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INTRODUCTION: achalasia is a chronic disease. Since there is no curative treatment, diagnosed patients have pharmacological and/or surgical techniques available, aimed at minimizing the condition. POEM appears as a promising new type of palliative treatment with good rates of symptom improvement. OBJECTIVE: evaluate the profile of POEM at the Clinical Hospital of the Federal University of Pernambuco (HC - UFPE) and correlate it with the world scenario. METHODS: data collection was performed retrospectively from September 2017 to October 2019 with all patients undergoing POEM at the HC - UFPE. Sociodemographic, clinical, and hospital variables were evaluated before and three months after the procedure. RESULTS: of 27 patients (52.41 ± 19.24 years old) who underwent the procedure, 66.7% had idiopathic etiology and 33.3% had etiology secondary to Chagas disease. 48% patients underwent previous procedures, of which seven used some type of medication for symptom control, two underwent pneumatic endoscopic dilation, and four underwent Heller cardiomyotomy with partial fundoplication. 62.5% of the evaluated patients had type II achalasia before the procedure. Seven (25.9%) patients presented the following adverse events: four presented bleeding, two pneumoperitoneum, and one both complications, all being treated conservatively. The Eckardt score reduced from 8.37 ± 1.45 to 0.85 ± 1.06 (p-value <0.001). CONCLUSION: clinical improvement of symptoms and the patient profile followed the worldwide trend, with emphasis on the etiology secondary to Chagas disease, endemic in Brazil. Gastroesophageal reflux remains the main post-operative symptom.

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PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to determine the incidence of gastric tube abnormalities after SG and its relationship with esophagitis progression. METHODS: Retrospective study which included 459 patients in the postoperative period of SG who underwent an esophagogastroduodenoscopy in both pre- and postoperative periods. The main studied variables were presence of gastric tube abnormalities (dilation, neofundus, twist, and hiatal hernia) and esophagitis progression. RESULTS: Among the 459 patients who underwent SG, 393 (85.6%) were women, and 66 (14.4%) men, with mean age of 40.4 years. Mean preoperative BMI was 39.70 kg/m2. In total, 20.3% of the sample presented progression of esophagitis after surgery. Among the whole sample, 130 (28.3%) presented with an abnormality of the remnant gastric tube. The most common alteration was gastric dilation, which occurred in 16.1% of the patients, followed by gastric twist (10.7%), neofundus (7.4%), and hiatal hernia (0.2%). Patients who presented with any abnormality of the gastric tube were significantly prone to presenting esophagitis progression (p = 0.013). When analyzing each morphological abnormality isolated, there was no statistically significant correlation. CONCLUSION: Abnormalities of the gastric tube are not uncommon after SG and seems to contribute partially to the relevant rates of GERD and esophagitis after this surgery.

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INTRODUCTION: to evaluate the long-term impact of bariatric surgery in the elderly population. METHODS: a retrospective study including all patients older than 60 years who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) at our center and maintained a follow-up longer than 1 year. Clinical and laboratory variables were studied to assess remission of obesity and its comorbidities, as well as variables directly related to the surgical procedure itself, including early and late complications. RESULTS: fifty-six patients were studied, mostly female (76,8%), with a mean age of 64.02 ± 3.34. A rate of complications of 37,5% was observed, with 10,7% requiring hospital admission and emergency surgery. The mean excess weight loss (%EWL) was 74.22% ± 26.76. The remission rates of hypertension and diabetes mellitus were 26.08% and 54.54%, respectively. There was significant difference in BMI reduction (12.25 ± 5.42, p<0.001), total cholesterol (31.37 ± 38.89 p<0,001), LDL cholesterol (23.45 ± 34.9, p=0.002), HDL cholesterol (5.14 ± 11.13, p=0,024), triglycerides (48.85 ± 56.15 p<0.001), HbA1C (1,81 ± 1,97, p<0,001) e PCR (1.43 ± 1.96, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: bariatric surgery was effective in weight loss and remission of comorbidities in the elderly obese population within the long term.

