RESUMEN
Delayed Information Processing Speed (IPS) often underlies attention deficits and is particularly evident in patients with traumatic brain injury, Parkinson's disease, depression, dementia, and multiple sclerosis. Therefore, it is of interest to determine the brain network that is responsible for such essential cognitive function to understand IPS deficits and to develop effective rehabilitation programs. We assessed brain functional connectivity and effective connectivity during the performance of an adapted version of the Symbol Digit Modalities Test. Using dynamic causal modeling, we focused on obtaining a network model for IPS function in healthy subjects. Sixteen right-handed volunteers (seven women, age: 29.7⯱â¯5.0 years) were included in the study after giving written consent for participating. Functional magnetic resonance images were acquired in a 3T scanner. According to our results, two systems interact during the IPS task performance. One is formed by frontoparietal and fronto-occipital networks, related to the control of goal-directed (top-down) selection for stimuli and response, while the second is composed of the temporoparietal and inferior frontal cortices, which are associated with stimulus-driven attention in the brain. Additionally, the default-mode network showed a significant correlation with networks positively associated with the task, mainly those related to visual detection and processing, indicating its relevant role in functional integration involving IPS. Therefore, an IPS-related network was proposed through a methodology that may be useful for future studies considering other cognitive functions and tasks, clinical groups, and longitudinal assessments.
Asunto(s)
Encéfalo/fisiología , Cognición/fisiología , Adulto , Mapeo Encefálico , Femenino , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Vías Nerviosas/fisiología , Pruebas NeuropsicológicasRESUMEN
Vários fatores podem influenciar o sucesso na transferência de embriões em ovinos. Alguns estãorelacionados à maximização do número de embriões produzidos por ovelha, principalmente relacionados àresposta superovulatória, tais como responsividade folicular ao FSH, falhas ligadas ao corpo lúteo e ordem decoletas, outras simplesmente associadas ao manejo, como estresse térmico, condição corporal e dieta. Natentativa de aumentar o sucesso da técnica, tratamentos superovulatórios utilizando diferentes fontes de FSHestão sendo testados, bem como a utilização de agentes antiprostaglandínicos ou agentes luteotróficos. Alémdisso, parece também ser irrefutável a utilização da ultrassonografia para acompanhamento da dinâmica folicularantes do início do tratamento para superovulação. O ambiente no qual se encontram as ovelhas, tanto a doadoracomo a receptora, pode influenciar diretamente todo o processo, podendo provocar inatividade ovariana, falhasna dinâmica folicular, diminuição do número e da qualidade dos embriões produzidos, além de um desfavorávelambiente uterino à gestação.
Several factors can influence the success of the transference of sheep embryos. Some are related to themaximization of the number of embryos produced per ewe, mainly the ones related to the superovulatoryresponse in ewes, such as follicular responsiveness to FSH, failures linked to the corpus luteum and the order ofsampling, other simply associated to handling, such as thermal stress, body condition and diet. In an attempt toincrease the success of the technique, superovulatory treatments using different sources of FSH are being tested,as well as the use of antiprostaglandin agents or luteotropic agents. The use of ultrasound to monitor folliculargrowth prior to initiating treatment for superovulation also seems compelling. The environment in which thedonor and receiving ewes are located can directly influence the entire process, being able to provoke ovarianinactivity, failures on the follicular dynamics, decrease in the number and quality of the embryos produced, andalso one uterine environment unfavorable for pregnancy.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Ovinos/fisiología , Transferencia de Embrión/efectos adversos , Transferencia de Embrión/veterinaria , Gonadotropinas/químicaRESUMEN
Vários fatores podem influenciar o sucesso na transferência de embriões em ovinos. Alguns estãorelacionados à maximização do número de embriões produzidos por ovelha, principalmente relacionados àresposta superovulatória, tais como responsividade folicular ao FSH, falhas ligadas ao corpo lúteo e ordem decoletas, outras simplesmente associadas ao manejo, como estresse térmico, condição corporal e dieta. Natentativa de aumentar o sucesso da técnica, tratamentos superovulatórios utilizando diferentes fontes de FSHestão sendo testados, bem como a utilização de agentes antiprostaglandínicos ou agentes luteotróficos. Alémdisso, parece também ser irrefutável a utilização da ultrassonografia para acompanhamento da dinâmica folicularantes do início do tratamento para superovulação. O ambiente no qual se encontram as ovelhas, tanto a doadoracomo a receptora, pode influenciar diretamente todo o processo, podendo provocar inatividade ovariana, falhasna dinâmica folicular, diminuição do número e da qualidade dos embriões produzidos, além de um desfavorávelambiente uterino à gestação.(AU)
