RESUMEN

Brackish water can promote physicochemical changes in the soil. Aiming to mitigate the effect of excess salts in the soil, the use of organic matter promotes restructuring. The aim was to evaluate the productive and nutritional characteristics of cactus pear under different brackish water depths (ID) and levels of organic matter (OM). A factorial arrangement of 4 × 4 × 4 with four replications was utilized. Plots consisted of ID (0, 12, 20, and 28% reference evapotranspiration-ETo), and subplots were composed of OM levels (0, 15, 30, and 45 t/ha) and days after planting (DAP; 180, 270, 360, and 450 days). The growth, yield, and chemical composition of cactus pear were affected by ID and OM and/or by their interaction. The regular and increasing application of ID from 192 to 456 mm/year and a rainfall of 110 mm/year in cactus pear crops in biosaline systems improves the growth, freshness, dry matter yields, accumulation capacity per unit area, and chemical composition of cactus pear. The increase in OM up to the range from 30 to 45 Mg/ha linearly increases the agronomic performance of cactus pear. Biosaline systems with cactus pear should be adopted with the combined use of regular supplementary ID and OM, measuring at 304 mm/year and 45 Mg/ha, respectively.

RESUMEN

The use of babassu agro-industrial residues in animal feed, in addition to being an economic option of great importance in reducing the environmental impact in regions of the Brazilian Cerrado, provides the production of good quality foods of animal origin due to its nutritional characteristics. However, information related to the nutritional components of babassu by-industrial residues has not yet been sufficiently explored. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional potential of some by-products from the babassu production chain through chemical composition and in situ degradability analyses. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized experimental design, with 4 by-products from babassu processing (cake, greasy, fine flour, and 95 µm flour) and 5 replications. The by-products differ in terms of chemical composition, except for the hemicellulose content. For the degradability of fraction "a" of dry matter, it presented a higher percentage for 95 µm flour. Fine flour and 95 µm flour presented the highest fractions "b" and "c," potential, and effective degradability of dry matter. For the degradation of crude protein, the highest percentages of potential and effective degradability were observed for greasy and 95 µm flour. The highest standardized potentially degradable fraction and the highest passage rate were obtained by 95 µm flour, which also showed greater degradation for dry matter, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber. Among the by-products studied, the babassu cake has superior chemical composition; however, the 95 µm flour presented nutritional value and satisfactory rumen degradation to be used as an additive or in partial replacement of traditional concentrates.

RESUMEN

The aim was to evaluate the chemical composition, carbohydrates, protein fractionation and in vitro gas production of silages composed of spineless cactus and tropical forages and their effect on sheep performance. Treatments consisted of silages: corn silage (CS), spineless cactus silage (SCS), spineless cactus + gliricidia (SCG), spineless cactus + buffel grass silage (SCBG) and spineless cactus + pornunça (SCP). Silos were opened 60 days after ensiling, and analyses were carried out. The digestibility test lasted for 36 days, with eight animals per treatment. A completely randomized design was adopted. Considering carbohydrate fractionation, CS, SCS and SCBG silages had higher total carbohydrate content (p = 0.001). The SCS silage presented a higher A + B1 fraction (p = 0.001). The SCBG and SCG silages showed a higher B2 fraction (p < 0.0001) compared to the CS and SCS silages. The SCBG and SCP silages presented a higher C fraction (p = 0.001). For protein fractionation, the SCP and SCG silages showed higher crude protein contents (p = 0.001). The CS and SCS silages showed a higher A fraction (p = 0.001). The SCBG silage presented a higher B1 + B2 fraction (p = 0.001). The SCG silage showed a higher B3 fraction (p = 0.006) compared to SCBG silage. The SCS and SCP silages showed a higher C fraction (p = 0.001). Exclusive SCS silage showed higher in vitro dry matter digestibility (p = 0.001), dry matter degradability (p = 0.001) and total gas production (p = 0.001). The use of the SCBG, SCP and SCG silages to feed sheep increased the dry matter intake (p < 0.001). Sheep fed the SCG silage showed greater dry matter and crude protein digestibility compared to the sheep fed the CS, SCS and SCP silages (p = 0.002). There was a higher water intake (p < 0.001) with the use of the SCS and SCG silages to feed the sheep. The SCP and SCG silages provided a greater intake (p < 0.001) and excretion (p < 0.001) of nitrogen by the animals. Although there were no differences between the treatments for daily gains, lambs that received the spineless cactus-based silage associated with tropical forages showed higher gains (160-190 g/day) than lambs that received CS silage (130 g/day). Thus, the use of spineless cactus associated with buffelgrass, pornunça and gliricidia to prepare mixed silages (60:40) to feed sheep has potential use to feed sheep, with positive effects on nutrient degradation and increases in dry matter intake. Under experimental conditions, we recommend the exclusive use of spineless cactus silage associated with buffel grass, pornunça and gliricidia in feeding sheep in semi-arid regions, as it provides nutrients, water and greater daily gains compared to corn silage.

RESUMEN

Cactus pear is used in large proportions in diets for small ruminants in semiarid regions. However, its exclusive use is not recommended due to the low fiber and crude protein content and the high water and mineral content, leading to metabolic disorders, low dry matter intake, and weight loss. The use of mixed cactus silage associated with protein and fibrous sources seeks to overcome the deficits in dry matter, fiber and crude protein, aiming to improve the nutritional quality of the diets that will be offered to ruminants. Thus, the use of gliricidia hay in cactus pear silages could represent an important alternative to improve the nutritional and fermentative characteristics of the ensiled material. Therefore, our aim was to evaluate the fermentation dynamics, nutritional characteristics, and aerobic stability of mixed silages of cactus pear combined with different levels of gliricidia hay. This was a completely randomized experimental design with five treatments and five repetitions. The treatments consisted of different levels of inclusion of gliricidia hay (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% on a dry matter basis) in the composition of mixed cactus pear silages. The inclusion of gliricidia hay in the composition of mixed silages of cactus pear resulted in a quadratic effect for dry matter recovery, pH, NH3-N, buffering capacity, aerobic stability, ether extract, P, K, Na, and Zn (p < 0.05). There was a reduction in density, effluent losses, maximum pH, mineral matter, non-fiber carbohydrates, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn (p < 0.05), and an increase in the time to reach maximum pH as well as an upward trend in pH, dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and B (p < 0.05). Under experimental conditions, the inclusion of gliricidia hay between 20 and 30% in cactus pear-based silage provided an improvement to the chemical composition and fermentation parameters of the silages.