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OBJECTIVE: The twisting of the gastric tube is one of the main causes of persistent reflux and food intolerance after sleeve gastrectomy (SG). To date, there is no classification for gastric twist after SG. This study aimed to propose an endoscopic classification for this condition and outline the clinical profile of these patients with sleeve gastrectomy. METHODS: Patients in the postoperative period of SG presenting endoscopic findings of gastric twist were included. All patients underwent an esophagogastroduodenoscopy 12 months after SG. The classification proposed consists of three degrees: degree I: mild rotation of the staple line without relevant shrinkage of the gastric lumen; degree II: moderate rotation of the staple line, leading to a focal area of fixed narrowing that requires additional maneuvers for its transposition; and degree III: severe rotation of the staple line leading to stenosis, with increased difficulty for transposition or complete blockage. RESULTS: Out of 2,723 patients who underwent SG, 45 (1.6%) presented gastric twist. Most patients were female (85%), with mean age of 39±10.4 years. In all, 41 (91.1%) presented degree I, 3 (6.7%) presented degree II, and 1 (2.2%) had degree III. Most patients were asymptomatic (n=26). Vomiting was the most prevalent symptom (15.5%). Statistically significant correlation of twisting degrees was not observed for both the presence of symptoms and the degrees of esophagitis. CONCLUSION: Gastric twist after SG is rare, with generally mild and asymptomatic presentation. The endoscopic classification was not statistically related to clinical presentation but set the ground for further analysis.

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BACKGROUND: Recent experimental studies have suggested a potential link between cathepsin S (CTTS) and gastric adenocarcinoma progression. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the expression of CTTS in gastric adenocarcinoma in patients who underwent curative-intent surgical resection. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study that included two groups: gastric adenocarcinoma (n = 42) and gastritis (n = 50). The gastritis group was then subdivided into H. pylori-positive (n = 25) and H. pylori-negative (n = 25) groups. Gastric tissue samples were analysed to determine CTTS expression through immunohistochemistry. Samples were obtained by oesophagogastroduodenoscopy or surgical specimens. RESULTS: In patients with gastritis, the age ranged from 18 to 78 years. Among them, 34% were male, and 66% were female. In patients with gastric adenocarcinoma, the age ranged from 37 to 85 years. Among them, 50% were male. When comparing the expression of CTTS between the two groups, only 16% of the gastritis samples had an expression higher than 25%. Alternatively, among patients with gastric adenocarcinoma, 19% had expression between 25-50%, 14.3% between 51-75%, and 26.2% had expression higher than 75% (p < 0.001). In the gastritis group, CTTS expression was significantly higher in patients with a positive test for H. pylori than negative test for H. pylori: 87.5% and 38.5%, respectively (p<0.001). There was no statistically significant association between CTTS positivity and clinicopathological variables, including tumour staging, histological type, angiolymphatic invasion, recurrence, current status and death. CONCLUSION: CTTS expression is higher in gastric adenocarcinoma samples. Patients with gastritis due to H. pylori also show a higher expression of CTTS than patients with negative results for this bacterium.

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BACKGROUND: Although there is a rationale supporting that preoperative showering with 2% or 4% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) would decrease skin bacterial colonization, there is no consensus that this practice reduces the risk of surgical site infection (SSI). OBJECTIVES: Analyze the skin concentration of CHG after preoperative showering associated with the traditional skin preparation with CHG 4% for breast surgery. METHODS: Randomized controlled trial that included 45 patients, all candidates for augmentation mammaplasty, allocated into three groups (A: no preoperative showering; B: one preoperative showering; C: two preoperative showering with CHG 4%) in a 1:1:1 ratio. Skin swabs collection was performed right before the surgical incision. The samples were, then, sent to spectrophotometry in order to determine the skin concentration of CHG at the beginning of surgery. RESULTS: The age ranged from 18 to 61 years, with a mean of 37 years old. Group C had the lowest median concentration (0.057) followed by group B (0.060) and group A (0.072), however, with no statistical significance. The areola was the place with the lowest median concentration level (0.045), followed by the axilla (0.061) and the inframammary fold (IMF) (0.069). Still, when comparing the distribution of the sites, a statistically significant difference was found only between the axilla and the areola (p = 0.022). CONCLUSION: Preoperative showering with CHG 4% did not increase the concentration of this agent on the skin surface right before the surgical incision. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

