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Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and estrogen deficiency are associated with several alterations in bone turnover. Zinc (Zn) is required for growth, development, and overall health. Zinc has been used in complementary therapy against bone loss in several diseases. We hypothesized that Zn supplementation represents a potential therapy against severe bone loss induced by the combined effect of estrogen deficiency and T1DM. We evaluated the protective effect of Zn against bone alterations in a chronic model of these disorders. Female Wistar rats were ramdomized into 3 groups (5 rats each): control, OVX/T1DM (ovariectomized rats with streptozotocin-induced T1DM), and OVX/T1DM+Zn (OVX/T1DM plus daily Zn supplementation). Serum biochemical, bone histomorphometric, and molecular analyses were performed. Histomorphometric parameters were similar between the control and OVX/T1DM+Zn groups, suggesting that Zn prevents bone architecture alterations. In contrast, the OVX/T1DM group showed significantly lower trabecular width and bone area as well as greater trabecular separation than the control. The OVX/T1DM and OVX/T1DM+Zn groups had significantly higher serum alkaline phosphatase activity than the control. The supplemented group had higher levels of serum-ionized calcium and phosphorus than the nonsupplemented group. The RANKL/OPG ratio was similar between the control and OVX/T1DM+Zn groups, whereas it was higher in the OVX/T1DM group. In conclusion, Zn supplementation prevents bone alteration in chronic OVX/T1DM rats, as demonstrated by the reduced RANKL/OPG ratio and preservation of bone architecture. The findings may represent a novel therapeutic approach to preventing OVX/T1DM-induced bone alterations.

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RESUMEN

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and estrogen deficiency are associated with several alterations in bone turnover. Zinc (Zn) is required for growth, development, and overall health. Zinc has been used in complementary therapy against bone loss in several diseases. We hypothesized that Zn supplementation represents a potential therapy against severe bone loss induced by the combined effect of estrogen deficiency and T1DM. We evaluated the protective effect of Zn against bone alterations in a chronic model of these disorders. Female Wistar rats were ramdomized into 3 groups (5 rats each): control, OVX/T1DM (ovariectomized rats with streptozotocin-induced T1DM), and OVX/T1DM+Zn (OVX/T1DM plus daily Zn supplementation). Serum biochemical, bone histomorphometric, and molecular analyses were performed. Histomorphometric parameters were similar between the control and OVX/T1DM+Zn groups, suggesting that Zn prevents bone architecture alterations. In contrast, the OVX/T1DM group showed significantly lower trabecular width and bone area as well as greater trabecular separation than the control...

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FUNDAMENTO: Anemia está associada à pior evolução nos pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC). Entretanto, há poucos estudos sobre a anemia nos pacientes com IC avançada. OBJETIVO: Avaliar as características da anemia na IC em fase avançada. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos 99 pacientes hospitalizados para compensação de IC (CF IV/NYHA), com idade > 18 anos e FEVE < 45 por cento. Foram considerados anêmicos os pacientes com hemoglobina (Hb) < 12 g/dl. Dados foram comparados entre anêmicos e não anêmicos. Empregaram-se os testes t de Student, Qui-quadrado e Fisher. O risco relativo (IC 95 por cento) foi calculado pela regressão de Cox. RESULTADOS: O acompanhamento médio foi de 10,8 meses (8,9), e 34,3 por cento dos pacientes com IC apresentaram anemia. Pacientes anêmicos, comparados com não anêmicos, apresentaram maior idade média (64,1±15,6 vs 54,8±12,9 anos, p = 0,004), creatinina mais elevada (1,9 ± 1 vs 1,5 + 0,5 mg/dl, p = 0,018) e BNP mais elevado (2.077,4 ± 1.979,4 vs 1.212,56 ± 1.080,6 pg/ml, p = 0,026). Anemia ferropriva esteve presente em 38,24 por cento dos anêmicos. Após melhora da congestão, apenas 25 por cento dos pacientes que apresentavam anemia receberam alta com Hb > 12 g/dl. A anemia foi marcador independente de mau prognóstico na análise multivariada (mortalidade 47 por cento vs 24,6 por cento, p = 0,016, risco relativo 2,54). CONCLUSÃO: Anemia acomete, aproximadamente, 1/3 dos pacientes com IC avançada, e a deficiência de ferro é uma importante etiologia. Pacientes anêmicos são mais idosos e apresentaram função renal mais deteriorada. A melhora da congestão não foi suficiente para melhorar a anemia na maioria dos casos. Nos pacientes com IC avançada, a anemia é marcador independente de mau prognóstico.

BACKGROUND: Anemia is linked with worsening of progress in patients with heart failure (HF). However, there are few studies of anemia in patients with advanced HF. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the characteristics of anemia in HF at an advanced stage. METHODS: The study included 99 patients, aged > 18 and LVEF < 45 percent, who were hospitalized for HF compensation (FC IV/NYHA). Patients with hemoglobin (Hb) levels < 12 g/dl were considered anemic. Data on anemic and nonanemic patients were compared. The Student's t-test, Chi-square test and Fisher test were used. The relative risk (HF 95 percent) was calculated by the Cox regression. RESULTS: On average, the patients were monitored for 10.8 months (8.9), and 34.3 percent of patients with HF had anemia. On average, in comparison with nonanemic patients, anemic patients were older (64.1 ± 15.6 versus 54.8 ± 12.9 years old, p = 0.004), their creatinine level was higher (1.9 ± 1 versus 1.5 + 0.5 mg/dl, p = 0.018) and their BNP level was also higher (2,077.4 ± 1,979.4 versus 1,212.56 ± 1,080.6 pg/ml, p = 0.026). 38.24 percent of the anemic patients had iron deficiency anemia. After there was an improvement in the congestion, only 25 percent of patients with anemia were discharged with Hb > 12 g/dl. Anemia was an independent marker of poor prognosis in the multivariate analysis (mortality of 47 percent vs 24.6 percent, p = 0.016, relative risk of 2.54). CONCLUSION: Anemia affects approximately one third of patients with advanced HF, and iron deficiency is an important etiology. Anemic patients are older their renal function was more deteriorated. The improvement in the congestion was not enough to improve the anemia in most cases. In patients with advanced HF, anemia is an independent marker of poor prognosis.