RESUMEN

Feedlot finishing of goats is a growing practice, but the economic viability of this technology is compromised by the inclusion of ingredients such as corn and soybean. An alternative to minimize this barrier is the use of agroindustry coproducts as substitutes for those ingredients, such as crude glycerol. This study aimed to evaluated the metabolism of crossbred Boer finishing goats fed diets containing crude glycerin from biodiesel production. Thirty-two crossbred, castrated goat of age were distributed in a fully randomized experimental design with four treatments and eight replicates. The experiment lasted 69 days, and goats were fed sorghum silage and concentrate, with the inclusion of crude glycerin in the diet at levels of 0, 50, 100, and 150 g/kg on a dry matter basis. The diets did not have an effect (p > 0.05) on the serum urea levels. Increasing dietary crude glycerin levels did not the influence the metabolic or urinary profiles (p > 0.05). The liver tissue of the goats fed diets containing the highest crude glycerin inclusion levels showed deleterious effects. The inclusion of crude glycerin with approximately 6.6 g/kg methanol caused deleterious effects to the liver tissue of Boer crossbred goats as the glycerin concentrations increased. However, glycerin levels did not cause deleterious effects on the liver tissue or on the serum or urinary profiles. The use of crude glycerin with lower methanol content is recommended for goat diets.

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The use of adapted breeds, such as Santa Inês, is of paramount importance for regions with high temperatures because they develop efficient mechanisms for heat dissipation. Furthermore, some breeds have physiological adaptations, such as more efficient mechanisms for the digestion of fibrous foods (e.g. Rabo Largo), which can reduce the harmful effects of semiarid environments. We studied the ingestive behaviour, water consumption, and physiological parameters during feeding of two native sheep breeds fed diets containing high (700 g/kg DM; HC diet) or low (300 g/kg DM; LC diet) percentages of concentrates, based on dry matter (DM). A total of 40 uncastrated male lambs (20 Rabo Largo [breed 1] and 20 Santa Inês [breed 2], with an average body weight of 16.68 ± 2.78 kg, and 19.29 kg ± 3.28 kg, respectively), were distributed in a randomised block design in a two-by-two factorial scheme (breeds × diets) with 10 repetitions. Santa Inês lambs consumed and ruminated DM (P = 0.029 for both) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF; P = 0.001 and P = 0.004, respectively) more efficiently than RaboLargo lambs, while the latter showed an increase in respiratory rate (+19 breaths/min) and rectal temperature (+1.3 °C) compared to the Santa Inês lambs (P = 0.001). The HC diet negatively affected (P < 0.05) the feeding behaviour of the animals, reflecting the higher (P < 0.05) water consumption. The results showed that diets rich in concentrate negatively affected the thermoregulation of lambs. Santa Inês have greater feed and thermoregulatory efficiency than Rabo Largo lambs under conditions of heat stress in the feedlot.(AU)

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The use of adapted breeds, such as Santa Inês, is of paramount importance for regions with high temperatures because they develop efficient mechanisms for heat dissipation. Furthermore, some breeds have physiological adaptations, such as more efficient mechanisms for the digestion of fibrous foods (e.g. Rabo Largo), which can reduce the harmful effects of semiarid environments. We studied the ingestive behaviour, water consumption, and physiological parameters during feeding of two native sheep breeds fed diets containing high (700 g/kg DM; HC diet) or low (300 g/kg DM; LC diet) percentages of concentrates, based on dry matter (DM). A total of 40 uncastrated male lambs (20 Rabo Largo [breed 1] and 20 Santa Inês [breed 2], with an average body weight of 16.68 ± 2.78 kg, and 19.29 kg ± 3.28 kg, respectively), were distributed in a randomised block design in a two-by-two factorial scheme (breeds × diets) with 10 repetitions. Santa Inês lambs consumed and ruminated DM (P = 0.029 for both) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF; P = 0.001 and P = 0.004, respectively) more efficiently than RaboLargo lambs, while the latter showed an increase in respiratory rate (+19 breaths/min) and rectal temperature (+1.3 °C) compared to the Santa Inês lambs (P = 0.001). The HC diet negatively affected (P < 0.05) the feeding behaviour of the animals, reflecting the higher (P < 0.05) water consumption. The results showed that diets rich in concentrate negatively affected the thermoregulation of lambs. Santa Inês have greater feed and thermoregulatory efficiency than Rabo Largo lambs under conditions of heat stress in the feedlot.

