultaram ou na ausência de parasitismo, ou em razões sexuais semelhantes à da testemunha, mantida a 25ºC. Todavia, a presença de fêmeas na descendência dos parasitóides mantidos a 15ºC indica a ocorrência de cópula na baixa temperatura. A elevada longevidade e a reduzida fecundidadeobtidas com a estocagem dos adultos a 15ºC demonstram que T. basalis e T. podisi permanecem em estado de hibernação em baixas temperaturas, condição que pode ser útil em programas de produção e estocagem de parasitóides durante a entressafra.

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It is not known how the egg parasitoids Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston) and Telenomus podisi Ashmead survive during winter in Southern Brazil, at mean temperatures between 12ºC and15ºC. Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate development and adult emergence when these parasitoids were stored at 15ºC for different periods in the egg, larval (first instar) or pupal stages. Dissections of parasitized eggs showed that both species were able to reach pupal stage after being stored as eggs or first instar larvae. However adults failed to emerge at 15ºC, except when transferred to the low temperature in the pupal stage. In this condition, adults of T. basalis took 25 days to emerge and T. podisi only emerged after 45 days, in rates higher than 80% for both species. Survival of T. podisi to the pupal stage was 60% and 85% when stored in the egg and larval stages, respectively, compared to 100% recorded for T. basalis stored either in the egg or in the larval stage.Returning the parasitoids to 25ºC after different storage periods at 15ºC allowed adult emergence in levels higher than 80% after 20 and 15 days after storage in the egg and larval stage, respectively. Longer storage periods however progressively reduced adult emergence in both species, and after 40days at 15ºC for T. basalis and 50 days for T. podisi, no adults emerged after returning to 25ºC. The sex ratio was not significantly affected by storage at 15ºC for 30 days. However only females of T.podisi were able to emerge after remaining at 15ºC beyond 30 days in the egg stage or 35 days in the larval and pupal stages. The results show that T. basalis and T. podisi cannot complete their development at prevailing winter temperatures in Southern Brazil.

Até o presente, não se conhece como os parasitóides de ovos Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston) e Telenomus podisi Ashmead sobrevivem durante o inverno no sul do Brasil, em temperaturas entre12º e 15ºC. Experimentos de laboratório foram realizados para verificar o desenvolvimento dos estágiosimaturos e a emergência de adultos, quando os parasitóides foram transferidos para 15ºC nos estágiosde ovo, larva (primeiro ínstar) e pupa. Dissecações de ovos parasitados mostraram que ambas as espécies desenvolveram-se até o estágio de pupa quando transferidos a 15ºC nos estágio de ovo ou de larva. Entretanto não houve emergência de adultos a 15ºC, exceto quando os parasitóides foram transferidos para a baixa temperatura no estágio de pupa. Nesta condição, adultos de T. basalis emergiram após 25dias e de T. podisi após 45 dias, em percentagens superiores a 80% para ambas as espécies. Os índices de sobrevivência de T. podisi até o estágio de pupa foram de 60% e 85% quando transferidos para 15ºC no estágio de ovo e larva de primeiro ínstar, respectivamente, enquanto que 100% dos imaturos de T. basalis conseguiram empupar a 15ºC, quando transferidos a 15ºC nos estágios de ovo e larva de primeiro ínstar. O retorno dos parasitóides a 25ºC, após diferentes períodos de permanência a 15ºC, resultou na emergência de mais de 80% dos parasitóides estocados por até 20 e 15 dias nos estágios de ovo e larva,respectivamente. Períodos de estocagem mais longos reduziram progressivamente a percentagem deemergência, até que, após 40 dias para T. basalis e 50 dias para T. podisi não se registraram adultos emergidos. A razão sexual não foi significativamente afetada pela estocagem das duas espécies por períodos de até 30 dias, em qualquer dos estágios avaliados; no entanto, somente fêmeas de T. podisi emergiram de ovos que permaneceram por mais de 30 dias estocados a partir do estágio de ovo ou 35 dias a partir dos estágios de larva e pupa...