Several factors can influence the success of the transference of sheep embryos. Some are related to themaximization of the number of embryos produced per ewe, mainly the ones related to the superovulatoryresponse in ewes, such as follicular responsiveness to FSH, failures linked to the corpus luteum and the order ofsampling, other simply associated to handling, such as thermal stress, body condition and diet. In an attempt toincrease the success of the technique, superovulatory treatments using different sources of FSH are being tested,as well as the use of antiprostaglandin agents or luteotropic agents. The use of ultrasound to monitor folliculargrowth prior to initiating treatment for superovulation also seems compelling. The environment in which thedonor and receiving ewes are located can directly influence the entire process, being able to provoke ovarianinactivity, failures on the follicular dynamics, decrease in the number and quality of the embryos produced, andalso one uterine environment unfavorable for pregnancy.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Transferencia de Embrión/efectos adversos , Transferencia de Embrión/veterinaria , Ovinos/fisiología , Gonadotropinas/químicaRESUMEN
Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is a botanical compound abundant in honeybees' propolis. It has anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antioxidant, immunomodulatory and antitumor properties. Its beneficial effects against neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease, have also been suggested and some mechanisms have been proposed. Mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress are critical events in neurodegeneration. Release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytosol and the downstream activation of caspase-3 have been suggested as targets of the protective mechanism of CAPE. Most of the studies addressing the protective effect of CAPE have been performed in cell culture. This is the first study to demonstrate the protective effect of CAPE against the dopaminergic neuronal loss induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in rats. It also demonstrates, for the first time, the inhibitory effect of CAPE on mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT), a mediator of neuronal death that triggers cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activation. Scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and metal chelation was demonstrated in the brain-affected areas of the rats treated with 6-OHDA and CAPE. Additionally, we demonstrated that CAPE does not affect brain mitochondrial function. Based on these findings and on its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, CAPE is a promising compound to treat Parkinson's and other neurodegenerative diseases.
Asunto(s)
Ácidos Cafeicos/farmacología , Neuronas Dopaminérgicas/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas de Transporte de Membrana Mitocondrial/efectos de los fármacos , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/farmacología , Trastornos Parkinsonianos/prevención & control , Alcohol Feniletílico/análogos & derivados , Adrenérgicos , Animales , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Muerte Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Depuradores de Radicales Libres/farmacología , Poro de Transición de la Permeabilidad Mitocondrial , Oxidopamina , Trastornos Parkinsonianos/inducido químicamente , Alcohol Feniletílico/farmacología , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
The neurodegenerative diseases are important causes of morbidity and mortality in Western countries. Common mechanisms of toxicity involving mitochondrial damage have been suggested; however, a definitive treatment has not yet been found. Therefore, there has been great interest in the development of mitochondria-targeted protective compounds for the treatment of neuropathies. Animal toxins represent a promising source of new molecules with neuroprotective activity and potential to originate new drugs. We present here the effects of a low-molecular-mass peptides fraction (Ba-V) from Bothrops atrox snake venom, on rat brain mitochondrial function. Ba-V did not induce the mitochondrial swelling and moreover, was as effective as cyclosporin A (CsA) to inhibit the calcium/phosphate-induced swelling, which indicates its potential to prevent the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT). The membrane electrochemical potential, the oxygen consumption during states-3 and -4 respirations as well as the respiratory control ratio (RCR) were not affected by Ba-V. Additionally, Ba-V did not induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Interestingly, Ba-V did not protect against the generation of ROS induced by t-BOH, which suggests a protection mechanism other than ROS scavenging. Given the important role of the mitochondrial damage and, more specifically, of MPT, in the development of neuropathies, Ba-V might be useful in the future strategies for the treatment of these diseases.