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The aim of the study was to evaluate the addition of increasing cottonseed cake contents in the diet. The diets were composed of corn silage (500 g kg-1) and concentrate feed (500 g kg-1) on a dry matter (DM) basis. The treatments consisted of the substitution of 0, 140, 280, and 420 g kg-1 soybean meal to cottonseed cake in the DM of concentrate feed. Four rams of the Santa Inês breed, average age of 12 months and average weight of 27.77 ± 3.87 kg, were distributed in a Latin square design (4 × 4) in a split-split-plot design, with diets in the plots and as subplots were 5 days of collection and the collection times. The results were subjected to analysis of variance and regression at 5% probability. The soybean meal substitution contents by cottonseed cake in the concentrate increased linearly the pH (P = 0.019). Ruminal ammonia-nitrogen concentration decreased linearly by 0.0137 mg dL-1 at each 10 g/kg of substitution and the time after feeding promoted the same effect (P < 0.001) decreased linearly by 0.6204 mg dL-1 at each hour after feeding. There was an increased linearly of 0.0116 mmol mL-1 at the concentration of propionic (P = 0.008) and a reduction of 0.0062 mmol mL-1 at the concentration of butyric (P = 0.009) with cottonseed cake content; however, the substitution did not influence the others short-chain fatty acids. Replacement of soybean meal with cottonseed cake in the sheep feed did not significantly alter the blood parameters, promoting minor changes in the ruminal parameters mainly in the ruminal ammonia-nitrogen without affecting the animal's health.

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We evaluated the fractions of protein and carbohydrates in distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), corn grain (CG), soybean meal (SM), and corn silage (CS), as well as the in vitro digestibility (IVD) of DDGS, CG, SM, CS, rations containing 0.0, 8.0, 16.0, and 24.0% DDGS, and in vitro fermentation parameters after 24 h of incubation. DDGS were obtained following microbial fermentation for ethanol production from a sugar and alcohol distillery located in the state of Mato Grosso - Brazil. The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) was used to determine the protein and carbohydrate fractions of experimental diets. For the in vitro nutrient digestion assay using the experimental foods and experimental diets, two sheep with an average body weight of 26 kg were used as inoculum donors. The in vitro digestibility of food and feed was assayed in three replicates. Fraction A of DDGS CP was 88, 71, and 37% lower in relation to fraction A of SM, CG, and CS, respectively. Fraction B2 of DDGS protein contained 21% CP, which represents 78.84% of DDGS protein in fraction B2, and is higher than the SM, which was 70.44%. The B3 fraction of CP, which is partly released during ruminal fermentation, was 18% lower for SM compared to DDGS, and is expressed in %CP. For carbohydrate fractionation, the DDGS presented 8.64% for the A + B1 fraction on a DM basis, which was 62, 86, and 74% lower compared to those obtained for SM, CG. and CS, respectively. The hemicellulose andcellulose contents of DDGS were higher than those of SM, as verified in fraction B2, with a value of46.92%, expressed in DM. The in vitro digestibility coefficients (IVDC) of the DDGS nutrients did notdiffer (p > 0.05) in relation to those of the other experimental foods. The inclusion of DDGS in rationsformulated for sheep did not change (p > 0.05) the IVDC of DM, OM, CP. NDF, or ADF, with meanvalues of 70.93, 70.64, 59.58, 52.83, and 43.40%, respectively. Therefore, DDGS comprise...(AU)

Foram avaliadas as frações da proteína e dos carboidratos de grãos secos de destilaria com solúveis (GSDS), grão de milho (GM), farelo de soja (FS), e silagem de milho (SM), e a digestibilidade in vitro (CDIV) do GSDS, GM, FS, SM e de rações contendo a inclusão de 0,0%; 8,0%; 16,0% e 24,0% de GSDS, bem como os parâmetros de fermentação in vitro após 24 horas de incubação. O GSDS foi obtido após processo de fermentação microbiana para a produção do etanol, de uma destilaria de flex de açúcar e álcool localizada no estado de Mato Grosso - Brasil. Para determinação das frações proteicas e de carboidratos dos alimentos experimentais foi utilizado Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System CNCPS. Para o ensaio de digestão in vitro dos nutrientes dos alimentos experimentais e das rações experimentais foram utilizados dois ovinos com peso corporal médio de 26 kg, como doadores de inóculo. O ensaio de digestibilidade in vitro dos alimentos e das rações foi conduzido com três repetições de campo. A fração A da PB do GSDS apresentou valores 88%, 71% e 37% menores em relação a fração A do FS, GM e SM, respectivamente. A fração B2 da proteína do GSDS apresentou um teor de 21% da PB, o que representa 78,84% da proteína do GSDS na fração B2, valor superior ao do FS, que foi de 70,44%. A fração B3 da PB, a qual parte escapa da fermentação ruminal foi 18% menor para o FS em relação ao GSDS, expresso em % da PB. Para o fracionamento de carboidratos, o GSDS apresentou umvalor para a fração A+ B1 de 8,64% na MS resultado inferior em 62%; 86% e 74% aos obtidos para oFS, GM e SM. O GSDS apresentou teores de hemicelulose e celulose superior ao FS, como verificado nafração B2, com valor de 46,92 % expresso na MS. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade in vitro (CDIV) dosnutrientes do GSDS não diferiu (p > 0,05) em relação aos demais alimentos experimentais. A inclusão doGSDS em rações formuladas para ovinos não alterou (p > 0,05) o CDIV da MS; MO; PB; FDN e FDA...(AU)