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PURPOSE: to outline the clinical and laboratorial profile of patients with obesity undergoing bariatric surgery who presented positive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (Sars-CoV-2) in the preoperative period without symptoms presentation. METHODS: Case series of 17 patients undergoing bariatric surgery who presented positive RT-PCR for Sars-CoV-2 in the preoperative period, with no reported symptoms. Data collected included demographic characteristics, length of hospital stay, waiting time for surgery, inflammatory markers, serum levels of micronutrients and dengue virus (DENV) serology. RESULTS: In total, 219 patients underwent bariatric surgery in our institution during the study period. The incidence of asymptomatic cases was 7.7%. The sample comprised 88.2% of women, with mean age of 39.3 years and mean preoperative body mass index (BMI) of 37.7 kg/m2. Thirty five percent of the sample had previous diagnosis of diabetes and 29.4% had hypertension. The mean time elapsed between positive RT-PCR and the operation was 17 ± 7.5 days and the mean length of postoperative hospital stay was 1.9 ± 0.43 day. Mean lymphocytes count was 2,409.7/mm3 and the mean platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio was 126.3. Mean C-reactive protein value was 5.8 mg/dL, while ferritin marked 107.4 µg/L. DENV IgG was identified in all patients who tested for it. Mean levels of vitamin D and zinc were 25.6 ng/mL and 79.9 µg/dL, respectively. There were no postoperative complications reported. CONCLUSION: None of the included patients presented any of the laboratory markers related to disease severity. Moreover, it is important to notice that all patients who tested for DENV, had the specific IgG detected in their serum.

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PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the real influence of bariatric surgery on the clinical evolution of patients infected with SARS-Cov-2 in the postoperative period. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis including two groups of patients: those who presented COVID-19 before bariatric surgery and those who presented it within 3 months of postoperative. Primary outcome was related to the severity of COVID-19, measured by the following variables: presence of symptoms, need for hospitalization, ICU admission, and invasive ventilation. Laboratory markers for inflammatory response, glycemic status, and micronutrients were analyzed as secondary outcomes. RESULTS: From the 222 individuals operated on within the study period, only 66 (29.7%) presented COVID-19, 42 (18.9%) in the preoperative period and 24 (10.8%) after the procedure. Mean age was 36.3 ± 9.5 years and mean preoperative BMI was 39.9 ± 4.2 kg/m2. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups regarding symptoms presentation (92.9% × 87.5%, p = 0.66), need for hospitalization (11.9% × 16.7%, p = 0.713), ICU admission (4.8% × 4.2%, p = 1.000), and invasive ventilation (2.4% × 0.0%, p = 1.000). Regarding the quantitative variables, absolute lymphocyte count was significantly lower in the group who presented COVID-19 after surgery (1822.9 ± 482.2 × 2158.6 ± 552.9, p = 0.035). CONCLUSION: Patients who had COVID-19 before and after sleeve gastrectomy did not differ with statistical significance for the presence of symptoms, need for hospitalization, ICU admission, and invasive ventilation.

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BACKGROUND: Gastro-omentopexy promotes the reconnection of the stomach to the gastroesplenic and gastrocolic ligaments and constitutes an alternative for the prevention of complications in laparoscopic vertical gastrectomy. AIM: To demonstrate the benefits of the gastro-omentopexy technique in patients undergoing sleeve gastrectomy, with possible reduction in postoperative complications. METHODS: Prospective, non-randomized, case series type study, consisting of a clinical population of 179 patients who underwent the technique in 2018, with follow-up between 6-12 months in the postoperative period. RESULTS: From the participants 71.5% were women, aged between 30-40 years (36.3%). As for the prevalence of complications in the postoperative period, the low prevalence was evident, with emphasis on readmission (1.1%); reoperation (1.1%); wound infection (1.1%); bleeding hemorrhage (0.5%); and stricture (1.1%). However, temporary symptoms were present such as nausea/vomiting, food intolerance, epigastric pain and feeling of fullness, right after surgery. CONCLUSION: The technique promoted a significant improvement in quality of life and control of comorbidities. In addition, it was associated with a low prevalence of stenosis, and with no fistula, making the method safer.