Asunto(s)
Bothrops , Venenos de Crotálidos/química , Dilatación Mitocondrial/efectos de los fármacos , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/uso terapéutico , Péptidos/uso terapéutico , Proteínas de Reptiles/uso terapéutico , Animales , Encéfalo , Brasil , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/metabolismo , Masculino , Potencial de la Membrana Mitocondrial/efectos de los fármacos , Mitocondrias/efectos de los fármacos , Peso Molecular , Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas/tratamiento farmacológico , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/efectos adversos , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/química , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/aislamiento & purificación , Fosforilación Oxidativa/efectos de los fármacos , Péptidos/efectos adversos , Péptidos/química , Péptidos/aislamiento & purificación , Permeabilidad/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Proteínas de Reptiles/efectos adversos , Proteínas de Reptiles/química , Proteínas de Reptiles/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
This study evaluated antibody production against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in hyperthyroid rats during treatment with triiodothyronine (T(3)). The immune response was evaluated by measuring plaque forming cells (PFC) in the spleen and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in serum of male Wistar rats (180+/-10 g) treated with 25 mug/day of triiodotironine (T(3)) during 7-12 days and immunized with SRBC at the 8th day of treatment. The results showed that anti-SRBC antibody production was significantly decreased in animals treated for 12 days when compared to normal rats immunized with the same antigen, as evaluated by the two assays. These results show that in this experimental model hyperthyroidism decreases antibody response. We previously observed the opposite effect, that is, an increase in this response in hypothyroid rats resulting from the treatment with propylthyouracil, a blocker of thyroid hormone biosynthesis. It is suggested that antibody production is affected by thyroid hormone levels.
Asunto(s)
Formación de Anticuerpos/inmunología , Hipertiroidismo/inmunología , Animales , Células Productoras de Anticuerpos/inmunología , Antitiroideos/farmacología , Regulación hacia Abajo/inmunología , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Eritrocitos/inmunología , Técnica de Placa Hemolítica , Hipertiroidismo/inducido químicamente , Inmunoglobulina M/biosíntesis , Inmunoglobulina M/sangre , Inyecciones Intraperitoneales , Masculino , Propiltiouracilo/farmacología , Ratas , Ratas Wistar/inmunología , Oveja Doméstica/sangre , Tirotropina/sangre , TriyodotironinaRESUMEN
Estudaram-se as características de fermentação da cana-de-açúcar (RB72454) submetida aos tratamentos: controle; 0,5 por cento uréia; 0,5 por cento zeólita; 0,5 por cento uréia e 0,5 por cento zeólita; inoculante bacteriano comercial; inoculante bacteriano/enzimático comercial. O material ensilado foi aberto com um, três, cinco, sete, 14, 28 e 56 dias de fermentação e analisado quanto aos teores de MS, carboidratos solúveis, PB, NNH3/NT, pH, FDN, FDA, celulose, hemicelulose, lignina e DIVMS. Observou-se redução do conteúdo de MS em todas as silagens, com média de 21,1 por cento, em relação ao material original (28,7 por cento). A concentração média de carboidratos solúveis no material original foi de 19,7 por cento e, após 56 dias de fermentação, foi de 0,92 por cento. A concentração de PB das silagens testemunha e tratadas com zeólita, inoculante comercial bacteriano e inoculante comercial bacteriano/enzimático variou entre 2,1 por cento e 3,1 por cento e naquelas que receberam uréia e uréia+zeólita foi de 8,4 por cento. Os teores de NNH3/NT foram inferiores a 10 por cento nas silagens testemunha e tratadas com zeólita, inoculante bacteriano comercial e inoculante bacteriano/enzimático comercial, entretanto foi de 30,4 por cento e 31,1 por cento nas silagens com uréia e uréia+zeólita, respectivamente. No primeiro dia de fermentação, o pH apresentou média de 3,75. Após 56 dias de fermentação, as concentrações de FDN, FDA, celulose e hemicelulose aumentaram, apresentando média entre os tratamentos de 68,6 por cento, 39,6 por cento, 34,5 por cento e 29,1 por cento, respectivamente. O coeficiente de DIVMS reduziu-se com a ensilagem, em todos os tratamentos avaliados, sendo de 57,6 por cento no material original e média de 47,6 por cento nas silagens.
The characteristics of fermentation of sugarcane (RB72454) submitted to the treatments control; 0.5 percent urea; 0.5 percent zeolita; 0.5 percent urea and 0.5 percent zeolita; commercial bacterial inoculant and commercial bacterial/enzymatic inoculant were studied. The material stored in silos was opened on 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days of fermentation and was analysed for grades of MS, soluble carbohydrates, PB, NNH3/NT, pH, FDN, FDA, cellulosis, hemicellulosis, lignin and DIVMS. The reduction of the MS content of the silos was observed, with average of 21.1 percent compared to the original material (28.7 percent). The concentration of carbohydrates soluble on the original material was 19.7 percent and, after 56 days of fermentation, it was 0.92 percent. The concentration of PB in the control silage and treated with zeolita, commercial bacterial inoculant and commercial bacterial/enzymatic inoculant varied between 2.1 percent and 3.1 percent and in thoses that received urea and urea+zeolita was 8.4 percent. The grades of NNH3/NT were lower than 10 percent in the control silage and treated with zeolita, commercial bacterial inoculant and commercial bacterial/enzymatic inoculant. However, they were 30.4 percent and 31.1 percent in the silage with urea and urea+zeolita, respectively. On the first day of fermentation, the pH presented average of 3.75. After 56 days of fermentation, the concentration of FDN, FDA, cellulosis and hemicellulosis increased, presenting averages considering the treatments of 68.6 percent, 39.6 percent, 34.5 percent and 29.1 percent, respectively. The coefficient of DIVMS reduced with the fermentation, in all the evaluated treatments, being of 57.6 percent in the original material and averaging 47.6 percent in the silages.