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We evaluated the fractions of protein and carbohydrates in distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), corn grain (CG), soybean meal (SM), and corn silage (CS), as well as the in vitro digestibility (IVD) of DDGS, CG, SM, CS, rations containing 0.0, 8.0, 16.0, and 24.0% DDGS, and in vitro fermentation parameters after 24 h of incubation. DDGS were obtained following microbial fermentation for ethanol production from a sugar and alcohol distillery located in the state of Mato Grosso - Brazil. The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) was used to determine the protein and carbohydrate fractions of experimental diets. For the in vitro nutrient digestion assay using the experimental foods and experimental diets, two sheep with an average body weight of 26 kg were used as inoculum donors. The in vitro digestibility of food and feed was assayed in three replicates. Fraction A of DDGS CP was 88, 71, and 37% lower in relation to fraction A of SM, CG, and CS, respectively. Fraction B2 of DDGS protein contained 21% CP, which represents 78.84% of DDGS protein in fraction B2, and is higher than the SM, which was 70.44%. The B3 fraction of CP, which is partly released during ruminal fermentation, was 18% lower for SM compared to DDGS, and is expressed in %CP. For carbohydrate fractionation, the DDGS presented 8.64% for the A + B1 fraction on a DM basis, which was 62, 86, and 74% lower compared to those obtained for SM, CG. and CS, respectively. The hemicellulose andcellulose contents of DDGS were higher than those of SM, as verified in fraction B2, with a value of46.92%, expressed in DM. The in vitro digestibility coefficients (IVDC) of the DDGS nutrients did notdiffer (p > 0.05) in relation to those of the other experimental foods. The inclusion of DDGS in rationsformulated for sheep did not change (p > 0.05) the IVDC of DM, OM, CP. NDF, or ADF, with meanvalues of 70.93, 70.64, 59.58, 52.83, and 43.40%, respectively. Therefore, DDGS comprise...

Foram avaliadas as frações da proteína e dos carboidratos de grãos secos de destilaria com solúveis (GSDS), grão de milho (GM), farelo de soja (FS), e silagem de milho (SM), e a digestibilidade in vitro (CDIV) do GSDS, GM, FS, SM e de rações contendo a inclusão de 0,0%; 8,0%; 16,0% e 24,0% de GSDS, bem como os parâmetros de fermentação in vitro após 24 horas de incubação. O GSDS foi obtido após processo de fermentação microbiana para a produção do etanol, de uma destilaria de flex de açúcar e álcool localizada no estado de Mato Grosso - Brasil. Para determinação das frações proteicas e de carboidratos dos alimentos experimentais foi utilizado Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System CNCPS. Para o ensaio de digestão in vitro dos nutrientes dos alimentos experimentais e das rações experimentais foram utilizados dois ovinos com peso corporal médio de 26 kg, como doadores de inóculo. O ensaio de digestibilidade in vitro dos alimentos e das rações foi conduzido com três repetições de campo. A fração A da PB do GSDS apresentou valores 88%, 71% e 37% menores em relação a fração A do FS, GM e SM, respectivamente. A fração B2 da proteína do GSDS apresentou um teor de 21% da PB, o que representa 78,84% da proteína do GSDS na fração B2, valor superior ao do FS, que foi de 70,44%. A fração B3 da PB, a qual parte escapa da fermentação ruminal foi 18% menor para o FS em relação ao GSDS, expresso em % da PB. Para o fracionamento de carboidratos, o GSDS apresentou umvalor para a fração A+ B1 de 8,64% na MS resultado inferior em 62%; 86% e 74% aos obtidos para oFS, GM e SM. O GSDS apresentou teores de hemicelulose e celulose superior ao FS, como verificado nafração B2, com valor de 46,92 % expresso na MS. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade in vitro (CDIV) dosnutrientes do GSDS não diferiu (p > 0,05) em relação aos demais alimentos experimentais. A inclusão doGSDS em rações formuladas para ovinos não alterou (p > 0,05) o CDIV da MS; MO; PB; FDN e FDA...

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We evaluated the fractions of protein and carbohydrates in distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), corn grain (CG), soybean meal (SM), and corn silage (CS), as well as the in vitro digestibility (IVD) of DDGS, CG, SM, CS, rations containing 0.0, 8.0, 16.0, and 24.0% DDGS, and in vitro fermentation parameters after 24 h of incubation. DDGS were obtained following microbial fermentation for ethanol production from a sugar and alcohol distillery located in the state of Mato Grosso - Brazil. The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) was used to determine the protein and carbohydrate fractions of experimental diets. For the in vitro nutrient digestion assay using the experimental foods and experimental diets, two sheep with an average body weight of 26 kg were used as inoculum donors. The in vitro digestibility of food and feed was assayed in three replicates. Fraction A of DDGS CP was 88, 71, and 37% lower in relation to fraction A of SM, CG, and CS, respectively. Fraction B2 of DDGS protein contained 21% CP, which represents 78.84% of DDGS protein in fraction B2, and is higher than the SM, which was 70.44%. The B3 fraction of CP, which is partly released during ruminal fermentation, was 18% lower for SM compared to DDGS, and is expressed in %CP. For carbohydrate fractionation, the DDGS presented 8.64% for the A + B1 fraction on a DM basis, which was 62, 86, and

Foram avaliadas as frações da proteína e dos carboidratos de grãos secos de destilaria com solúveis (GSDS), grão de milho (GM), farelo de soja (FS), e silagem de milho (SM), e a digestibilidade in vitro (CDIV) do GSDS, GM, FS, SM e de rações contendo a inclusão de 0,0%; 8,0%; 16,0% e 24,0% de GSDS, bem como os parâmetros de fermentação in vitro após 24 horas de incubação. O GSDS foi obtido após processo de fermentação microbiana para a produção do etanol, de uma destilaria de flex de açúcar e álcool localizada no estado de Mato Grosso - Brasil. Para determinação das frações proteicas e de carboidratos dos alimentos experimentais foi utilizado Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System CNCPS. Para o ensaio de digestão in vitro dos nutrientes dos alimentos experimentais e das rações experimentais foram utilizados dois ovinos com peso corporal médio de 26 kg, como doadores de inóculo. O ensaio de digestibilidade in vitro dos alimentos e das rações foi conduzido com três repetições de campo. A fração A da PB do GSDS apresentou valores 88%, 71% e 37% menores em relação a fração A do FS, GM e SM, respectivamente. A fração B2 da proteína do GSDS apresentou um teor de 21% da PB, o que representa 78,84% da proteína do GSDS na fração B2, valor superior ao do FS, que foi de 70,44%. A fração B3 da PB, a qual parte escapa da fermentação ruminal foi 18% menor para o FS em relação ao GSDS,

