RESUMEN
PURPOSE: To describe our experience and outcomes managing complete third cranial nerve palsy. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of the clinical records of 7 consecutive patients treated at our centre for unilateral third nerve palsy over the period 2010-2016. We describe our surgical approach using a frontalis muscle flap to correct the eyelid ptosis associated with medial fixation of the rectus muscle tendon to the orbit to correct the horizontal deviation. RESULTS: The seven patients, four women and three men, were of mean age of 44 ± 19 years [18-75 years]. Follow up was 29 ± 31 months [5-82 months]. In the preoperative exam, exotropia in prism diopters (PD) was -70 ± -28 PD [-30 to -90 PD]. At the end of follow up, this was reduced to -11 ± -14 PD [0 to -30 PD]. Preoperative marginal reflex distance 1 (MRD1) was -4 ± 1 mm [-3 to -5 mm] and palpebral fissure height (PFH) was 0.5 ± 1 mm [0-2 mm]. Surgical undercorrection was the target in all patients due to the absent or poor Bell's phenomenon. At the end of follow up, MRD1 was 2.5 ± 0.5 mm [2-3 mm] and PFH was 7 ± 1 mm [6-8 mm]. Cosmetic and functional results were good in all patients. CONCLUSIONS: Medial fixation of the rectus muscle tendon to the orbit associated with a frontalis muscle flap is a valid option for the treatment of exotropia and ptosis in patients with third cranial nerve palsy.
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Blefaroptosis/cirugía , Músculos Oculomotores/cirugía , Enfermedades del Nervio Oculomotor/cirugía , Órbita/cirugía , Colgajos Quirúrgicos , Tendones/cirugía , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Retrospectivos , Visión Binocular/fisiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Cooperativeness is a defining feature of human nature. Theoreticians have suggested several mechanisms to explain this ubiquitous phenomenon, including reciprocity, reputation, and punishment, but the problem is still unsolved. Here we show, through experiments conducted with groups of people playing an iterated Prisoner's Dilemma on a dynamic network, that it is reputation what really fosters cooperation. While this mechanism has already been observed in unstructured populations, we find that it acts equally when interactions are given by a network that players can reconfigure dynamically. Furthermore, our observations reveal that memory also drives the network formation process, and cooperators assort more, with longer link lifetimes, the longer the past actions record. Our analysis demonstrates, for the first time, that reputation can be very well quantified as a weighted mean of the fractions of past cooperative acts and the last action performed. This finding has potential applications in collaborative systems and e-commerce.
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Conducta Cooperativa , Teoría del Juego , Comercio , Humanos , Relaciones Interpersonales , Memoria , CastigoRESUMEN
It is not fully understood why we cooperate with strangers on a daily basis. In an increasingly global world, where interaction networks and relationships between individuals are becoming more complex, different hypotheses have been put forward to explain the foundations of human cooperation on a large scale and to account for the true motivations that are behind this phenomenon. In this context, population structure has been suggested to foster cooperation in social dilemmas, but theoretical studies of this mechanism have yielded contradictory results so far; additionally, the issue lacks a proper experimental test in large systems. We have performed the largest experiments to date with humans playing a spatial Prisoner's Dilemma on a lattice and a scale-free network (1,229 subjects). We observed that the level of cooperation reached in both networks is the same, comparable with the level of cooperation of smaller networks or unstructured populations. We have also found that subjects respond to the cooperation that they observe in a reciprocal manner, being more likely to cooperate if, in the previous round, many of their neighbors and themselves did so, which implies that humans do not consider neighbors' payoffs when making their decisions in this dilemma but only their actions. Our results, which are in agreement with recent theoretical predictions based on this behavioral rule, suggest that population structure has little relevance as a cooperation promoter or inhibitor among humans.
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Conducta Cooperativa , Teoría del Juego , Medio Social , Adolescente , Juegos Experimentales , Humanos , Internet , EspañaRESUMEN
The number of people using online social networks in their everyday life is continuously growing at a pace never saw before. This new kind of communication has an enormous impact on opinions, cultural trends, information spreading and even in the commercial success of new products. More importantly, social online networks have revealed as a fundamental organizing mechanism in recent country-wide social movements. In this paper, we provide a quantitative analysis of the structural and dynamical patterns emerging from the activity of an online social network around the ongoing May 15th (15M) movement in Spain. Our network is made up by users that exchanged tweets in a time period of one month, which includes the birth and stabilization of the 15M movement. We characterize in depth the growth of such dynamical network and find that it is scale-free with communities at the mesoscale. We also find that its dynamics exhibits typical features of critical systems such as robustness and power-law distributions for several quantities. Remarkably, we report that the patterns characterizing the spreading dynamics are asymmetric, giving rise to a clear distinction between information sources and sinks. Our study represents a first step towards the use of data from online social media to comprehend modern societal dynamics.
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Conducta Social , Apoyo Social , Humanos , Medios de Comunicación Sociales , EspañaRESUMEN
Se realizó un estudio prospectivo y trasversal en 546 pacientes víctimas de politraumas severos que fueron atendidos en el Departamento de Emergencia del Hospital Provincial Docente Saturnino Lora de Santiago de Cuba durante el año 2002. De estos pacientes, 114 presentaron lesiones maxilofaciales, de los cuales 19 fallecieron, tanto en la escena del accidente, en tránsito hacia el hospital, como en la propia institución; 95 pacientes con lesiones maxilofaciales sobrevivieron. Se corroboró que la severidad de estas lesiones no guarda relación con la severidad integral de las lesiones sostenidas según los resultados del AIS e ISS, respectivamente. La causa de este tipo de lesiones es multifactorial, con predominio de los accidentes automovilísticos y de motores. Las fracturas de mandíbula, cigomáticas y nasoetmoidales resultaron los patrones de lesiones esqueléticas de mayor incidencia. Los procedimientos ortopédicos y quirúrgicos predominaron según ese orden. Se constataron 245 lesiones asociadas y 29 omitidas en estos pacientes durante el examen inicial. Nuestros hallazgos enfatizan la necesidad de la participación activa y precoz de los cirujanos maxilofaciales con experiencia en la atención de estos pacientes, en estrecha asociación de trabajo con cirujanos generales, neurocirujanos y ortopédicos, para la atención integral y óptima de estos lesionados(AU)