RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: Despite advances in our understanding of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and the treatment of each of its components separately, currently there is no single therapy approved to manage it as a single condition. Since multi-drug treatment increases drug interactions, decreases patient compliance and increases health costs, it is important to introduce single therapies that improve all of the MetS components. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: We conducted a PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, US FDA, utdo.ir and clinicaltrial.gov search, gathered the most relevant preclinical and clinical studies that have been published since 2010, and discussed the beneficial effects of dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitors to prevent and treat different constituent of the MetS as a single therapy. Furthermore, the pharmacology of DPP-4 inhibitors, focusing on pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, drug interactions and their side effects are also reviewed. RESULTS: DPP-4 inhibitors or gliptins are a new class of oral anti-diabetic drugs that seem safe drugs with no severe side effects, commonly GI disturbance, infection and inflammatory bowel disease. They increase mass and function of pancreatic ß-cells, and insulin sensitivity in liver, muscle and adipose tissue. It has been noted that gliptin therapy decreases dyslipidemia. DPP-4 inhibitors increase fatty oxidation, and cholesterol efflux, and decrease hepatic triglyceride synthase and de novo lipogenesis. They delay gastric emptying time and lead to satiety. Besides, gliptin therapy has anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic impacts, and improves endothelial function and reduces vascular stiffness. CONCLUSION: The gathered data prove the efficacy of DPP-4 inhibitors in managing MetS in some levels beyond anti-diabetic effects. This review could be a lead for designing new DPP-4 inhibitors with greatest effects on MetS in future. Introducing drugs with polypharmacologic effects could increase the patient's compliance and decrease the health cost that there is not in multi-drug therapy. Graphical abstract ᅟ.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Curcumin is the principal polyphenolic compound present in turmeric with broad applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. It has some important inherent properties with the potential to facilitate tissue healing, including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and antibacterial activities. Therefore, curcumin has been used for the treatment of various damaged tissues, especially wound injuries. There are different forms of curcumin, among which nano-formulations are of a great importance in regenerative medicine. It is also important to design sophisticated delivery systems for controlled/localized delivery of curcumin to the target tissues and organs. Although there are many reports on the advantages of this compound, further research is required to fully explore its clinical usage. The review describes the physicochemical and biological properties of curcumin and the current state of the evidence on its applications in tissue engineering. © 2018 BioFactors, 45(2):135-151, 2019.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

In the study of the expression of CatSper genes, consideration of the effects of environmental metal toxicity is very important. Therefore, in this study, the effects of lead acetate and mercury chloride exposure on expression of CatSper genes, sperm parameters, histology of testis and prooxidant antioxidant balance (PAB) values of serum were investigated. A total of 28 mice was divided into four groups. The control group did not receive injections. The sham group received normal saline intraperitoneally. Lead and mercury groups were injected 60 and 1.25 mg/kg/daily lead acetate and mercury chloride respectively intraperitoneally for 2 weeks. After 35 days, the sperm analysis and histology of left testis were performed. In addition, serum was obtained to measure the PAB values. The right testis was used for molecular analysis of real-time PCR. Administration with either lead acetate or mercury caused significant damage to the seminiferous tubules as well as a reduction in sperm parameters compared to the control group. The relative expression of CatSper 1 and CatSper 2 in the lead group was lower than that of the control group (-0.01 ±â€¯0.24, -0.007 ±â€¯0.52 vs. 1 ±â€¯0.50, P = 0.34). The relative expression of CatSper 1 and CatSper 2 was significantly lower in the mercury group compared to the control ones (-0.24 ±â€¯2.28, -4.49 ±â€¯4.86 vs. 1 ±â€¯0.50, P = 0.21). PAB values significantly increased in lead or mercury exposed- mice compared to the control ones (0.93 ±â€¯0.17, 1.54 ±â€¯0.17 vs. 0.51 ±â€¯0.11; P ≤ 0.000). The results of this study showed that administration with either lead acetate or mercury chloride caused degenerative damage in seminiferous tubules and reduction in sperm quality and expression of CatSper 1, 2 genes in mice. Therefore, it is possible in infertile men who have had exposure to lead acetate or mercury chloride. Owing to structural similarities, these metals are substitutes for calcium ions and have effects on calcium channels. These cause immobility in sperm by blocking CatSper-specific calcium channels. However, more studies are required to elucidate the mechanism underlying the impact of different doses of heavy metals on CatSper genes expression.