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BACKGROUND: Although considered a safe procedure, sleeve gastrectomy (SG) has a non-negligible risk of major postoperative complications related to it, with special attention to gastric leaks. AIM: Evaluate the clinical value of the methylene blue test (MBT) in predicting the occurrence of post-SG leaks. METHODS: Retrospective study that included 1136 patients who underwent SG with intraoperative MBT between 2012 and 2016. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predicted value (NPV) were calculated to determine the clinical correlation between the MBT and the occurrence of postoperative leaks. Staple line oversewing was performed in all patients who presented positive MBT. RESULTS: Laparoscopic SG was performed in 97.0% of cases; open in 2.3%, and robotic in 0.7%. MBT was positive in 19 cases (1.67%). One positive MBT occurred during an open SG and the other 18 at laparoscopy. Moreover, there were nine cases (0.8%) of postoperative leaks, among which, only two presented positive MBT. MBT diagnostic value was evaluated through the calculation of sensitivity (22.0%), specificity (98.0%), PPV (11.0%) and NPV (99.0%). There were no cases of allergic reaction or any other side effect with the use of the methylene blue solution. CONCLUSION: MBT showed high specificity and negative predictive value, thus presenting an important value to rule out the occurrence of postoperative leaks.

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ABSTRACT - BACKGROUND: The twisting of the gastric tube is one of the main causes of persistent reflux and food intolerance after sleeve gastrectomy (SG). To date, there is no classification for gastric twist after SG. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to propose an endoscopic classification for this condition and outline the clinical profile of these patients with sleeve gastrectomy. METHODS: Patients in the postoperative period of SG presenting endoscopic findings of gastric twist were included. All patients underwent an esophagogastroduodenoscopy 12 months after SG. The classification proposed consists of three degrees: degree I: mild rotation of the staple line without relevant shrinkage of the gastric lumen; degree II: moderate rotation of the staple line, leading to a focal area of fixed narrowing that requires additional maneuvers for its transposition; and degree III: severe rotation of the staple line leading to stenosis, with increased difficulty for transposition or complete blockage. RESULTS: Out of 2,723 patients who underwent SG, 45 (1.6%) presented gastric twist. Most patients were female (85%), with mean age of 39±10.4 years. In all, 41 (91.1%) presented degree I, 3 (6.7%) presented degree II, and 1 (2.2%) had degree III. Most patients were asymptomatic (n=26). Vomiting was the most prevalent symptom (15.5%). Statistically significant correlation of twisting degrees was not observed for both the presence of symptoms and the degrees of esophagitis. CONCLUSION: Gastric twist after SG is rare, with generally mild and asymptomatic presentation. The endoscopic classification was not statistically related to clinical presentation but set the ground for further analysis.