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect on intake, apparent digestibility, and ruminal constituents of sheep in response to the addition of increasing levels of babassu mesocarp flour (BMF) to the diet. Twenty crossbred sheep (29.17 ± 2.23 kg) were used in a randomized complete block design. Lambs were confined for 21 days, with 16 days for diet adaptation and 5 days for data collection, in which they were fed an isonitrogenous diet (16.5 ± 0.2 CP, DM basis) containing 70% of concentrate and 30% (DM basis) of Tifton 85 hay. Increasing levels of BMF were 0, 10, 20, and 30% (DM basis). There was a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) on the DM intake, nutrients intake, and digestibility of CP and NFC. The digestibility of DM, OM, TC, and NDF decreased linearly, while EE digestibility increased linearly with increasing levels of BMF. The high NDF content presented in the chemical composition of the babassu mesocarp flour ranked the same as fibrous food, which can limit the inclusion in the diet of high production animals. So, babassu mesocarp flour is an alternative for energy source in lambs feed and can be added at levels up to 10%.

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This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Streptococcus bovis on the fermentation characteristics and nutritive value of Tanzania grass silage. Tanzania grass was chopped and left untreated (U) or treated with Streptococcus bovis JB1 at 1 × 10(6) colony-forming units per gram (cfu/g) of fresh forage or Streptococcus bovis HC5 at 1 × 10(6) cfu/g of fresh forage and packed into sixtuplicate laboratory silos. The largest number of enterobacteria, molds and yeast (M&Y) occurred in untreated silages and the smallest populations of enterobacteria and M&Y and the largest numbers of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), at 9.81 and 9.87 log cfu/g, were observed in Streptococcus bovis JB1 and HC5, respectively (P < 0.05). Silages treated with JB1 and HC5 had lower (P < 0.05) silage pHs and concentrations of ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N) than untreated silages. The application of Streptococcus bovis JB1 and HC5 resulted in fewer losses through gases and effluents (P < 0.05), which resulted in greater dry matter recovery (DMR) and crude protein recovery (CPR) (P < 0.05). Streptococcus bovis JB1 and HC5 improved the fermentative profile and increased the concentration of crude protein and DMR and CPR in Tanzania grass silage.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of including common-bean residue in diets for feedlot sheep on the intake and digestibility of nutrients by these animals. Sixteen intact male sheep were allotted in a completely randomized design with four treatments and four replicates. Treatments consisted of the inclusion of 0, 11, 22, and 33% of the common-bean residue (dry matter basis) in the experimental diets, which corresponded to the substitution levels of 0.0, 33.3, 66.7, and 100.0% of cottonseed cake for the bean residue. Data of the studied variables were subjected to analyses of variance and regression, adopting a significance level of 5%. The model was chosen based on the significance of the regression parameters, evaluated by the t test (P<0.05), and on the coefficients of determination. The levels of inclusion of the common-bean residue in the diet influenced (P<0.05) the intakes of dry matter (DM), crude protein, organic matter, ether extract, and indigestible neutral detergent fiber, expressed in g animal-1 day-1, percentage of body weight (%BW), and metabolic weight (BW0.75), which decreased linearly. However, the inclusion of the different levels of common-bean residue did not change (P>0.05) the intakes of neutral detergent fiber, non-fiber carbohydrates, or total digestible nutrients by the feedlot sheep. Every 1.0% of inclusion of the common-bean residue in the sheep diet led to a reduction of 4.93, 0.01, and 0.20 in DM intake when expressed in g animal-1 day-1, %BW, and BW0.75, respectively. Every 1.0% of inclusion of the bean residue resulted in the reduction of 2.73% in the intake of indigestible neutral detergent fiber by the feedlot sheep. Sheep displayed a linear increase (P<0.05) in water intake with the levels of common-bean residue in the experimental diets.[...](AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da inclusão do resíduo de feijão na dieta de ovinos confinados sobre o consumo e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes. Foram utilizados 16 ovinos, machos inteiros, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pela inclusão de 0; 11; 22 e 33% na MS do resíduo de feijão nas dietas experimentais, as quais corresponderam aos níveis de substituição de 0,0; 33,3; 66,7 e 100,0% da torta de algodão pelo resíduo de feijão. Os dados das variáveis estudadas foram submetidos às análises de variância e de regressão, adotando-se o nível de significância de 5%. A escolha do modelo foi baseada na significância dos parâmetros de regressão, testada pelo teste t (P<0,05), e nos valores dos coeficientes de determinação. Os níveis de inclusão de resíduo feijão na dieta dos ovinos influenciaram (P<0,05) de maneira linear decrescente os valores de consumos de matéria seca, proteína bruta, matéria orgânica, extrato etéreo e fibra em detergente neutro indigestível expressos em g animal-1 dia-1, percentagem do peso corporal (% PC) e peso metabólico (PC 0,75). Porém foi observado que a inclusão dos diferentes níveis de inclusão do resíduo de feijão não alterou (P>0,05) o consumo de fibra em detergente neutro, carboidratos não fibrosos e nutrientes digestíveis totais dos ovinos confinados. Observou-se que para cada 1,0% da inclusão do resíduo de feijão na dieta de ovinos ocorreu uma redução no consumo de MS de 4,93; 0,01 e 0,20 expressos em g animal-1 dia-1, % PC e PC0,75, respectivamente. A cada 1,0% de inclusão do resíduo de feijão foi observado a redução de 2,73% no consumo de fibra em detergenteneutro indigestível dos ovinos confinados. Os ovinos apresentaram um aumentou linear (P<0,05) no consumo de água com a inclusão dos diferentes níveis do resíduo de feijão nas dietas experimentais.[...](AU)