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown that antibody titers to heat shock protein 27 (anti-Hsp27) and serum hs-CRP concentrations are elevated in patients with MetS, and may be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Crocin is a natural carotenoid with cardio protective effects. OBJECTIVE: Because of the previous evidence for the beneficial effects of saffron in patients with MetS, this study investigated the effect of supplementation with crocin, the active ingredient of saffron, on serum anti-Hsp27 and hs-CRP in patients with MetS. DESIGN: Sixty subjects with metabolic syndrome were randomized to receive crocin (n=30, 15 mg twice a day) or placebo (n=30, twice a day) for a duration of eight weeks. At the end of study, serum anti-Hsp27 and hs-CRP concentrations were measured and compared between the groups. RESULTS: Serum anti-Hsp27 titers fell by 13% (p>0.05) in the crocin group but it rose in the placebo group by 22% (p>0.05). The magnitude of change in serum anti-Hsp27 titers was not significantly different between the study groups (p = 0.28). In the crocin group, serum anti-Hsp27 changes had a borderline negative correlation with glucose (r= -0.35, p=0.06) and a positive correlation with waist circumference (r=0.39, p=0.035). Serum hs-CRP levels were significantly reduced in both groups but these reductions were not significantly different between the study groups (p = 0.31). CONCLUSION: There was no significant effect of crocin on serum anti-Hsp27 titers in subjects with MetS, but this needs further confirmation in larger-scale trials.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The anoxemia theory proposes that an imbalance between the demand for and supply of oxygen in the arterial wall is a key factor in the development of atherosclerosis. There is now substantial evidence that there are regions within the atherosclerotic plaque in which profound hypoxia exists; this may fundamentally change the function, metabolism, and responses of many of the cell types found within the developing plaque and whether the plaque will evolve into a stable or unstable phenotype. Hypoxia is characterized in molecular terms by the stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) 1α, a subunit of the heterodimeric nuclear transcriptional factor HIF-1 and a master regulator of oxygen homeostasis. The expression of HIF-1 is localized to perivascular tissues, inflammatory macrophages, and smooth muscle cells adjacent to the necrotic core of atherosclerotic lesions and regulates several genes that are important to vascular function including vascular endothelial growth factor, nitric oxide synthase, endothelin-1, and erythropoietin. This review summarizes the effects of hypoxia on the functions of cells involved in atherogenesis and the evidence for its potential importance from experimental models and clinical studies.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Perinatal asphyxia is an important cause of death, as well as permanent neurological and developmental complications. Diagnosing in time would lead to better prognosis and applying the most proper treatment. We sought to define the predictive values of serum concentrations of interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in newborns with perinatal asphyxia to see if there is a relation between the short-term neurological deficit and serum IL-1ß and IL-6 concentrations. METHODS: This was a prospective (case-control) study conducted between March 2006 and April 2013, at the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Mashhad, Iran. Serum IL-1ß and IL-6 levels were measured at birth in 38 consecutive uninfected neonates with perinatal asphyxia (blood pH < 7.2, low Apgar score, signs of fetal distress) and 47 randomly selected healthy newborns. The results were compared between the groups, using Chi-Square, t-tests, and Mann-Whitney tests, as well as receiver operator characteristics (ROC) curves and regression models. RESULTS: Serum IL-1ß and IL-6 concentrations in the infants who developed perinatal asphyxia were significantly higher compared to values in the normal infants [16.88 vs  3.34 pg/mL for IL-1ß, (P = 0.006), and 88.15 vs 6.74 pg/ mL for IL-6, (P < 0.001) respectively]. The sensitivity and  specificity for the diagnosis of perinatal asphyxia using serum IL-6 were 80.5% and 81.6% respectively. The sensitivity and specificity using serum IL-1ß were 71% and 89.1%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Evaluating serum IL-6 and 1ß simultaneously, could improve the sensitivity and specificity of early diagnosis of the perinatal  asphyxia. The most appropriate indicator of perinatal asphyxia is combined measurement of interleukin 1ß and interleukin 6.