RESUMEN
CONTEXT: Few studies of inter- or intraobserver reliability have focused on evaluations of cranial strain patterns. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether substantial intraobserver reliability can be achieved by osteopathic physicians (DOs) using common palpatory tests to diagnose cranial dysfunction. METHODS: Forty-eight subjects were divided into three diagnostic groups, categorized as those with asthma, headaches, or neither asthma nor headaches (ie, healthy control group). Two blinded DO examiners separately evaluated approximately 8 subjects from each group (4 subjects per session), conducting diagnostic tests for cranial rhythmic impulse (CRI) rate, cranial strain patterns, and quadrants of restriction. RESULTS: Overall, among the three diagnostic procedures, cranial strain patterns showed the highest intraobserver reliability (kappa=0.67). The highest intraobserver reliability was achieved in cranial strain patterns for the control group (kappa=0.82), followed by the headache (kappa=0.67) and asthma (kappa=0.52) groups. Diagnoses of the left anterior quadrant of restriction also showed substantial intraobserver reliability for the headache and control groups (kappa=0.60 and 0.61, respectively). Diagnoses of three quadrants of restriction showed moderate overall intraobserver reliability (kappa=0.44-0.52), while the left posterior quadrant had only fair overall intraobserver reliability (kappa=0.33). CONCLUSION: Osteopathic physicians can obtain substantial intraobserver reliability when diagnosing cranial strain patterns in healthy subjects as well as those with asthma or headache. However, results are less promising for diagnoses of CRI and quadrants of restriction.
Asunto(s)
Asma/fisiopatología , Cefalea/fisiopatología , Palpación , Cráneo/fisiopatología , Adulto , Anciano , Fenómenos Biomecánicos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Manipulación Ortopédica , Persona de Mediana Edad , Variaciones Dependientes del Observador , Proyectos Piloto , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO24S) cells were the source for Rubella virus-like particles (RVLP) containing all structural proteins (E1, E2, C and their dimers). RVLP are secreted from the CHO24S cells into the medium and the time-point for collecting the medium with the highest yield of >100 kDa proteins (with 17 mg protein from 10 ml cell culture supernatant) was after 2 days of incubation. Different methods for RVLP isolation from the cell culture supernatants were assessed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting (using sera positive or negative for Rubella virus (RV)-specific antibodies or an anti-E1 monoclonal antibody). A combination of membrane filtration with a rapid, novel gradient ultracentrifugation step (using Coomassie brilliant blue G crystals as adsorbens for RVLP that facilitated virus isolation) was the most suitable technique. 132 RV-positive human sera (RV IgG > 20 IU/ml by commercial ELISA) were tested by our "self made" immunoblot test stripes (using RVLP adsorbed to dye crystals as antigen) for the presence or absence of antibodies specific for RV structural proteins. 57.6% of these sera had antibodies against E1, E2 and C, 31% against E1 and C, and 1.5% against E1 only, whereas 3.8% had no RV specific antibodies and only 6.0% were equivocal which demonstrated that these "self made" test stripes can reliably differentiate RV antibody specificities.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos Virales , Immunoblotting/métodos , Virus de la Rubéola/inmunología , Animales , Anticuerpos Antivirales/análisis , Especificidad de Anticuerpos , Antígenos Virales/genética , Células CHO , Colorantes , Cricetinae , Cristalización , Humanos , Sustancias Macromoleculares , Rubéola (Sarampión Alemán)/diagnóstico , Rubéola (Sarampión Alemán)/inmunología , Virus de la Rubéola/genética , Virus de la Rubéola/aislamiento & purificación , Transfección , Virión/inmunología , Virión/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Local anaesthetic drugs were instilled into the pericardial sac of conscious rabbits through a chronically implanted catheter. Twenty mg of procaine HCl always caused complete blockade of cardiac vagal and sympathetic efferent nerves, tested by eliciting the baroreceptor-heart rate reflex, and abolished the reflex depression of renal sympathetic nerve activity elicited by impeding left ventricular outflow. It also slowed heart rate by a direct effect on the sinoatrial pacemaker. When the same dose of procaine was given intravenously there were only transient changes in blood pressure, heart rate and the baroreceptor-heart rate reflex. Lignocaine HCl and bupivacaine HCl were relatively less effective in blocking cardiac sympathetic efferent nerves. Intrapericardial procaine can be used in conscious animals to elucidate the part played by the cardiac receptor reflexes in control of the circulation.