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Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos do farelo de arroz sobre as perdas por gases e efluente, o perfil fermentativo e a composição química das silagens de Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk ensilado em silos de laboratório. Utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos: 0; 10; 20, 30 e 40g/kg de farelo de arroz, com base na matéria natural da gramínea. Os valores das perdas por gases e efluentes foram reduzidos linearmente em 0,11 e 0,39g/kg MS, enquanto a recuperação da matéria seca aumentou linearmente em 0,32g/kg MS. Houve comportamento quadrático nos valores de pH e, redução linear para os valores de N-amoniacal e poder tampão, estimados em 1,1 e 0,5g/kg MS. As concentrações de ácido acético, butírico e propiônico foram reduzidas linearmente em 0,1; 0,008 e 0,006g/kg MS, enquanto a de ácido láctico aumentou linearmente em 0,5g/kg MS. Cada unidade porcentual de farelo de arroz promoveu aumento linear de 4,3; 1,8; 7,1 e 7,0g/kg nos teores de matéria seca, proteína bruta, extrato etéreo e nutrientes digestíveis totais, e redução linear de 6,9; 4,3 e 2,6g/kg MS nos teores de fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido e hemicelulose. A inclusão de 10g/kg de farelo de arroz já assegura diminuição das perdas por gases e efluentes, aumento na recuperação de matéria seca, proporcionando melhorias no perfil fermentativo e na composição química das sila

The objective was to assess the effects of rice meal over losses by gas and effluent, the fermentative profile and the chemical composition of Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk silage in laboratory bags. Entirely random lining was used, with five treatments: 0; 10; 20; 30 and 40g/kg rice meal, based on natural grass matter. The values of losses by gas and effluents were reduced linearly in 0.11 and 0.39g/kg DM, while recovery of dry matter increased linearly in 0.32g/kg DM. There was quadratic behavior for pH values and linear decrease for the values of N-ammoniacal and buffering power estimated in 1.1 and 5g/kg DM. Concentrations of acetic, butyric and propionic acids were reduced linearly in 0.1; 0.008 and 0.006g/kg DM, while lactic acid increased linearly in 0.5g/kg DM. Each 1g/kg rice meal promoted linear increase of 4.3; 1.8; 7.1 and 7.0g/kg dry matter levels, crude protein, ethereal extract and total digestible nutrients and linear decrease of 6.9; 4.3 and 2.6g/kg DM of fiber in neutral detergent, fiber in acidic detergent and hemicellulose levels. Inclusion of 10g/kg rice meal already ensures lowering losses by gas and effluents, increase in dry matter recovery, allowing improvements on the fermentative profile and the chemical composition of silage.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of including common-bean residue in diets for feedlot sheep on the intake and digestibility of nutrients by these animals. Sixteen intact male sheep were allotted in a completely randomized design with four treatments and four replicates. Treatments consisted of the inclusion of 0, 11, 22, and 33% of the common-bean residue (dry matter basis) in the experimental diets, which corresponded to the substitution levels of 0.0, 33.3, 66.7, and 100.0% of cottonseed cake for the bean residue. Data of the studied variables were subjected to analyses of variance and regression, adopting a significance level of 5%. The model was chosen based on the significance of the regression parameters, evaluated by the t test (P0.05) the intakes of neutral detergent fiber, non-fiber carbohydrates, or total digestible nutrients by the feedlot sheep. Every 1.0% of inclusion of the common-bean residue in the sheep diet led to a reduction of 4.93, 0.01, and 0.20 in DM intake when expressed in g animal-1 day-1, %BW, and BW0.75, respectively. Every 1.0% of inclusion of the bean residue resulted in the reduction of 2.73% in the intake of indigestible neutral detergent fiber by the feedlot sheep. Sheep displayed a linear increase (P<0.05) in water intake with the levels of common-bean residue in the experimental diets.[...]

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da inclusão do resíduo de feijão na dieta de ovinos confinados sobre o consumo e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes. Foram utilizados 16 ovinos, machos inteiros, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pela inclusão de 0; 11; 22 e 33% na MS do resíduo de feijão nas dietas experimentais, as quais corresponderam aos níveis de substituição de 0,0; 33,3; 66,7 e 100,0% da torta de algodão pelo resíduo de feijão. Os dados das variáveis estudadas foram submetidos às análises de variância e de regressão, adotando-se o nível de significância de 5%. A escolha do modelo foi baseada na significância dos parâmetros de regressão, testada pelo teste t (P0,05) o consumo de fibra em detergente neutro, carboidratos não fibrosos e nutrientes digestíveis totais dos ovinos confinados. Observou-se que para cada 1,0% da inclusão do resíduo de feijão na dieta de ovinos ocorreu uma redução no consumo de MS de 4,93; 0,01 e 0,20 expressos em g animal-1 dia-1, % PC e PC0,75, respectivamente. A cada 1,0% de inclusão do resíduo de feijão foi observado a redução de 2,73% no consumo de fibra em detergenteneutro indigestível dos ovinos confinados. Os ovinos apresentaram um aumentou linear (P<0,05) no consumo de água com a inclusão dos diferentes níveis do resíduo de feijão nas dietas experimentais.[...]