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Depression and anxiety are prevalent serious psychiatric disorders. Several drugs are used to treat these conditions but these are often associated with serious side effects. For this reason alternative therapies, including herbal medication such as saffron, have been proposed. We aimed to assess the effects of saffron extract for the treatment of anxiety and depression using a 12-week double-blind, placebo-controlled trial design. METHODS: Sixty adult patients with anxiety and depression were randomized to receive a 50 mg saffron capsule (Crocus sativus L. stigma) or a placebo capsule twice daily for 12 weeks. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) questionnaires were used at baseline, 6 and 12 weeks after initiating medication. 54 subjects completed the trial. RESULTS: Saffron supplements had a significant effect on the BDI and BAI scores of subjects in comparison to placebo at the 12 week time-point (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Saffron appears to have a significant impact in the treatment of anxiety and depression disorder. Side effects were rare.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Atherosclerosis is the leading global cause of mortality, morbidity, and disability. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a highly conserved family of proteins with diverse functions expressed by all cells exposed to environmental stress. Studies have reported that several HSPs may be potential risk markers of atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular diseases, or may be directly involved in the atherogenic process itself. HSPs are expressed by cells in atherosclerotic plaque and anti-HSP has been reported to be increased in patients with vascular disease. Autoimmune responses may be generated against antigens present within the atherosclerotic plaque, including HSP and may lead to a cycle of ongoing vascular injury. It has been suggested that by inducing a state of tolerance to these antigens, the atherogenic process may be limited and thus provide a potential therapeutic approach. It has been suggested that anti-HSPs are independent predictors of risk of vascular disease. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of HSP in cardiovascular disease and highlight their potential role as diagnostic agents and therapeutic targets.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Metabolic syndrome is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). The heat shock proteins (HSPs) are associated with risk factors for CVD. The aim of the present study was to survey the effect of barberry on antibody titres to HSPs and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in patients with metabolic syndrome. In our study, subjects (N=106, 79 women and 27 men, 18-65 years old) with metabolic syndrome were randomized into two groups: a group of patients who received three capsules of barberry and a control group who received three capsules of placebo for 6 weeks. Antibodies against HSPs 27, 60/65 and 70, hs-CRP and lipid profile were determined in patients before (week 0) and after (week 6) intervention. spss software (version 16.0; Inc, Chicago, IL) was used for data analysis. Results showed that barberry had no significant effect on serum level of anti-HSPs 65 and 70. But there was a significant decrease in anti-HSP 27 in both case and control groups (p=0.001 and p<0.001, respectively, in the case and control groups). Barberry decreased significantly anti-HSP 60 in the case group (p=0.03). High-sensitivity CRP was decreased non-significantly (p=0.17) in the case group and increased significantly (p=0.04) in the control group. Barberry decreased significantly low-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol and increased significantly high-density cholesterol (p<0.05). Results of the present study suggested that barberry supplementation in patients with metabolic syndrome decreased significantly anti-HSPs 27 and 60 and hs-CRP levels and improved lipid profile.