RESUMO - RACIONAL: A torção do tubo gástrico ou twist é uma das principais causas de refluxo persistente e intolerância alimentar após a gastrectomia vertical (GV). Até o momento, não há uma classificação proposta para a torção gástrica após GV. OBJETIVO: Propor uma classificação endoscópica para essa condição e descrever o perfil clínico desses pacientes. MÉTODOS: Pacientes no pós-operatório de GV apresentando achados endoscópicos de twist foram incluídos. Os pacientes foram submetidos a uma esofagogastroduodenoscopia 12 meses após a cirurgia. A classificação consiste em três graus. Grau I: rotação leve da linha de grampos, sem redução relevante do lúmen gástrico. Grau II: rotação moderada da linha de grampos, levando a uma área de estreitamento focal que requer manobras adicionais para a progressão do aparelho. Grau III: rotação severa da linha de grampos, levando à estenose, com grande dificuldade de progressão ou obstrução completa. RESULTADOS: Dos 2.723 pacientes que foram submetidos à GV, 45 (1,6%) apresentaram twist. A maioria dos pacientes era do sex feminino (85%), com idade média de 39±10.4 anos. Quarenta e um (91,1%) apresentaram twist grau I, 3 (6,7%) apresentaram twist grau II e apenas 1 (2,2%) apresentou twist grau III. A maioria dos pacientes eram assintomáticos (n=26). O sintoma mais prevalente foi vômito (15,5%). Não foi observada correlação estatisticamente significante entre o grau de twist e a presença de sintomas ou esofagite. CONCLUSÃO: Twist após GV é raro e geralmente assintomático. A classificação endoscópica proposta não foi estatisticamente relacionada com apresentação clínica, porém estabelece um referencial para análises futuras.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: achalasia is a chronic disease. Since there is no curative treatment, diagnosed patients have pharmacological and/or surgical techniques available, aimed at minimizing the condition. POEM appears as a promising new type of palliative treatment with good rates of symptom improvement. Objective: evaluate the profile of POEM at the Clinical Hospital of the Federal University of Pernambuco (HC - UFPE) and correlate it with the world scenario. Methods: data collection was performed retrospectively from September 2017 to October 2019 with all patients undergoing POEM at the HC - UFPE. Sociodemographic, clinical, and hospital variables were evaluated before and three months after the procedure. Results: of 27 patients (52.41 ± 19.24 years old) who underwent the procedure, 66.7% had idiopathic etiology and 33.3% had etiology secondary to Chagas disease. 48% patients underwent previous procedures, of which seven used some type of medication for symptom control, two underwent pneumatic endoscopic dilation, and four underwent Heller cardiomyotomy with partial fundoplication. 62.5% of the evaluated patients had type II achalasia before the procedure. Seven (25.9%) patients presented the following adverse events: four presented bleeding, two pneumoperitoneum, and one both complications, all being treated conservatively. The Eckardt score reduced from 8.37 ± 1.45 to 0.85 ± 1.06 (p-value <0.001). Conclusion: clinical improvement of symptoms and the patient profile followed the worldwide trend, with emphasis on the etiology secondary to Chagas disease, endemic in Brazil. Gastroesophageal reflux remains the main post-operative symptom.

RESUMO Introdução: a acalasia é uma doença crônica. Por não haver tratamento curativo, os pacientes diagnosticados dispõem de técnicas farmacológicas e/ou cirúrgicas, visando minimizar o quadro. A POEM surge como um novo tipo de tratamento paliativo promissor com boas taxas de melhora dos sintomas. Objetivo: avaliar o perfil das POEM realizadas no Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (HC - UFPE) e correlacioná-lo com o cenário mundial. Métodos: a coleta de dados foi realizada retrospectivamente no período de setembro de 2017 a outubro de 2019 com todos os pacientes submetidos a POEM no HC - UFPE. Variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas e hospitalares foram avaliadas antes e três meses após o procedimento. Resultados: total de 27 pacientes (52,41 ± 19,24 anos) que realizaram o procedimento, 66,7% com etiologia idiopática e 33,3% com etiologia secundária à doença de Chagas. 48% tinham sido submetidos a procedimentos prévios, dos quais sete usaram algum tipo de medicamento para controle dos sintomas, dois foram submetidos à dilatação endoscópica pneumática e quatro à cardiomiotomia a Heller com fundoplicatura parcial. 62,5% dos pacientes avaliados tinham acalasia tipo ii antes do procedimento. Sete (25,9%) apresentaram eventos adversos: quatro sangramentos, dois pneumoperitônio e um ambas as complicações, todos foram tratados de forma conservadora. O escore de Eckardt reduziu de 8,37 ± 1,45 para 0,85 ± 1,06 (valor de p<0,001). Conclusão: melhora clínica e o perfil dos pacientes acompanhou a tendência mundial, destaque para a etiologia secundária à doença de Chagas, endêmica no Brasil. O refluxo gastroesofágico continua sendo o principal sintoma pós-operatório.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: to evaluate the long-term impact of bariatric surgery in the elderly population. Methods: a retrospective study including all patients older than 60 years who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) at our center and maintained a follow-up longer than 1 year. Clinical and laboratory variables were studied to assess remission of obesity and its comorbidities, as well as variables directly related to the surgical procedure itself, including early and late complications. Results: fifty-six patients were studied, mostly female (76,8%), with a mean age of 64.02 ± 3.34. A rate of complications of 37,5% was observed, with 10,7% requiring hospital admission and emergency surgery. The mean excess weight loss (%EWL) was 74.22% ± 26.76. The remission rates of hypertension and diabetes mellitus were 26.08% and 54.54%, respectively. There was significant difference in BMI reduction (12.25 ± 5.42, p<0.001), total cholesterol (31.37 ± 38.89 p<0,001), LDL cholesterol (23.45 ± 34.9, p=0.002), HDL cholesterol (5.14 ± 11.13, p=0,024), triglycerides (48.85 ± 56.15 p<0.001), HbA1C (1,81 ± 1,97, p<0,001) e PCR (1.43 ± 1.96, p<0.001). Conclusion: bariatric surgery was effective in weight loss and remission of comorbidities in the elderly obese population within the long term.

