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Cereal-legume intercrops are developed mainly in low input or organic farming systems because of the overyielding and numerous ecosystem services they provide. For this management, little advice is available for varietal choice and there are almost no specific breeding programs. Our study aimed to evaluate the mixing ability of a panel of bread wheat genotypes in intercropping and to assess the impact of environment and legume tester choice on this ability. We used partial land equivalent ratios (LERs) to assess the mixing ability of a genotype defined as the combination of its ability to maintain its own yield in intercropping (producer effect, LERw) and to let the mixed species produce (associate effect, LERl). Eight wheat genotypes and 5 legume testers (3 pea and 2 faba bean varieties) were grown in sole crop and in all possible binary intercrops in nine contrasting environments. A mixed model was used to evaluate the effects of wheat genotypes, legume testers, environments, and all the interactions among these 3 factors on LERw and LERl. The chosen wheat genotypes presented contrasting mixing ability, either in terms of producer effect (LERw) or associate effect (LERl). A strong negative correlation was observed between these two components of genotype mixing ability, with an increase in producer effect being generally associated with similar decrease in associate effect, except for three genotypes. The impact of environment on the producer and associate effects was limited and similar between genotypes. Legume tester had a significant effect on both LERw and LERl, making the choice of tester a major issue to reveal the producer or associate effects of wheat genotype. Although the 5 testers showed no significant differences in wheat genotype order for both producer or associate effects, they showed different competitiveness and ability to discriminate genotypes: faba bean was very competitive, resulting in low LERt and low capacity to discriminate wheat genotypes for their mixing ability. On the contrary, pea was less competitive, resulting in higher LERt and better capacity to discriminate wheat genotypes. In particular, the Hr varieties (Geronimo and Spencer) discriminated best the wheat genotypes. Consequences on the implementation of breeding programs for wheat varieties adapted to intercropping are discussed.

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OBJECTIVES: To update the epidemiologic data of pregnant women with type 2 diabetes and to assess obstetrical outcomes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The pregnant women with type 2 diabetes who delivered between 2002 and 2010 were systematically involved in an observational study. Maternal and fetal outcomes were reviewed, as well as the potential impact of preconceptional management. The presented data were compared with those from the 2010 French perinatal study. RESULTS: A rise in the incidence of type 2 diabetes was observed during the study period (from 0.19% to 0.35% between 2002 and 2010). Women with diabetes (n=97) were older and had a higher BMI than the general population (>35years: 49% vs 19%, P<0.00001, BMI>25: 86% vs 27.2, P<0.00001). The delivery mode was, for half of these women with diabetes, a C-section. Pregnancy was scheduled in only 4% of cases. Compared to the general population, prematurity rate was multiplied by 6 (28.7% vs 4.7%, P<0.0001) and the malformation rate by 3.2 (7.22% vs 2.2%, P<0.00001). CONCLUSION: Obstetrical complications were more frequent than in the general population. Preconception care was almost inexistent, despite its potential benefits for the mother and child.

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INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to assess diabetic retinopathy progression during pregnancy and to determine the predictive factors of this progression. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Monocentric retrospective study including 77 consecutive diabetic women submitted to a multidisciplinary medical follow-up during pregnancy with at least one ophthalmologic examination per trimester with ocular fundus photographs. RESULTS: Diabetic retinopathy was evidenced in 21 (27.3%) of the patients during the first trimester (no proliferative form), in 22 women (28.6%) during the second (two proliferative forms), and 24 (31.2%) during the third (two proliferative forms). Progression of at least 1 grade was evidenced in four patients from the first to the second trimester, in three from the second to the third, and finally in seven patients during the overall follow-up period. Two patients showed progression to a proliferative form from the first to the second quarter. We failed to identify any predictive factor of diabetic retinopathy progression except when combining prior systemic hypertension and pregnancy-induced hypertension (p<0.03). CONCLUSION: The results of our study confirm that diabetic retinopathy progression is uncommon during pregnancy, especially if diabetic retinopathy is absent or mild at the beginning. Optimal blood sugar levels and blood pressure check-ups play a major role in preventing diabetic retinopathy progression. Collaborative medical follow-up can minimize ophthalmologic impairment during pregnancy.

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Diabetic pregnancy is a precarious situation, both for mother and fetus, because it increases the risk of prematurity and respiratory distress. We report 3 cases of severe acute complications following antenatal betamethasone treatment in mothers presenting with severe diabetes. Corticosteroids are strongly recommended to prevent prematurity complications in newborns. We highlight the high risk profile of theses pregnancies, the effect of this treatment on the mother and the child, and question the real benefit of corticotherapy for these fragile newborns. The metabolic and blood pressure balance is dangerously disturbed in such pregnancies by this treatment. This brings the question of how justified are corticosteroids in such cases?

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