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Vitis vinifera is cultivated worldwide for its high nutritional and commercial value. More than 60 grape cultivars are cultivated in Chile. Two of these, the país and the corinto cultivars, are the oldest known and widely used for the preparation of traditional homemade drinks and consumption as table grapes. These two grape cultivars are affected by Colomerus vitis, an eriophyid mite which establishes on their leaves and forms erinea, where the mite and its offspring obtain shelter and food. Although C. vitis has a cosmopolitan distribution, few studies of its impact on the structure and physiology of affected plants have been reported. Herein we aimed to evaluate the impact of C. vitis infection on the structural and physiological leaf performance of the two grape cultivars. The results showed tissue hyperplasia and cell hypertrophy in the epidermis, with an overproduction of trichomes and emergences in the abaxial epidermis in both cultivars. The anatomical changes were similar between the país and corinto cultivars, but they were proportionally greater in the país, where the area affected by the erinea were greater. No significant changes were detected in the photosynthetic pigment content; however, there was an increase in the total soluble sugars content in the erineum leaves of the país cultivar. Higher contents of anthocyanins and total phenols, as well as the presence of the pinocembrin in the corinto cultivar, which was less affected by C. vitis, could also indicate some resistance to mites' attack, which should be investigated in future studies.

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Red galls have high levels of anthocyanins which perform different physiological functions, such as antioxidants and protection against UVB radiation. High levels of anthocyanins and other polyphenols have been associated with low photosynthetic pigment content. In environments with high levels of UVB radiation, it would thus be expected that red galls would have high anthocyanin and polyphenol levels and low photosynthetic pigment contents, enabling the gall with high antioxidant capacity compared to its host organ. The red galls induced by Eriophyes tiliae, and their host environment of Tilia platyphyllos leaves in the Mediterranean climate of Chile, were investigated in relation to their anatomy, histochemistry, pigment, sugar, protein, and polyphenol contents, and antioxidant capacity. The anthocyanin, sugars, and polyphenol contents and the antioxidant capacity were increased in galls. Photosynthetic pigment and protein contents were higher in non-galled leaves. The high levels of anthocyanin and total polyphenols increase the galls' antioxidant capacity in the high UV radiation environment of a Mediterranean climate. The establishment of E. tiliae induced redifferentiation of nutritive tissue, rich in sugars, proteins, and lipids, and an inner epidermis with trichomes and long emergences. E. tiliae galls' structural and metabolic features are probably enhanced towards mite nutrition and protection. The current results shed light on the role of anthocyanin in the antioxidant protection of plant galls in environments with high UV irradiance.

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Los pacientes con trastornos temporomandibulares (TTM) presentan trastornos psicológicos y psiquiátricos frecuentemente. Estos pacientes frecuentemente muestran somatización, depresión, ansiedad, reacción al estrés y catastrofismo, lo que juega un rol en la predisposición, iniciación y perpetuación de los TTM y en la respuesta al tratamiento. Esta revisión presenta opciones terapéuticas que comprometen al eje psicológico de los pacientes con TTM, las cuales buscan principalmente reducir la ansiedad y la tensión emocional presentes, modificar las distintas percepciones del dolor y cómo afrontarlo. Existen diversas posibilidades, dentro de las cuales se encuentran: educación del paciente, identificación de las situaciones que incrementan esa tensión para evitarlas, enseñanza de técnicas de relajación como biofeedback, hipnosis y yoga. En cuanto al tratamiento psicológico, la que presenta mejor resultado para los TTM, es la terapia cognitiva conductual (TCC). La intervención psicológica adecuada y eficaz puede reducir el dolor de los TTM, disminuyendo la probabilidad de que el cuadro se haga más complejo. Dentro de las alternativas de tratamiento psicológico para los TTM, un tratamiento estándar conservador (educación, instrucción de autocuidado, evitación de movimientos dolorosos, dieta blanda), incluso el más breve, puede ser suficiente a corto plazo para la mayoría de los pacientes que presentan TTM, sobretodo en los casos de cuadros agudos. La adición de una TCC, por parte de un especialista, entrega habilidades de afrontamiento que se sumarán a la eficacia, especialmente en los casos crónicos, obteniendo mejores resultados a largo plazo.

Patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) frecuently present psychological and psychiatric problems. These patients often show increased somatization, depression, anxiety, stress reaction and catastrophism, wich plays a role in the predisposition, initiation and perpetuation of TMD and treatment response. This review presents thaerapeutic options that compromise the psychological axis of patients with TMD, wich primarily seek to reduce the anxiety and the emotional stress present, modify different perceptions of pain and coping. There are different posibilities, within wich are: patient education, identifying situations that increase the tension to avoid them, teaching relaxation techniques such as biofeedback, hipnosis and yoga. As for psychological treatment, the most common for chronic orofacial pain is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). The appropriate and effective psychological intervention can reduce TMD pain, decreasing the probability that the symptoms become more complex. Within psychological treatment options for TMD, conservative standard treatment (education, self-instruction, avoidance of painful movements, soft diet), even the shortest, may be sufficient in the short term for most patients with TMD, especially in cases of acute conditions. The addition of CBT, by a specialist, gives coping skills that will add to the effectiveness, especially in chronic cases, obtaining better results in the long term.

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