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BACKGROUND: Scaffolds have considerably advanced in recent years. In orthopaedic surgery, scaffolds have been used as grafts in procedures involving tendon and ligament reconstruction. This paper aimed to produce and evaluate decellularized tendon scaffolds (DTSs) from biomechanical, microscopic, macroscopic and in vivo perspectives. METHODS: Bilateral gastrocnemius muscle tendons from 18 adult New Zealand rabbits were collected. Of these 36 tendons, 11 were used as controls (Group A - control), and 25 were used in the decellularization protocol (Group B - DTS). The groups were subjected to histological, biomechanical and macroscopic analyses, and Group B - DTS was subjected to an additional in vivo evaluation. In the decellularization protocol, we used a combination of aprotinin, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and t-octyl-phenoxypolyethoxyethanol (Triton X-100) for six days. During this period, the scaffolds were kept at room temperature on an orbital shaker with constant motion. RESULTS: The DTSs showed an increased cross-sectional area and inter-fascicular distance and no change in parallelism or matrix organization. The nuclear material was not organized in the DTSs as it was in the control. In the biomechanical analysis, no significant differences were found between the groups after analysing the ultimate tensile load, stiffness, and elongation at the ultimate tensile load. During the in vivo evaluation, mononuclear cell infiltration was noted. CONCLUSIONS: The evaluated decellularization protocol generated a tendon scaffold, maintained the most important biomechanical characteristics and permitted cell infiltration.

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Introdução: A abdominoplastia, um dos procedimentos de cirurgia plástica mais comuns no Brasil, ficou em quarto lugar no ranking mundial, segundo dados da International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. Diversas técnicas cirúrgicas visam restaurar o contorno abdominal. A indicação da técnica utilizada deve visar a melhoria da deformidade individual presente no abdome. A marcação da abdominoplastia se faz por meio de régua, transferidor, compasso, fio de náilon, palito, canetas e/ou azul de metileno, de acordo com a preferência do cirurgião. O objetivo é produzir um instrumento cirúrgico com a finalidade de otimizar o tempo de marcação no procedimento de abdominoplastia. Métodos: O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa, foram desenvolvidos desenhos gráficos para identificar cada uma das partes do instrumento, foi realizada a busca de anterioridade e, posteriormente, realizado o pedido de patente. Resultados: Foi desenvolvido um instrumento para marcação da abdominoplastia, que configura uma régua horizontal que recepciona uma régua vertical no seu ponto médio e duas réguas pivotantes com transferidor basal, todas essas peças milimetradas e com vazado central, que permitem o risco nessa região com o azul de metileno ou caneta afim e, por conseguinte, a marcação do procedimento de abdominoplastia. Além disso, também funciona como compasso e de cujas laterais derivam réguas pivotantes com transferidor de grau basal. Conclusão: O instrumento desse estudo foi criado para minimizar a quantidade de material utilizado e otimizar o tempo da marcação da abdominoplastia.

Introduction: Data from the International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery indicate that abdominoplasty is the fourth most common plastic surgery performed worldwide. Several surgical techniques aim to restore the abdominal contour. The indication for the technique used should aim to improve any individual deformity present in the abdomen. Abdominoplasty marking is done using a ruler, protractor, compass, nylon thread, toothpick, pen, and/or methylene blue, according to the surgeon's preference. Here we aimed to produce a surgical instrument that optimizes the abdominoplasty marking procedure. Methods: The study was approved by the ethics research committee. Graphic designs were developed to identify each part of the instrument, a precedence search was performed, and a patent application was requested. Results: We developed an abdominoplasty marking instrument consisting of a horizontal ruler that receives a vertical ruler at its midpoint, two pivotal rulers with a basal protractor, all marked in millimeters, and a central area that allows marking in this region with methylene blue or a pen. Moreover, it acts as a compass and features side pivotal rulers derived from a basal grade protractor. Conclusion: The instrument developed in this study was designed to minimize the amount of material used and optimize abdominoplasty marking time.