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is used during on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and heart valvular replacement surgery, and is associated with the induction of oxidative stress. The aim of the study was to assess the association between indices of cardiac function and prooxidant-antioxidant balance (PAB) values in patients undergoing valve replacement surgery and on-or off-pump CABG. METHODS: Data were obtained from 44, 33, and 41 patients undergoing off-pump CABG, on-pump CABG, and valve replacement surgery, respectively. The PAB values were measured 24 h before and after the operative procedure, and at the time of discharge. Echocardiography was performed before surgery and before discharge. RESULTS: The changes in E/E', end-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume, left ventricular diastolic and systolic diameter were significantly related to baseline PAB values. In the valve replacement group, neither baseline nor changes in PAB values were associated with echocardiographic measurements. Also, neither off-pump nor on-pump CABG were significantly different in inducing oxidative stress (p = 0.596). When PAB values were measured in CABG patients, there was a significant difference in values between the three time points (p = 0.013). In the valve replacement group, PAB values were not significantly different between the preoperative and postoperative samples. CONCLUSION: The inverse association between the level of oxidative stress and cardiac function measurement may indicate that high levels of oxidative stress may be a predictor of the deterioration of cardiac function in CABG patients. However, in valvular heart disease patients the serum PAB value was not associated with changes in cardiac function. Levels of oxidative stress, as assessed by the PAB assay, were not significantly different for patients undergoing surgery with or without CPB.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Breath analysis is becoming increasingly established as a means of assessing metabolic, biochemical and physiological function in health and disease. The methods available for these analyses exploit a variety of complex physicochemical principles, but are becoming more easily utilised in the clinical setting. Whilst some of the factors accounting for the biological variation in breath metabolite concentrations have been clarified, there has been relatively little work on the dietary factors that may influence them. In applying breath analysis to the clinical setting, it will be important to consider how these factors may affect the interpretation of endogenous breath composition. Diet may have complex effects on the generation of breath compounds. These effects may either be due to a direct impact on metabolism, or because they alter the gastrointestinal flora. Bacteria are a major source of compounds in breath, and their generation of H2, hydrogen cyanide, aldehydes and alkanes may be an indicator of the health of their host.

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: Determination of the serum heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) antibody titers and prooxidant-antioxidant balance (PAB) in patients with thalassemia as markers of cell and oxidative stress, respectively. METHODS: Serum PAB and anti-Hsp27 antibody titers were measured in 140 patients with thalassemia major and 140 sex- and age-matched healthy volunteers. RESULTS: A significantly higher serum PAB value was observed in patients in comparison to controls. In the patient group, anti-Hsp27 antibody titers were significantly higher than for the control group (p < 0.001). We found a weak negative correlation between anti-Hsp27 antibody concentrations and the PAB (p = 0.03), but these values were not correlated with serum superoxide dismutase activity in the thalassemic patients. CONCLUSIONS: Increased levels of serum PAB and Hsp27 antibodies may be involved in the pathological consequences of ß-thalassemia major and may contribute to the development of endothelial injury.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: We studied the association between the prooxidant-antioxidant balance (PAB), anti-malondialdehyde-modified low-density lipoprotein (oxidized LDL, ox-LDL) IgG antibody and indices of cardiac function (systolic and diastolic function) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS: Fifty-five patients with established CAD were selected, and serum levels of anti-ox-LDL IgG and PAB values were measured and compared with 40 matched healthy controls. Systolic and diastolic functions were determined for all patients. RESULTS: PAB values were significantly higher in patients than in controls (p < 0.001), whilst serum anti-ox-LDL concentrations were not statistically different between the 2 groups (p = 0.821). However, after adjustment for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, the patients had higher anti-ox-LDL levels (p = 0.04). Total PAB values were inversely associated with ejection fraction (r = -0.326, p = 0.031), but this was not the case for anti-ox-LDL in either group (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Serum concentrations of a marker of oxidative stress (PAB values) are inversely associated with cardiac function. PAB is a relatively simple index that could be incorporated into risk assessment in CAD patients. Anti-ox-LDL IgG antibody concentration does not appear to reflect total oxidative stress as assessed by PAB.