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OBJECTIVE: An observational retrospective multicentre study of kidney transplants in paediatric patients was performed to evaluate the current situation of cytomegalovirus (CMV) in this population, before our participation in an international clinical trial of prophylaxis for 6 months. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Our study included 239 patients aged <19 years, from 5 Spanish centres between 2005-2009, with 1 year of follow-up. RESULTS: Pretransplant CMV serology was negative in 54% of recipients and 34.7% of donors. Sixty patients (25.1%) were considered at high risk (D+/R-) for CMV infection. Prophylaxis was used in 80.8% of recipients, including all high-risk patients, for an average time of 65.5 days. CMV viraemia occurred in 24.26% (58 cases among 239 patients), and disease in 6.7%. CMV infection was associated with serological status (D/R) (P<.001), positive serology of the donor (P<.001) and duration of prophylaxis <20 days (P<.05). There were no cases of patient or graft loss secondary to infection, nor resistance to treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The main preventative strategy against CMV in paediatric renal transplantation in our country is chemical prophylaxis (81%), with an incidence of infection and disease of 24% and 6.7%, respectively. There were no serious direct or indirect effects in the first year post-transplant. The incidence is mainly linked with serological D/R and positive donor status.

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Objetivo: Estudio retrospectivo observacional multicéntrico de los pacientes trasplantados renales pediátricos, para conocer la situación actual frente al citomegalovirus (CMV), antes de participar en un ensayo clínico internacional de profilaxis durante 6 meses. Material y métodos: Se incluyen 239 pacientes menores de 19 años, procedentes de 5 centros entre 2005-2009, con seguimiento de 1 año. Resultados: La serología frente al CMV era negativa en 54 % de los receptores y 34,7 % de los donantes. Sesenta pacientes (25,1 %) fueron considerados de alto riesgo [Donante (D)+/Receptor (R)-] para infección por CMV. El 80,8 % realizó algún tipo de profilaxis, incluyendo todos los pacientes de alto riesgo, un tiempo medio de 65,5 días. La incidencia de positivización de CMV fue del 24,26 % (58 pacientes de los 239 trasplantados), con una incidencia de enfermedad del 6,7 %. La infección por CMV se asociaba con el estatus serológico (D/R) (p < 0,001), con la seropositividad del donante (p < 0,001) y con un tiempo de profilaxis < 20 días (p < 0,05). No hubo ningún caso de éxitus o pérdida del injerto secundaria a la infección, ni de resistencia al tratamiento. Conclusiones: La principal estrategia preventiva frente al CMV en el trasplante renal pediátrico en nuestro país es la quimioprofilaxis (81 %), con una incidencia de CMV del 24 % y de enfermedad del 6,7%, sin graves efectos directos ni indirectos en el primer año postrasplante. Su incidencia está relacionada, fundamentalmente, con el estatus serológico D/R y con la seropositividad del donante (AU)

Objective: An observational retrospective multicentre study of kidney transplants in paediatric patients was performed to evaluate the current situation of cytomegalovirus (CMV) in this population, before our participation in an international clinical trial of prophylaxis for 6 months. Material and method: Our study included 239 patients aged <19 years, from 5 Spanish centres between 2005-2009, with 1 year of follow-up. Results: Pretransplant CMV serology was negative in 54% of recipients and 34.7% of donors. Sixty patients (25.1%) were considered at high risk (D+/R-) for CMV infection. Prophylaxis was used in 80.8% of recipients, including all high-risk patients, for an average time of 65.5 days. CMV viraemia occurred in 24.26% (58 cases among 239 patients), and disease in 6.7%. CMV infection was associated with serological status (D/R) (P<.001), positive serology of the donor (P<.001) and duration of prophylaxis <20 days (P<.05). There were no cases of patient or graft loss secondary to infection, nor resistance to treatment. Conclusions: The main preventative strategy against CMV in paediatric renal transplantation in our country is chemical prophylaxis (81%), with an incidence of infection and disease of 24% and 6.7%, respectively. There were no serious direct or indirect effects in the first year post-transplant. The incidence is mainly linked with serological D/R and positive donor status (AU)

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Objetivo: Analizamos la frecuencia de reflujo vesicoureteral tras trasplante renal (TR) en edad pediátrica y los factores que lo favorecen. Métodos: Entre 1978 y 2006 se realizaron en nuestro centro 201 TR pediátricos. En un análisis retrospectivo se revisó la prevalencia de RVU postrasplante. En aquellos que precisaron cirugía correctora de RVU postrasplante se analizó: diuresis residual pretrasplante, patología previa al TR o adquirida tras éste relacionada con RVU. Además se analizó forma de presentación, si el reflujo era al injerto o a los riñones nativos, grado de éste y técnica quirúrgica empleada para corregirlo. Resultados: Doce pacientes (5,9%) precisaron cirugía antireflujo. En 10 el reflujo fue al injerto y en 2 al riñón nativo. El reflujo se presentó como infección del tracto urinario (ITU) en 11 casos y deterioro progresivo de la función del injerto en 1. En 10 pacientes se detectó patología uretrovesical favorecedora de reflujo vesicoureteral (vejigas no compliantes, hiperactividad del detrusor (HDD), válvulas de uretra posterior (VUP), estenosis de uretra, etc..). Tras ampliación del túnel submucoso desaparecieron las ITU en los 12 casos, mientras que la C.U.M.S a los 6 meses mostró resolución en 10 casos y disminución del grado de reflujo en 2. Conclusión: El mayor porcentaje de reflujo vesico-ureteral postrasplante en la edad pediátrica, se relaciona con la mayor frecuencia de patología uretrovesical en los niños receptores del trasplante. La realización de un túnel submucoso más amplio durante el implante, en aquellos niños con patología uretrovesical pretrasplante, podría reducir el porcentaje de esta complicación (AU)

Objectives: We analyze the frequency of vesicoureteral reflux and the factors that favor its appearance after kidney transplantation in pediatric patients. Methods: This retrospective analysis examined the prevalence of posttransplant vesicoureteral reflux in a total of 201 kidney transplants performed in children at our centre between 1978 and 2006. In patients who required corrective surgery for this problem, we analyzed pretransplant residual diuresis, pretransplant pathology and posttransplant problems related to vesicoureteral reflux. We also analyzed the form of presentation, whether reflux was to the graft or to the native kidney, degree of reflux, and surgical technique used to correct reflux. Results: Twelve patients (5.9%) needed surgery to correct reflux to the graft (10 children) or to the native kidney (2 children). Reflux presented as urinary tract infection in 11 children and progressive graft failure in 1. Urethrovesical disorders that favoured vesicoureteral reflux were present in 10 patients (noncompliant bladder, detrusor overactivity, posterior urethral valves, urethral stenosis). Lengthening the submucosal tunnel stopped urinary tract infections in all 12 patients, whereas 6-month voiding cystourethrograms showed resolution in 10 patients and reduction in the degree of reflux in 2. Conclusion: The high percentage of posttransplant vesicoureteral reflux in pediatric patients was related with higher frequency of vesicourethral pathology in children who received the transplant. In children with pretransplant urethrovesical anomalies we recommend an initial technique which utilizes a longer submucosal tunnel during implantation, such as the Lich-Gregoir (AU)

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