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The incidence and outcomes of acute kidney injury (AKI) in kidney transplantation are poorly known. Retrospective cohort analysis was performed on the data of all patients (≥3 months after transplantation and ≥16 years of age) admitted to the hospital due to medical or surgical complications from 2007 to 2010. We analyzed 458 kidney transplant recipients, 55.2% men, median age 49 (IQR, 36-58) years, median of 12.5 (IQR, 3-35) months after kidney transplantation; admitted to the hospital due to medical or surgical complications. Most of the patients received a kidney from a deceased donor (62.2%), the primary cause for hospital admission was infection (60.7%) and 57 (12.4%) individuals were diagnosed with acute rejection (AR). The incidence of AKI was 82.3%: 31.9% stage 1, 29.3% stage 2 and 21.2% stage 3. Intensive care unit (ICU) admission (OR 8.90, 95% CI: 1.77-44.56 p = 0.008), infection (OR 5.73, 95% CI: 2.61-12.56, p<0.001) and the use of contrast media (OR 9.34, 95% CI: 2.04-42.70, p = 0.004) were the independent risk factors for AKI development. The mortality rate was 2.1% and all patients who died were diagnosed with AKI. Even after the exclusion of AR cases, at the end of 12 months, the individuals with AKI exhibited higher percent changes in creatinine values when compared with individuals without AKI (9.1% vs. -4.3%; p<0.001). According to KDIGO system, we found a high incidence of AKI among the complications of renal transplantation. As in other scenarios, AKI was associated with renal function loss at 1-year after the hospital discharge.

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Given the shortage of organs transplantation, some strategies have been adopted by the transplant community to increase the supply of organs. One strategy is the use of expanded criteria for donors, that is, donors aged >60 years or 50 and 59 years, and meeting two or more of the following criteria: history of hypertension, terminal serum creatinine >1.5mg/dL, and stroke as the donor´s cause of death. In this review, emphasis was placed on the use of donors with acute renal failure, a condition considered by many as a contraindication for organ acceptance and therefore one of the main causes for kidney discard. Since these are well-selected donors and with no chronic diseases, such as hypertension, renal disease, or diabetes, many studies showed that the use of donors with acute renal failure should be encouraged, because, in general, acute renal dysfunction is reversible. Although most studies demonstrated these grafts have more delayed function, the results of graft and patient survival after transplant are very similar to those with the use of standard donors. Clinical and morphological findings of donors, the use of machine perfusion, and analysis of its parameters, especially intrarenal resistance, are important tools to support decision-making when considering the supply of organs with renal dysfunction.

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ABSTRACT Given the shortage of organs transplantation, some strategies have been adopted by the transplant community to increase the supply of organs. One strategy is the use of expanded criteria for donors, that is, donors aged >60 years or 50 and 59 years, and meeting two or more of the following criteria: history of hypertension, terminal serum creatinine >1.5mg/dL, and stroke as the donor´s cause of death. In this review, emphasis was placed on the use of donors with acute renal failure, a condition considered by many as a contraindication for organ acceptance and therefore one of the main causes for kidney discard. Since these are well-selected donors and with no chronic diseases, such as hypertension, renal disease, or diabetes, many studies showed that the use of donors with acute renal failure should be encouraged, because, in general, acute renal dysfunction is reversible. Although most studies demonstrated these grafts have more delayed function, the results of graft and patient survival after transplant are very similar to those with the use of standard donors. Clinical and morphological findings of donors, the use of machine perfusion, and analysis of its parameters, especially intrarenal resistance, are important tools to support decision-making when considering the supply of organs with renal dysfunction.

RESUMO Diante da escassez de órgãos para transplante, algumas estratégias têm sido adotadas pela comunidade transplantadora, no sentido de ampliar a oferta de órgãos. Uma delas é a utilização de rins de doadores com critérios expandidos, ou seja, doadores com idade >60 anos ou entre 50 e 59 anos, e que atendem a dois ou mais dos seguintes critérios: história de hipertensão, creatinina sérica terminal >1,5mg/dL e acidente vascular cerebral como causa de morte do doador. Nesta revisão, foi dada ênfase à utilização de doadores com disfunção renal aguda, condição considerada por muitos uma contraindicação para a aceitação de órgãos e, portanto, uma das principais causas de descarte de órgãos. Desde que sejam doadores bem selecionados e que não tenham doença renal crônica, como hipertensão ou diabetes, muitos trabalhos mostraram que o uso de doadores com disfunção renal aguda deve ser encorajado, pois, em geral, a disfunção renal aguda é de caráter reversível. Embora, a maioria dos estudos tenha demonstrado que há uma maior taxa de função retardada do enxerto com a utilização desses órgãos, os resultados de sobrevida do enxerto e do paciente após o transplante são muito semelhantes aos resultados obtidos da utilização de doadores padrão. Os achados clínicos e morfológicos do doador, a utilização da máquina de perfusão e a análise de seus parâmetros, principalmente a resistência intrarrenal, são importantes ferramentas de apoio para tomada de decisão no momento da oferta de órgãos com disfunção renal.

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Sepsis is the main cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) among individuals hospitalized in intensive care units. Acute kidney injury is an independent risk factor for mortality, and its occurrence increases the complexity and cost of treatment. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms of AKI remain unclear. Hemodynamic, vascular, tubular, cellular, inflammatory, and oxidative processes are involved. Individuals with AKI generally have various comorbidities and are elderly and hypercatabolic and on vasopressors and mechanical ventilation. Dialysis is the main treatment for AKI. Although there is no clear benefit of any specific dialysis modality, these patients are initially instructed to use continuous dialysis methods, especially for the most severe cases with multiple organ system dysfunctions and for those who display signs of hemodynamic instability. Recent studies demonstrate that patients should receive a dialysis dose of at least 25 mL · kg · h.

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