RESUMO Introdução: avaliar o impacto da cirurgia bariátrica na população idosa no longo prazo. Métodos: estudo retrospectivo que incluiu todos os pacientes com mais de 60 anos submetidos ao Bypass gástrico em Y de Roux (BGYR) em nosso centro e que mantiveram seguimento superior a 1 ano. Foram estudadas variáveis clínicas e laboratoriais para avaliação da remissão da obesidade e suas comorbidades, além de variáveis diretamente relacionados ao procedimento cirúrgico em si, incluindo complicações precoces e tardias. Resultados: foram estudados 56 pacientes, a maioria do sexo feminino (76,8%), com idade média de 64,02 ± 3,34. Foi observada uma taxa de complicações de 37,5%, com 10,7% requerendo internamento hospitalar e cirurgia de urgência. A média geral da perda do excesso de peso (%PEP) foi de 74,22% ± 26,76. As taxas de remissão de hipertensão e diabetes mellitus foram de 26,08% e 54,54%, respectivamente. Houve variação significativa no IMC (12,25 ± 5,42, p<0,001), colesterol total (31,37 ± 38,89 p<0,001), colesterol LDL (23,45 ± 34,9, p=0,002), colesterol HDL (5,14 ± 11,13, p=0,024), triglicerídeos (48,85 ± 56,15 p<0,001), HbA1C (1,81 ± 1,97, p<0,001) e PCR (1,43 ± 1,96, p<0,001). Conclusão: a cirurgia bariátrica se mostrou eficaz na perda de peso e na remissão de comorbidades na população de idosos com obesidade no longo prazo..

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Objetivo: Avaliar através de revisão da literatura o nível de evidência das perspectivas e dos princípios bioéticos que regem as diversas condições que indicam a realização da traqueostomia pelos profissionais de saúde. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma revisão da literatura sistematizada. A busca utilizou os seguintes descritores disponíveis no MesH e DeCS, em português, inglês e espanhol: "Traqueostomia" "Ética Médica" e "Bioética". Foram consultadas as bases de dados MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval Sistem online), Lilacs (Literatura Latino-americana em Ciências da Saúde), Biblioteca Cochrane e IBECS (Índice Bibliográfico Español en Ciencias de la Salud). Para a pesquisa nas bases de dados utilizou-se a seguinte estratégia: ("Traqueostomia" OR "Tracheostomy" OR "Traqueostomía") AND ("Ética Médica" OR "Medical Ethics") AND ("Bioética" OR "Bioethics"). Os artigos foram categorizados de acordo com o nível de evidência descrita no escopo do manuscrito. Resultados: Após aplicar critérios de inclusão e exclusão, inicialmente foram encontrados apenas 38 trabalhos científicos publicados até 2020. Dos 38 artigos listados, encontraram-se seis na MEDLINE, cinco no LILACS, 25 na Biblioteca Cochrane e dois na plataforma IBECS. Desses, foram excluídos: um duplicado, 26 após análise de título e nível de evidência, e seis após leitura dos resumos. Selecionaram-se, após leitura na íntegra, cinco artigos, os quais discutiam conceitos e princípios bioéticos no que diz respeito à orientação de profissionais da saúde acerca de indicações e realizações de traqueostomias em pacientes. Conclusão: A traqueostomia, apesar de bastante comum na prática dos profissionais de saúde, exige a devida atenção às perspectivas e aos princípios bioéticos cabíveis, que por vezes não têm sido considerados. Essa assistência deve ser de maneira individualizada, esclarecendo as informações ao paciente e priorizando sua autonomia... (AU)