FUNDAMENTO: Anemia está asociada a peor evolución en los pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca (IC). Mientras tanto, hay pocos estudios sobre la anemia en los pacientes con IC avanzada. OBJETIVO: Evaluar las características de la anemia en la IC en fase avanzada. MÉTODOS: Fueron incluidos 99 pacientes hospitalizados para compensación de IC (CF IV/NYHA), con edad > 18 años y FEVI < 45 por ciento. Fueron considerados anémicos los pacientes con hemoglobina (Hb) < 12 g/dl. Datos fueron comparados entre anémicos y no anémicos. Se emplearon los test t de Student, Qui-cuadrado y Fisher. El riesgo relativo (IC 95 por ciento) fue calculado por la regresión de Cox. RESULTADOS: El control medio fue de 10,8 meses (8,9), y 34,3 por ciento de los pacientes con IC presentaron anemia. Pacientes anémicos, comparados con no anémicos, presentaron mayor edad media (64,1 ± 15,6 vs 54,8 ± 12,9 años, p = 0,004), creatinina más elevada (1,9 ± 1 vs 1,5 + 0,5 mg/dl, p = 0,018) y BNP más elevado (2.077,4±1.979,4 vs 1.212,56 ± 1.080,6 pg/ml, p = 0,026). Anemia ferropénica estuvo presente en 38,24 por ciento de los anémicos. Después de mejora de la congestión, apenas 25 por ciento de los pacientes que presentaban anemia recibieron alta con Hb > 12 g/dl. La anemia fue marcador independiente de mal pronóstico en el análisis multivariado (mortalidad 47 por ciento vs 24,6 por ciento, p = 0,016, riesgo relativo 2,54). CONCLUSIÓN: Anemia afecta, aproximadamente, 1/3 de los pacientes con IC avanzada, y la deficiencia de hierro es una importante etiología. Pacientes anémicos son más añosos y presentaron función renal más deteriorada. La mejora de la congestión no fue suficiente para mejorar la anemia en la mayoría de los casos. En los pacientes con IC avanzada, la anemia es marcador independiente de mal pronóstico.

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BACKGROUND: anemia is linked with worsening of progress in patients with heart failure (HF). However, there are few studies of anemia in patients with advanced HF. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the characteristics of anemia in HF at an advanced stage. METHODS: the study included 99 patients, aged > 18 and LVEF < 45%, who were hospitalized for HF compensation (FC IV/NYHA). Patients with hemoglobin (Hb) levels < 12 g/dl were considered anemic. Data on anemic and nonanemic patients were compared. The Student's t-test, Chi-square test and Fisher test were used. The relative risk (HF 95%) was calculated by the Cox regression. RESULTS: on average, the patients were monitored for 10.8 months (8.9), and 34.3% of patients with HF had anemia. On average, in comparison with nonanemic patients, anemic patients were older (64.1 ± 15.6 versus 54.8 ± 12.9 years old, p = 0.004), their creatinine level was higher (1.9 ± 1 versus 1.5 + 0.5 mg/dl, p = 0.018) and their BNP level was also higher (2,077.4 ± 1,979.4 versus 1,212.56 ± 1,080.6 pg/ml, p = 0.026). 38.24% of the anemic patients had iron deficiency anemia. After there was an improvement in the congestion, only 25% of patients with anemia were discharged with Hb > 12 g/dl. Anemia was an independent marker of poor prognosis in the multivariate analysis (mortality of 47% vs 24.6%, p = 0.016, relative risk of 2.54). CONCLUSION: anemia affects approximately one third of patients with advanced HF, and iron deficiency is an important etiology. Anemic patients are older their renal function was more deteriorated. The improvement in the congestion was not enough to improve the anemia in most cases. In patients with advanced HF, anemia is an independent marker of poor prognosis.

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Um estudo comparativo sobre a ação de diversos fixadores utilizados em microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET) e microscopia de luz (ML) foi realizado, a fim de analisar a preservação de estruturas celulares ao microscópio eletrônico de transmissão (MET). Fragmentos de fígado de camundongo foram fixados em 5 diferentes fixadores: o fixador de Karnovsky, glutaraldeído e paraformaldeído utilizados no processamento para MET e o formaldeído comercial e líquido de Bouin utilizados no processamento para ML. Após a fixação, os fragmentos foram pós-fixados com tetróxido de ósmio e contrastastados com acetato de uranila. A seguir foram desidratados e incluídos em resina Epon. Os cortes ultrafinos mostraram que os fragmentos fixados com Karnovsky e glutaraldeído apresentaram melhor preservação das estruturas celulares e menor extração. O paraformaldeído produziu alguns artefatos de má fixação e extração pelo fato de formar menos ligações cruzadas que o glutaraldeído. Os fixadores formaldeído comercial e o líquido de Bouin utilizados em microscopia de luz mostraram que não são adequados ao uso em MET, pois são considerados fixadores coagulantes e produzem extensa extração dos componentes celulares. Comparando-se as imagens obtidas com os fixadores utilizados, o fixador de Karnovsky e o glutaraldeído mostraram melhor preservação e maior similaridade na morfologia

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