RESUMEN
ABSTRACT We aim to validate a European-Portuguese version of the Hypertension Knowledge Test (HKT) questionnaire and examine its factorial structure with a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). A process of translation and back-translation was performed. A cross-sectional study was developed in which all adult patients taking at least one antihypertensive drug were invited to participate. Data on personal and family history were collected, and the HKT, Strelec, and the Batalla questionnaires were administered. We enrolled 304 patients with a mean age of 68.12±10.83 years. The mean score of HKT was 15.33±2.79. CFA indicated that the construct being tested was unidimensional, and Cronbach's alpha (α=0.65) showed that the instrument had an acceptable internal consistency. When evaluating concurrent validity, HKT was significantly correlated with the Batalla and Strelec scores. Thus, the Portuguese version of HKT (HKT-pt-PT) can be used either in research or in clinical practice. With this version, a potential standard exists to evaluate knowledge about hypertension, which could avoid the practice of using non-validated questionnaires in Portugal and allow the cross-sectional and longitudinal comparability of studies.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Anciano , Portugal , Gestión del Conocimiento para la Investigación en Salud , Psicometría , Traducción , Encuestas y Cuestionarios/normas , Hipertensión/prevención & controlRESUMEN
Background: According to the World Health Organisation, tobacco use is one of the most widespread public health threats in the world, making it particularly urgent to promote smoking cessation. The effectiveness of pharmacist interventions in smoking cessation has been documented in the international literature, but not sufficiently in Portugal. Objective: To report the preliminary results of study to assess the effectiveness of a smoking cessation programme delivered in Portuguese community pharmacies using an outsorcing-based regimen. Methods: Within the scope of a pharmaceutical care programme implemented in seven community pharmacies by an outsourced pharmacist, a specific consultation for smoking cessation was developed, in accordance with Portugal's General Directorate of Health's recommendations and instruments. The smokers were identified and invited to join the programme by the pharmacy staff during their daily activities. Patients that accepted signed an informed consent. Through several face-to-face and phone consultations and based on a comprehensive patient approach, personalised plans to quit tobacco were defined with the patients' agreement. The effectiveness of the service was assessed through the evaluation of quit rates at 1, 6 and 12 months. The continuous variables were expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean. Results: During approximately 5 years (between January 2009 and July 2014), 69 smokers joined the programme. Of these, 17 desisted during the first consultation. Of the remaining 52 patients, the mean age was 47.4 ± 2.11 years old and 55.8% were male. A total of 264 pharmaceutical consultations were delivered and, on average, each patient received 7.7 ± 0.81 interventions. Most interventions (60.1%) were pharmacological (e.g. nicotine replacement products), while non-pharmacological measures (e.g. motivational interviewing) represented 39.9%. Five patients were referred to a physician. At 1 month after the quit date, 37 patients were abstinent (53.6%); 6 months later the number reduced to 24 (34.8%) and, 1 year later, 16 patients remained abstinent (23.2%). Conclusions: The implementation of a smoking cessation programme in community pharmacies using an external pharmacist may contribute effectively to tobacco cessation in Portugal.
Antecedentes: Según la Organización Mundial de la Salud, el tabaco es una de las mayores amenazas del mundo, siendo urgente promover el abandono tabáquico. La efectividad de las intervenciones farmacéuticas en cesación tabáquica ha sido documentada en la literatura, pero no en Portugal. Objetivo: Comunicar los resultados preliminares de un estudio para evaluar la efectividad de un programa de cesación tabáquica desarrollado en farmacias comunitarias portuguesas usando un régimen de out-sourcing. Métodos: En el ámbito de un programa de atención farmacéutica implantado en siete farmacias por un farmacéutico externalizado, se desarrolló una consulta de cesación tabáquica siguiendo las recomendaciones e instrumentos de la Dirección General de Salud de Portugal. Se identificó a los fumadores y el personal de la farmacia durante sus actividades rutinarias les invitó a unirse al programa. Los que aceptaban firmaban un consentimiento informado. Mediante consultas presenciales y telefónicas y a través de un abordaje global del paciente, se definieron en acuerdo con el paciente planes personalizados de abandono del tabaquismo. La efectividad del servicio se midió mediante las tasas de cesación a 1, 6 y 12 meses. Las variables continuas se expresaron como media ± error estándar de la media. Resultados: Durante aproximadamente 5 años (entre enero 2009 y julio 2014), 69 fumadores se unieron al programa. De estos, 17 desistieron durante la primera consulta. Entre los restantes 52 pacientes, tenían 47.4 ± 2.11 años y el 55,8% eran hombres. Se realizaron 264 consultas farmacéuticas y, en media cada paciente recibió 7.7 ± 0.81 intervenciones. La mayoría de las intervenciones (60,1%) eran farmacológicas (p.e. productos de substitución de nicotina), y el restante 39,9% fueron medidas no farmacológicas (p.e. entrevista motivacional). Cinco pacientes fueron remitidos al médico. Después de 1 mes de la fecha convenida para el inicio de la cesación, 37 pacientes (53,6%) estaban en abstinencia; 6 meses más tarde el número se reducía a 24 (34,8%) y un año más tarde 16 pacientes (23,2%) permanecían abstinentes. Conclusión: La implantación de un programa de casación tabáquica en farmacias comunitarias, utilizando un farmacéutico externo, puede contribuir efectivamente a la cesación tabáquica en Portugal.