Purpose: Analyse through a literature review the level of evidence of the bioethical perspectives and principles that govern the various conditions that indicate the performance of tracheostomy by health professionals. Methods: This is a systematic literature review. The search used the following descriptors, available in MesH and DeCS, portuguese, english and Spanish: "Tracheostomy", "Medical Ethics" and "Bioethics". The MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval Sistem online), Lilacs (Latin-American Literature in Health Sciences), Cochrane Library and IBECS (Índice Bibliográfico Español en Ciencias de la Salud) were consulted. For the search in databases, the following strategy was used: ("Traqueostomia" OR "Tracheostomy" OR "Traqueostomía") AND ("Ética Médica" OR "Medical Ethics") AND ("Bioética" OR "Bioethics"). The articles were categorized according to the level of evidence described in the manuscript. Results: After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, only 38 scientific papers published until 2020 were initially found. Of the 38 articles listed, six were found in MEDLINE, five in LILACS, 25 in Cochrane Library and two in the IBECS platform. Of these, the following were excluded: one duplicate, 26 after analyzing the title and level of evidence, and six after reading the abstracts. After Reading in full, five articles were selected, which discussed bioethical concepts and principles with regard to the guidance of health professionals about indications and performance of tracheostomies in patients. Conclusion: Tracheostomy, although quite common in the practice of health professionals, requires attention to the bioethical perspectives and principles, which sometimes have not been considered. This assistance must be individualized, clarifying information to the patient and prioritizing their autonomy... (AU)

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BACKGROUND Mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma of the gallbladder (gMANEC) is an extremely rare cancer. Most of the cases are reported in Asia, North America, and Europe, with no cases reported in Latin America; this is the first report for this region, and the 24th case reported worldwide. CASE REPORT A 68-year-old woman was referred to our department due to asthenia and moderate abdominal pain in the right upper quadrant for 6 months, with imaging examinations showing a solid heterogeneous expansive lesion in gallbladder topography and segment IV of the liver. The MRI displayed an expansive and heterogeneous lesion with inaccurate limits in the gallbladder affecting segment IVb of the liver, in addition to lymphadenopathy in the hepatic hilum. A cholecystectomy with resection of segments IV-B and V of the liver (radical cholecystectomy) and hepatic hilar lymphadenectomy were performed. Anatomopathological examination and immunohistochemistry confirmed a primary mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma of the gallbladder. The patient received adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy; however, after the patient reported experiencing low back pain, a CT was performed, revealing retroperitoneal metastasis, and the radiotherapy was interrupted. Currently, the patient has a stable disease, following a protocol of 5-Fluorouracil and somatostatin, and she reports having low back pain of low intensity. CONCLUSIONS This is the 24th gMANEC case reported in the literature. The tumor was successfully resected; however, the patient presented retroperitoneal metastasis 6 months after surgery, despite combined adjuvant therapy.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the evolution of vitamin D levels (25OHD) in patients submitted to bariatric surgery. METHODS: Retrospective study, conducted with patients submitted to bariatric surgery between 2013 and 2018, in a city in the Northeast of Brazil. The variations of 25OHD, weight, body mass index (BMI), and total lymphocyte count were analyzed and compared for preoperative and postoperative periods of 6 and 12 months. Vitamin D levels below 30ng/mL were considered insufficient. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for repeated measures, followed by Bonferroni post hoc test. To identify variables related to vitamin D, Pearson's correlation test and linear regression analysis were used. A significance level of 5% (p <0.05) was adopted. RESULTS: A total of 646 patients were evaluated, with a mean age of 41.3 ± 10.8 years. Most of the patients were female (75%) and had 25OHD insufficiency in the preoperative period (79.1%). It was found that in the postoperative period there was an increase in vitamin D levels. Linear regression showed that the variation in vitamin D is negatively influenced by BMI in the preoperative period (ß = -0.20; p = 0.02) and by BMI (ß = -0.38; p <0.001) and by age (ß = -0.08; p = 0.02) in the 6-month postoperative period. CONCLUSION: There was an increase in vitamin D levels in the postoperative period. BMI proved to be a negative factor for obtaining adequate levels of vitamin D in the preoperative period and in the 6-month postoperative period.