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BACKGROUND: New devices have been developed for surgical repair of deformities caused by localized fat deposits associated with skin laxity. The use of these devices requires the adoption of safety parameters. The aim of this study was to investigate skin tightening by laser lipolysis, using a dual-wavelength diode laser. METHODS: This prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted between June of 2008 and July of 2010 with 41 consecutive patients who underwent laser lipolysis to correct contour deformities. Laser lipolysis was performed with a diode laser operating at two wavelengths (924 and 975 nm) controlled independently, and using three different tip lengths, allowing treatment of small, medium, and large areas of adipose tissue. The procedure was performed under local anesthesia in a surgical setting. To calculate the optimal cumulative energy, a total energy dose of 5 kJ/10 × 10-cm skin area was used as a safety parameter to prevent treatment complications. The circumferences of body regions were measured preoperatively, immediately after surgery, and 90 days later. Measurements were compared using the Wilcoxon test at a significance level of 0.05 (p < 0.05). RESULTS: A significant skin tightening was observed in all patients, regardless of the body site involved (i.e., face, breast, arms, or waist regions), and no complications occurred. CONCLUSION: Laser lipolysis results in progressive skin tightening over time. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, IV.

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PURPOSE: To investigate the relevance of the term superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) and demonstrate that this term is important enough to be added to the MeSH database and listed in International Anatomical Nomenclature. METHODS: Terms related to SMAS were selected from original articles retrieved from the ISI Web of Science and MEDLINE (PubMed) databases. Groups of terms were created to define a search strategy with high-sensitivity and restricted to scientific periodicals devoted to plastic surgery. This study included articles between January 1996 and May 2009, whose titles, abstracts, and keywords were searched for SMAS-related terms and all occurrences were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 126 original articles were retrieved from the main periodicals related to plastic surgery in the referred databases. Of these articles, 51.6 percent had SMAS-related terms in the abstract only, and 25.4 percent had SMAS-related terms in both the title and abstract. The term 'superficial musculoaponeurotic system' was present as a keyword in 19.8 percent of the articles. The most frequent terms were 'SMAS' (71.4 percent) and superficial musculoaponeurotic system (62.7 percent). CONCLUSION: The term SMAS refers to a structure relevant enough to start a discussion about indexing it as a keyword and as an official term in Terminologia Anatomica: International Anatomical Terminology.

OBJETIVO: Investigar a relevância do termo sistema musculoaponeurótico superficial (SMAS) para propor a sua indicação para indexação como palavra-chave e inclusão na Terminologia Anatômica Internacional. MÉTODOS: Termos relacionados ao SMAS foram recuperados de artigos originais identificados por mapeamento automático nas bases ISI Web Of Science e MEDLINE (PubMed). Os termos foram agrupados a fim de formar uma estratégia de busca de alta sensibilidade, limitada a periódicos exclusivos da especialidade de Cirurgia Plástica. Destes periódicos, foram selecionados artigos publicados de janeiro de 1996 a maio de 2009. Avaliou-se o título, resumo e as palavras-chaves, computando-se todas as ocorrências de termos relacionadas ao SMAS. RESULTADOS: Recuperou-se um total de 126 artigos originais de periódicos relevantes, especializados em cirurgia plástica, e indexados nas bases mencionadas. Destes artigos, 51,6 por cento apresentavam termos relacionados com SMAS somente no resumo, e 25,4 por cento apresentavam termos relacionados com SMAS no título e resumo. O termo sistema musculoaponeurótico superficial estava presente como descritor em 19,8 por cento dos artigos. As ocorrências mais freqüentes foram SMAS (71,4 por cento) e sistema musculoaponeurótico superficial (62,7 por cento). CONCLUSÃO: O termo SMAS, referente à estrutura em estudo, apresentou relevância suficiente para ser indexado como palavra-chave e listado na Terminologia Anatômica Internacional.

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PURPOSE: To investigate the relevance of the term superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) and demonstrate that this term is important enough to be added to the MeSH database and listed in International Anatomical Nomenclature. METHODS: Terms related to SMAS were selected from original articles retrieved from the ISI Web of Science and MEDLINE (PubMed) databases. Groups of terms were created to define a search strategy with high-sensitivity and restricted to scientific periodicals devoted to plastic surgery. This study included articles between January 1996 and May 2009, whose titles, abstracts, and keywords were searched for SMAS-related terms and all occurrences were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 126 original articles were retrieved from the main periodicals related to plastic surgery in the referred databases. Of these articles, 51.6% had SMAS-related terms in the abstract only, and 25.4% had SMAS-related terms in both the title and abstract. The term 'superficial musculoaponeurotic system' was present as a keyword in 19.8% of the articles. The most frequent terms were 'SMAS' (71.4%) and superficial musculoaponeurotic system (62.7%). CONCLUSION: The term SMAS refers to a structure relevant enough to start a discussion about indexing it as a keyword and as an official term in Terminologia Anatomica: International Anatomical Terminology.