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: A randomized controlled clinical trial was performed to examine the effectiveness of auricular acupuncture on body weight loss and its impact on lipid profile, and immunologic and inflammatory markers in obese subjects. METHODS: Participants (n=204) were randomized to therapeutic acupuncture and control groups. Subjects received authentic (cases) or sham (controls) acupuncture for 6 weeks (first period) in combination with a low-calorie diet. In the next 6 weeks (second period), the low-calorie diet was used on its own. Subjects were assessed at the beginning and 6 and 12 weeks later. In addition to anthropometric and lipid parameters, serum anti-heat shock protein (Hsp)-27, 60, 65, 70 and high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels were assessed. RESULTS: In the first period, anthropometric parameters and hs-CRP changed significantly in both groups, while significant changes in anti-Hsp antibodies were only observed in case subjects. In the second period, which shows the sustainable effects of acupuncture, changes in anthropometric parameters were more prominent in controls, while significant reductions in the group receiving authentic acupuncture were maintained for anti-Hsp antibodies. A comparison between the first and second period in both groups showed that the changes for most of the parameters were more significant in the first period. Comparison between cases and controls showed that authentic acupuncture was more effective in reducing the levels of anthropometric factors and anti-Hsp antibodies but not hs-CRP. CONCLUSIONS: Auricular acupuncture in combination with diet restriction was effective for weight loss and dyslipidemia. Moreover, it was found that it has immunomodulatory but not anti-inflammatory effects on the immune system by regulation of the levels of anti-Hsp antibodies.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

A randomized controlled clinical trial in 196 obese subjects was performed to examine the effectiveness of body acupuncture on body weight loss, lipid profile and immunogenic and inflammatory markers. Subjects received authentic (cases) or sham (controls) acupuncture for 6 weeks in combination with a low-calorie diet. In the following 6 weeks, they received the low-calorie diet alone. Subjects were assessed at the beginning, 6 and 12 weeks later. Heat shock protein (Hsps)-27, 60, 65, 70 antibody titers and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels were also assessed. A significant reduction in measures of adiposity and improvement in lipid profile were observed in both groups, but the levels of anti-Hsp-antibodies decreased in cases only. A reduction in anthropometric and lipid profile in cases were sustained in the second period, however, only changes in lipid profile were observed in the control group. Anti-Hsp-antibodies and hs-CRP levels continued to be reduced in cases but in controls only the reduction in hs-CRP remained. Changes in anthropometric parameters, lipid profile, and anti-Hsp-antibodies were more evident in cases. Body acupuncture in combination with diet restriction was effective in enhancing weight loss and improving dyslipidemia.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

We studied the immune responses to heat shock protein (Hsp)-27 and pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance (PAB) values in patients with valvular heart disease, but free of angiographically evident coronary artery disease (CAD). Patients who were candidates for valvuloplasty surgery and 30 healthy matched controls were recruited. The anti-Hsp-27 antibody titers were 0.35 ± 0.04 absorbency units (AU) in the valvuloplasty group, being significantly higher than for the controls (0.11 ± 0.02 AU; P < .05). The PAB values were significantly higher in cases (134.67 ± 13.69 Hamidi-Koliakos(HK) unit) when compared with controls (49.78 ± 6.75 HK unit; P < .05). In cases, the ejection fraction was inversely correlated with anti-Hsp-27 antibody (P < .05) but was not significantly related to PAB values (P > .05). Based on the echocardiographic findings, the patients had no evident heart failure, but the high levels of anti-Hsp-27 and PAB values in patients with valvular heart disease may indicate that these variables can be used as markers of heart failure. However, a longitudinal study is required to confirm this hypothesis.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