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BACKGROUND: Mortality after emergency surgery in randomized controlled trials. The Hartmann procedure remains the treatment of choice for most surgeons for the urgent surgical treatment of perforated diverticulitis; however, it is associated with high rates of ostomy non-reversion and postoperative morbidity. AIM: To study the results after the Hartmann vs. resection with primary anastomosis, with or without ileostomy, for the treatment of perforated diverticulitis with purulent or fecal peritonitis (Hinchey grade III or IV), and to compare the advantages between the two forms of treatment. METHOD: Systematic search in the literature of observational and randomized articles comparing resection with primary anastomosis vs. Hartmann's procedure in the emergency treatment of perforated diverticulitis. Analyze as primary outcomes the mortality after the emergency operation and the general morbidity after it. As secondary outcomes, severe morbidity after emergency surgery, rates of non-reversion of the ostomy, general and severe morbidity after reversion. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between surgical procedures for mortality, general morbidity and severe morbidity. However, the differences were statistically significant, favoring primary anastomosis in comparison with the Hartmann procedure in the outcome rates of stoma non-reversion, general morbidity and severe morbidity after reversion. CONCLUSION: Primary anastomosis is a good alternative to the Hartmann procedure, with no increase in mortality and morbidity, and with better results in the operation for intestinal transit reconstruction.

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INTRODUCTION: Infection of the surgical site is the common complication, with significant rates of morbidity and mortality, representing a considerable economic problem for the health system. OBJECTIVE: To carry out a narrative review of the literature on surgical site infection and the principles of antibiotic prophylaxis to update the knowledge of its use in surgery. METHOD: Medline, Ovid, Google Scholar, National Library of Medicine (PubMed), Cochrane and SciELO were used for the research. The keywords used were "anti-bacterial agents"; "antibioticoprophylaxis" AND "surgical wound infection". The inclusion criteria were articles of recent publication, with full texts available and performed in humans. RESULT: A total of 29 articles were evaluated and selected according to the eligibility criteria. CONCLUSION: Infection of the surgical site is the most common postoperative complication. The key point of its prevention is the combination of several interventions that aim to reduce risk factors, such as: compliance with the new guidelines of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention; the principles of the use of prophylactic antibiotics; factors and risk index of the surgical site; administration time; duration and dosage of antibiotics. These data are available in this article.

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Compensatory hyperhidrosis is the most frequent complication after thoracic sympathectomy applied in the treatment of localized hyperhidrosis. It affects the quality of life in patients, especially in social, professional, and affective spheres. The present study aims to describe the operative technique of bilateral thoracic sympathectomy from R5 to R8 by videothoracoscopy as an optimized resolution of compensatory hyperhidrosis. The R5-R8 technique allows shorter surgical time, better ergonomics, more satisfactory aesthetic outcome, and reduction of postoperative morbidity. Severe compensatory hyperhidrosis treatment remains a challenge.

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PURPOSE: To trace the clinical profile of fistula cases after sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and evaluate the efficacy and safety of endoscopic treatments and the admission costs of these patients. METHODS: This is a retrospective study of patients who developed gastric fistulas after SG. All patients were submitted to surgical and/or endoscopic interventions (self-expandable stent, septotomy, and balloon dilation). The main studied variables were need for reoperation, number of endoscopic procedures, endoscopic complications, time until fistula diagnosis, fistula location, time until resolution, length of hospital stay, and health costs. RESULTS: The sample was mainly female (76.2%) with a mean age of 39.5 years and a BMI of 39.6 kg/m2. In 90.5% of cases, the fistula occurred in the topography of the His angle. Thirteen patients required surgical intervention. Of the patients who underwent endoscopic interventions, it was necessary to place more than one self-expandable stent of a maximum duration of 4 weeks. Six patients underwent more than two sessions of septotomy. There was one case of bleeding after septotomy. Dilatation was required in 71.4% of patients and an average of two sessions (1-5) per patient. The diagnosis of fistula occurred 14.4 days after surgery. The average time to resolve fistulas was 50.6 days. The average hospital stay was 75.8 days. The total cost of hospitalization was on average US$ 75,180.00. CONCLUSION: The surgical and endoscopic treatment of gastric fistulas after SG was safe and effective. There was a very low rate of complications. The time of onset of fistulas was not decisive for patient improvement.

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