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BACKGROUND: Gluteal augmentation is increasingly common. However, few studies have quantitatively reported postoperative gluteal projection. This study compared three different standardized instruments (i.e., radiographic, sonographic, and anthropometric) for quantifying gluteal projection after lumbar-hip dermal fat rotational flap to identify a simple, cost-efficient valid instrument. METHODS: A total of 10 women ages 35 to 68 years (mean, 47.3 years) with skin flaccidity and gluteal ptosis underwent bilateral lumbar-hip dermal fat rotation flap gluteal augmentation (20 procedures). Gluteal projection was measured 1 week preoperatively and 8 months postoperatively using computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan, ultrasound, and anthropometry. RESULTS: The CAT scan measured 1.40 cm of projection on the left (p < 0.001) and 1.43 cm on the right (p = 0.001). Ultrasound measured 2.16 cm of projection on the left (p < 0.001) and 1.88 cm on the right (p = 0.001). Anthropometry measured 1.75 cm of projection on the left (p < 0.01) and 1.35 cm on the right (p < 0.05). Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) comparing the CAT scan, ultrasound, and anthropometry demonstrated statistically similar results on the left (p = 0.43) and right (p = 0.62). CONCLUSIONS: All three instruments were sufficiently sensitive to measure a statistically significant increase in postoperative gluteal projection. Moreover, all three instruments were statistically similar in accuracy of measurement. Therefore, the authors conclude that ultrasound or anthropometry are satisfactory, inexpensive instruments for accurately quantifying postoperative gluteal projection.

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BACKGROUND: We analysed 40 patients with mandibular condylar process fractures, treated through the closed (intermaxilary fixation or conservatively) or open methods (wire internal fixation,titanium miniplates, bone reduction or articular exploration), from January 1993 to January 1999. METHODS: We evaluated these patients clinically with pre-determined criteria through the temporomandibular articulation touching (ATM), by observing the mandibular symmetry, dental oclusion, deviation to the mouth opening and maximum interincisal opening, besides the questionnaire about the complaints at ATM, disfunction of the mastication system and satisfaction of the treatment. We found an index of good clinical results of, at least, 70% (in the maximum interincisal opening) in the patients submitted to IMF. In the conservative method, we found an index of, at least, 42.9% and in the patients submitted to wire open reduction, at least, 28.6% (in the ATM touching exam) without significant difference in the clinical exams; the pain index at ATM in the closed method was 3.7% and in the open one was 15.4%; mastication disfunction was 22.2% in the closed method and 15.4% in the open one; we only found 7.1% dissatisfied patients in the closed method. There was no significant difference in the method results. CONCLUSIONS: The closed method - with IMF and conservative - and the open reduction - with ORIF - brought good clinical results in an evaluation up to 6 months. We could also conclude that there is no difference in the complaint results after the open or closed treatment according to the patients' opinion.