Asunto(s)
Fermentación/fisiología , Saccharum/efectos adversos , Saccharum , Ensilaje/efectos adversos , Urea , ZeolitasRESUMEN
Estudaram-se as características de fermentação da cana-de-açúcar (RB72454) submetida aos tratamentos: controle; 0,5 por cento uréia; 0,5 por cento zeólita; 0,5 por cento uréia e 0,5 por cento zeólita; inoculante bacteriano comercial; inoculante bacteriano/enzimático comercial. O material ensilado foi aberto com um, três, cinco, sete, 14, 28 e 56 dias de fermentação e analisado quanto aos teores de MS, carboidratos solúveis, PB, NNH3/NT, pH, FDN, FDA, celulose, hemicelulose, lignina e DIVMS. Observou-se redução do conteúdo de MS em todas as silagens, com média de 21,1 por cento, em relação ao material original (28,7 por cento). A concentração média de carboidratos solúveis no material original foi de 19,7 por cento e, após 56 dias de fermentação, foi de 0,92 por cento. A concentração de PB das silagens testemunha e tratadas com zeólita, inoculante comercial bacteriano e inoculante comercial bacteriano/enzimático variou entre 2,1 por cento e 3,1 por cento e naquelas que receberam uréia e uréia+zeólita foi de 8,4 por cento. Os teores de NNH3/NT foram inferiores a 10 por cento nas silagens testemunha e tratadas com zeólita, inoculante bacteriano comercial e inoculante bacteriano/enzimático comercial, entretanto foi de 30,4 por cento e 31,1 por cento nas silagens com uréia e uréia+zeólita, respectivamente. No primeiro dia de fermentação, o pH apresentou média de 3,75. Após 56 dias de fermentação, as concentrações de FDN, FDA, celulose e hemicelulose aumentaram, apresentando média entre os tratamentos de 68,6 por cento, 39,6 por cento, 34,5 por cento e 29,1 por cento, respectivamente. O coeficiente de DIVMS reduziu-se com a ensilagem, em todos os tratamentos avaliados, sendo de 57,6 por cento no material original e média de 47,6 por cento nas silagens.(AU)
The characteristics of fermentation of sugarcane (RB72454) submitted to the treatments control; 0.5 percent urea; 0.5 percent zeolita; 0.5 percent urea and 0.5 percent zeolita; commercial bacterial inoculant and commercial bacterial/enzymatic inoculant were studied. The material stored in silos was opened on 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days of fermentation and was analysed for grades of MS, soluble carbohydrates, PB, NNH3/NT, pH, FDN, FDA, cellulosis, hemicellulosis, lignin and DIVMS. The reduction of the MS content of the silos was observed, with average of 21.1 percent compared to the original material (28.7 percent). The concentration of carbohydrates soluble on the original material was 19.7 percent and, after 56 days of fermentation, it was 0.92 percent. The concentration of PB in the control silage and treated with zeolita, commercial bacterial inoculant and commercial bacterial/enzymatic inoculant varied between 2.1 percent and 3.1 percent and in thoses that received urea and urea+zeolita was 8.4 percent. The grades of NNH3/NT were lower than 10 percent in the control silage and treated with zeolita, commercial bacterial inoculant and commercial bacterial/enzymatic inoculant. However, they were 30.4 percent and 31.1 percent in the silage with urea and urea+zeolita, respectively. On the first day of fermentation, the pH presented average of 3.75. After 56 days of fermentation, the concentration of FDN, FDA, cellulosis and hemicellulosis increased, presenting averages considering the treatments of 68.6 percent, 39.6 percent, 34.5 percent and 29.1 percent, respectively. The coefficient of DIVMS reduced with the fermentation, in all the evaluated treatments, being of 57.6 percent in the original material and averaging 47.6 percent in the silages.(AU)