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Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos do farelo de arroz sobre as perdas por gases e efluente, o perfil fermentativo e a composição química das silagens de Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk ensilado em silos de laboratório. Utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos: 0; 10; 20, 30 e 40g/kg de farelo de arroz, com base na matéria natural da gramínea. Os valores das perdas por gases e efluentes foram reduzidos linearmente em 0,11 e 0,39g/kg MS, enquanto a recuperação da matéria seca aumentou linearmente em 0,32g/kg MS. Houve comportamento quadrático nos valores de pH e, redução linear para os valores de N-amoniacal e poder tampão, estimados em 1,1 e 0,5g/kg MS. As concentrações de ácido acético, butírico e propiônico foram reduzidas linearmente em 0,1; 0,008 e 0,006g/kg MS, enquanto a de ácido láctico aumentou linearmente em 0,5g/kg MS. Cada unidade porcentual de farelo de arroz promoveu aumento linear de 4,3; 1,8; 7,1 e 7,0g/kg nos teores de matéria seca, proteína bruta, extrato etéreo e nutrientes digestíveis totais, e redução linear de 6,9; 4,3 e 2,6g/kg MS nos teores de fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido e hemicelulose. A inclusão de 10g/kg de farelo de arroz já assegura diminuição das perdas por gases e efluentes, aumento na recuperação de matéria seca, proporcionando melhorias no perfil fermentativo e na composição química das sila(AU)

The objective was to assess the effects of rice meal over losses by gas and effluent, the fermentative profile and the chemical composition of Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk silage in laboratory bags. Entirely random lining was used, with five treatments: 0; 10; 20; 30 and 40g/kg rice meal, based on natural grass matter. The values of losses by gas and effluents were reduced linearly in 0.11 and 0.39g/kg DM, while recovery of dry matter increased linearly in 0.32g/kg DM. There was quadratic behavior for pH values and linear decrease for the values of N-ammoniacal and buffering power estimated in 1.1 and 5g/kg DM. Concentrations of acetic, butyric and propionic acids were reduced linearly in 0.1; 0.008 and 0.006g/kg DM, while lactic acid increased linearly in 0.5g/kg DM. Each 1g/kg rice meal promoted linear increase of 4.3; 1.8; 7.1 and 7.0g/kg dry matter levels, crude protein, ethereal extract and total digestible nutrients and linear decrease of 6.9; 4.3 and 2.6g/kg DM of fiber in neutral detergent, fiber in acidic detergent and hemicellulose levels. Inclusion of 10g/kg rice meal already ensures lowering losses by gas and effluents, increase in dry matter recovery, allowing improvements on the fermentative profile and the chemical composition of silage.(AU)

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Foi conduzido um experimento com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento ingestivo de novilhas, novilhos e vacas, em pastagens de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, no sistema de lotação contínua, com taxa de lotação variável. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com três categorias animais representando os tratamentos, cada um com dez repetições. O período experimental foi de 35 dias, sendo 20 para adaptação dos animais e 15 para avaliações, que foram de três dias, com duração de 24 horas cada, em intervalos de cinco dias. O teste t demonstrou que as vacas pastejaram mais tempo (9,27 horas) que as novilhas (7,79 horas) e os novilhos (7,69 horas). Foi observada diferença estatística entre os animais, para o tempo total de ruminação, com maior valor para as vacas (8,83 horas). A taxa de bocados diurnos e noturnos foi maior para as vacas (42,47 e 42,00, respectivamente). Concluiu-se que as vacas lactantes apresentaram maior tempo diário de pastejo, ruminação e taxa de bocados e menor tempo de ócio em relação a novilhas e novilhos, devido à maior exigência nutricional dessa categoria(AU)

An experiment was carried with the objective of evaluating the ingestive behavior of heifers, calves and caws in pastures of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, at continuous stocking with a variable stocking rate. The experimental design was totally randomized having three categories representing the treatments, each one with ten repetitions. The experimental period was 30 days: 20 for the adaptation of the animals and 15 for the evaluations, which consisted of three days, with duration of 24 hours each, at intervals of five days. The t-Test demonstrated that cows grazed longer (9.27h) than heifers (7.79h) and calves (7.69h). Differences regarding time of rumination, with larger value for cows (8.83h) among the animals were observed. The day/night bite rate was higher for the cows (42.47 and 42.00, respectively). It can be concluded that dairy cows presented longer grazing time, rumination and bite rate, and shorter rest time in relation to heifers and calves due to their highest nutritional requirement(AU)

Fue conducido un experimento con el objetivo de evaluar el comportamiento de ingestión de novillas, novillos y vacas en pastajes de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, en el sistema de lleno continuo, con tasa de lleno variable. El delineamiento experimental fue el enteramente casualizado, con tres categorías de animales representando los tratamientos, cada uno con diez repeticiones. El periodo experimental fue de 35 días, siendo 20 para adaptación de los animales y 15 para evaluaciones, que fueron de tres días, con duración de 24 horas cada, en intervalo de cinco días. El teste T demostró que las vacas pastaron más tiempo (9,27 horas) que las novillas (7,79 horas) y los novillos (7,69 horas). Fue observado diferencia estadística entre los animales, para el tiempo total de rumiación, con mayor valor para las vacas (8,83 horas). La tasa de bocados diurnos y nocturnos fue mayor para las vacas (42,470 y 42,00 respectivamente). Se concluyó que las vacas lactantes presentaron mayor tiempo diario de pastaje, rumiación y tasa de bocados, y menor tiempo de ocio en relación a novillas y novillos, debido a mayor exigencia nutricional de esa categoría(AU)

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O experimento foi desenvolvido objetivando-se avaliar o efeito da adição de hidróxido de sódio (NaOH), em doses crescentes, sobre o valor nutritivo do feno de capim-tanzânia. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos: T1 –feno de capim-tanzânia, T2 feno de capim-tanzânia mais 1,0% de NaOH, T3 feno de capim-tanzânia mais 2,0% de NaOH e T4 feno de capim-tanzânia mais 3,0% de NaOH, com base na matéria seca, totalizando dez repetições por tratamento. Houve efeito linear dos níveis de NaOH sobre o teor de proteína bruta (PB), redução no teor da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), por meio de um comportamento linear negativo. Os valores obtidos pela equação de regressão na dose mais elevada foram 63,66 e 39,58%, para os valores de FDN e FDA, respectivamente. Houve efeito linear positivo para a digestibilidade com a adição dos níveis de uréia, proporcionando aumentos de 57,47% na, testemunha, para 63,07% na dose de 3,0%. O uso de NaOH foi eficiente para promover melhorias na qualidade do feno de capim-tanzânia.mais estudados, indicando a necessidade de investigação de um número maior de animais, por se tratar de um alelo raro(AU)