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OBJETIVO: Analisamos 40 pacientes com fraturas no processo condilar da mandíbula, tratados pelo método fechado (bloqueio maxilomandibular ou conservador) ou aberto (reduçäo direta no foco de fratura com ou sem osteossíntese), no período de janeiro de 1993 a janeiro de 1999 no Setor de Trauma Maxilofacial da Disciplina de Cirurgia Plástica da UNIFESP-EPM. MÉTODO: Avaliamos clinicamente estes pacientes através da palpaçäo da articulaçäo têmporomandibular, observaçäo da simetria mandibular, oclusäo dentária, desvio à abertura de boca e abertura máxima interincisal; além de questionário sobre queixas na ATM, disfunçäo mastigatória e satisfaçäo do tratamento realizado. RESULTADOS: Foi encontrado um índice de resultados satisfatórios de no mínimo 70 por cento nos pacientes submetidos ao bloqueio. No método conservador esse índice foi de no mínimo 42,9 por cento, e nos submetidos à reduçäo com fio de aço de no mínimo 28,6 por cento, sem diferença significante entre os diversos exames clínicos. O índice de dor na ATM entre os pacientes tratados pelo método fechado foi de 3,7 por cento e pelo aberto de 15,4 por cento. A disfunçäo mastigatória foi de 22,2 por cento no método fechado e 15,4 por cento no aberto; sendo que foram encontrados somente 7,1 por cento de pacientes insatisfeitos com o tratamento fechado. Näo houve diferença significante entre os resultados dos métodos. CONCLUSÄO: Os métodos fechado (BMM e conservador) e aberto, com reduçäo e osteossíntese com fio de aço, trouxeram resultados clínicos satisfatórios em avaliaçäo superior a seis meses. Concluiu-se também que näo há diferença entre os resultados de queixas após o tratamento aberto ou fechado, na opiniäo dos pacientes

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CONTEXT: Sentinel node (SN) biopsy has changed the surgical treatment of malignant melanoma. The literature has emphasized the importance of gamma probe detection (GPD) of the SN. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy of patent blue dye (PBD) and GPD for SN biopsy in different lymphatic basins. DESIGN: Patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma in stages I and II were submitted to biopsy of the SN, identified by PBD and GPD, as part of a research project. SETTING: Patients were seen at Hospital São Paulo by a multidisciplinary group (Plastic Surgery Tumor Branch, Nuclear Medicine and Pathology). PATIENTS: 64 patients with localized malignant melanoma were studied. The median age was 46.5 years. The primary tumor was located in the neck, trunk or extremities. INTERVENTIONS: Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy, lymphatic mapping with PBD and intraoperative GPD was performed on all patients. The SN was examined by conventional and immunohistochemical staining. If the SN was not found or contained micrometastases, only complete lymphadenectomy was performed. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: The SN was identified by PBD if it was blue-stained, and by GPD if demonstrated activity five times greater than the adipose tissue of the neighborhood. RESULTS: Seventy lymphatic basins were explored. Lymphoscintigraphy showed ambiguous drainage in 7 patients. GPD identified the SN in 68 basins (97 percent) and PBD in 53 (76 percent). PBD and GPD identified SN in 100 percent of the inguinal basins. For the remaining basins both techniques were complementary. A metastatic SN was found in 10 basins. Three patients with negative SN had recurrence (median follow-up = 11 months). CONCLUSION: Although both GPD and PBD are useful and complementary, PBD alone identified the SN in 100 percent of the inguinal lymphatic basins

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O tratamento dos linfonodos regionais nos pacientes com melanoma localizado ainda continua controverso. A biópsia de linfonodo sentinela (LS) parece trazer uma luz para essa controvérsia, selecionando pacientes para se submeterem a lindadenectomia completa. O objetivo era avaliar a reprodutibilidade da técnica. Comparar resultados encontrados com a literatura. 85 pacientes, idade mediana de 43,5 anos, portadores de melanoma cutâneo localizado, espessura mediana de Breslow = 1,5mm, foram submetidos à biópsia de LS utilziando-se a AP e DGI. A linfocintigrafia mostrou drenagem ambígua em 18 pacientes totalizando 103 bases linfáticas. O LS foi encontrado em 96,6 por cento das bases e estava comprometido em 17 pacientes (20 por cento). Quatro pacientes (4,7 por cento) com LS negativo apresentaram recorrência (seguimento mediano de 17 meses). Nossa experiência corrobora os dados da literatura de que a biópsia de LS é uma técnica reprodutível e as taxas de encontro do LS e de falso-negativo estão dentro do esperado, porém, é preciso destacar a natureza ainda investigativa desse procedimento

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Durante um intervalo de 10 anos, entre 1979 e 1989, foram tratadas 20 pacientes portadoras de agenesia congênita de vagina, na disciplina de Cirurgia Plástica da Escola Paulista de Medicina pela técnica de McIndoe, modificada pelo emprego do molde de borracha de silicone. Os autores descrevem os resultados obtidos com um seguimento mínimo de 3 anos e máximo de 14 anos

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