We assessed the association between serum heat shock protein 27 (Hsp-27)concentrations in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and compared them with healthy participants. Patients with ACS (n = 75) were recruited and their biochemical parameters were compared with 75 healthy participants. Heat shock protein 27 concentrations were measured from blood samples taken on admission and 12 hours after the onset of chest pain. In the patient group, Hsp-27 concentrations (31.62 [20.12-38.51] ng/mL) in the first blood samples were significantly (P < .001) higher than in control samples (20.12 [16.67-28.17] ng/mL). In patients, serum Hsp-27 levels on admission were significantly (P < .001) higher than for the samples collected 12 hours after the onset of chest pain (25.87 [15.52-31.62]); the latter did not differ significantly from samples of healthy controls. In conclusion, serum Hsp-27 concentrations are elevated in the early hours following ACS, but fall to levels near to those in healthy individuals after about 12 hours from the onset of chest pain.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Heat shock proteins (Hsps) comprise several families of proteins expressed by a number of cell types following exposure to stressful environmental conditions that include heat, free radicals, toxins and ischemia, and are particularly involved in the recognition and renaturation of mis-folded proteins. Heat shock protein-27 (Hsp27) is a member of the small Hsp (sHsp) family with a molecular weight of approximately 27 KDa. In addition to its chaperoning functions, Hsp27 also appears to be involved in a diverse range of cellular functions, promoting cell survival through effects on the apoptotic pathway and plays important roles in cytoskeleton dynamics, cell differentiation and embryogenesis. Over the past two decades there has been an increasing interest in the relationship between Hsp27 and cardiovascular disease. Hsp27 is thought to exert an important role in the atherosclerotic process. Serum Hsp27 concentrations appear to be a biomarker of myocardial ischemia. In this review, we will focus on the possible protective and immuno-modulatory roles of Hsp27 in atherogenesis with special emphasis on their changes following acute coronary events and their potential as diagnostic and therapeutic targets.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: We have assessed the relationship between indices of adiposity and antibody titers to Hsp-27 in healthy subjects. DESIGN: Two-hundred and fifty subjects were studied, including 50 normal-weight subjects (body-mass-index (BMI) 25 kg/m(2)), 100 overweight subjects (BMI 25 to 30 kg/m(2)) (n=100) and 100 obese subjects (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m(2)). RESULTS: Anti-Hsp27-antibody levels in obese subjects were [0.34 (0.20-0.39) absorbency unit], being significantly higher than overweight and normal-weight groups (P<0.05). Anti-Hsp27-antibody levels in overweight subjects [0.29 (0.15-0.34) absorbency unit] were statistically higher than controls [0.18 (0.10-0.23) absorbency unit] (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: High anti-Hsp-27-antibody levels in obese-subjects without established coronary disease may be related to a heightened state of immunoactivation associated with obesity.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: There are relatively limited data available on the genetic susceptibility to diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome in the Iranian population. We have therefore investigated the association between the angiotensin II type I receptor gene polymorphism (AT(1)R/A1166C) and the presence of diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome in a well defined group of patients. METHODS: Patients with angiographically defined coronary artery disease (CAD) (n=309) were evaluated for the presence of AT(1)R/A1166C polymorphism. These patients were classified into subgroups with (n=164, M/F: 109/55) and without (n=145, M/F: 84/61) diabetes mellitus. The AT(1)R polymorphism was assessed using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) based method. RESULTS: There was a higher frequency of polymorphic genotypes (AC+CC) in the diabetic compared with the non-diabetic group (p=0.01). When determined for each gender separately, this difference remained significant in the males (p=0.04) but not in females (p=0.09). With regard to the allele frequencies, the C allele was significantly higher and the A allele frequency was lower in the diabetic group (p=0.01). This remained significant after gender segregation for males (p=0.01) but not females. In the binary logistic regression analysis, only serum fasting glucose was found as the independent predictor for the presence of diabetes in the CAD patients (ß=1.16, p<0.001 for total population and ß=1.29, p<0.001 for male subjects). There was no significant difference in genotype or allele frequencies between subgroups with and without metabolic syndrome, this being unaffected by gender or the definition of metabolic syndrome used apart from a significantly lower frequency of C allele in male subjects with metabolic syndrome defined by the NCEP ATP III criteria (p=0.04). CONCLUSION: The AT(1)R/A1166C polymorphism may be associated with the presence of diabetes mellitus in male subjects with documented CAD.

Asunto(s)