This paper evaluates the effect of the addition of increasing levels of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) on the Tanzania-grass hay nutritive value. The experimental design was completely randomized and based on four treatments: T1 - tanzania-grass hay; T2 - tanzania-grass hay plus 1.0 % NaOH; T3 - tanzania-grass hay plus 2.0 % NaOH, and T4 - tanzania-grass hay plus 3.0 % NaOH based on dry matter, totaling ten replicates per treatment. There was a linear effect of NaOH levels on crude protein (CP) content and linear reduction in the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents. The values obtained by the regression equation in the highest dose were 63.66 and 39.58 %, for NDF and ADF values, respectively. There was a positive linear effect for the digestibility with NaOH levels, providing increases of 57.47 % for control treatment and of 63.07 % for the dose of 3.0 %. NaOH was efficient in promoting the improvement of the Tanzania-grass hay quality(AU)

El experimento fue desarrollado objetivándose evaluar el efecto de la adición de hidróxido de sodio (NaOH), en dosis crecientes, sobre el valor nutritivo del heno de gramínea tanzania. El delineamiento experimental fue el enteramente casualizado, con cuatro tratamientos: T1- heno de gramínea tanzania, T2- heno de gramínea tanzania mas 1,0 % de NaOH, T3 Heno de gramínea tanzania más 2,0 % de NaOH y T4 Heno de gramínea tanzania mas 3,0 % de NaOH, con base en la materia seca, totalizando diez repeticiones por tratamiento. Hubo efecto lineal de los niveles de NaOH sobre el tenor de proteína bruta (PB), reducción en el tenor de la fibra en detergente neutro (FDN) y fibra en detergente ácido (FDA), por medio de un comportamiento lineal negativo. Los valores obtenidos por la ecuación de regresión en la dosis más elevada fueron 63,66 % y 39,58 %, para los valores de FDN y FDA, respectivamente. Hubo efecto lineal positivo para la digestibilidad como la adición de los niveles de urea proporcionando aumentos de 57,47 % en la dieta testigo, para 63,07 % en la dieta 3,0 %. El uso de NaOH fue eficiente para promover mejorías en la calidad del heno de gramínea tanzania

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

O experimento foi desenvolvido objetivando-se avaliar o efeito da adição de hidróxido de sódio (NaOH), em doses crescentes, sobre o valor nutritivo do feno de capim-tanzânia. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos: T1 –feno de capim-tanzânia, T2 – feno de capim-tanzânia mais 1,0% de NaOH, T3 – feno de capim-tanzânia mais 2,0% de NaOH e T4 – feno de capim-tanzânia mais 3,0% de NaOH, com base na matéria seca, totalizando dez repetições por tratamento. Houve efeito linear dos níveis de NaOH sobre o teor de proteína bruta (PB), redução no teor da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), por meio de um comportamento linear negativo. Os valores obtidos pela equação de regressão na dose mais elevada foram 63,66 e 39,58%, para os valores de FDN e FDA, respectivamente. Houve efeito linear positivo para a digestibilidade com a adição dos níveis de uréia, proporcionando aumentos de 57,47% na, testemunha, para 63,07% na dose de 3,0%. O uso de NaOH foi eficiente para promover melhorias na qualidade do feno de capim-tanzânia.mais estudados, indicando a necessidade de investigação de um número maior de animais, por se tratar de um alelo raro.

This paper evaluates the effect of the addition of increasing levels of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) on the Tanzania-grass hay nutritive value. The experimental design was completely randomized and based on four treatments: T1 - tanzania-grass hay; T2 - tanzania-grass hay plus 1.0 % NaOH; T3 - tanzania-grass hay plus 2.0 % NaOH, and T4 - tanzania-grass hay plus 3.0 % NaOH based on dry matter, totaling ten replicates per treatment. There was a linear effect of NaOH levels on crude protein (CP) content and linear reduction in the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents. The values obtained by the regression equation in the highest dose were 63.66 and 39.58 %, for NDF and ADF values, respectively. There was a positive linear effect for the digestibility with NaOH levels, providing increases of 57.47 % for control treatment and of 63.07 % for the dose of 3.0 %. NaOH was efficient in promoting the improvement of the Tanzania-grass hay quality.

El experimento fue desarrollado objetivándose evaluar el efecto de la adición de hidróxido de sodio (NaOH), en dosis crecientes, sobre el valor nutritivo del heno de gramínea tanzania. El delineamiento experimental fue el enteramente casualizado, con cuatro tratamientos: T1- heno de gramínea tanzania, T2- heno de gramínea tanzania mas 1,0 % de NaOH, T3 – Heno de gramínea tanzania más 2,0 % de NaOH y T4 – Heno de gramínea tanzania mas 3,0 % de NaOH, con base en la materia seca, totalizando diez repeticiones por tratamiento. Hubo efecto lineal de los niveles de NaOH sobre el tenor de proteína bruta (PB), reducción en el tenor de la fibra en detergente neutro (FDN) y fibra en detergente ácido (FDA), por medio de un comportamiento lineal negativo. Los valores obtenidos por la ecuación de regresión en la dosis más elevada fueron 63,66 % y 39,58 %, para los valores de FDN y FDA, respectivamente. Hubo efecto lineal positivo para la digestibilidad como la adición de los niveles de urea proporcionando aumentos de 57,47 % en la dieta testigo, para 63,07 % en la dieta 3,0 %. El uso de NaOH fue eficiente para promover mejorías en la calidad del heno de gramínea tanzania.

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