RESUMEN

Anaerobic treatment of industrial wastewater using upflow anaerobic reactors is an extended trend due to its high efficiency and biogas production potential, but its implementation in some sectors is limited due to the complexity and toxicity of the wastewaters. In this study, a two-stage expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactors system has been investigated at both bench and pilot scale for the treatment of complex and toxic real wastewater from a petrochemical industry. The effect of different operational parameters including organic loading rate (OLR), hydraulic retention time (HRT) and influent characteristics over COD removal and biogas production and composition have been studied. Additionally, biomass specific methanogenic activity (SMA) and wastewater toxicity have been evaluated after long-term operation. Optimum total HRT of 24 h has been determined resulting in total COD and SO4 2- removal of 56.30 ± 5.25% and 31.68 ± 14.71%, respectively, at pilot scale, and average biogas production of 93.47 ± 34.92 NL/day with 67.01 ± 10.23 %CH4 content and 5210.11 ± 6802.27 ppmv of H2S. SMA and toxicity tests have confirmed inhibitory and toxic effects of wastewater over anaerobic biomass with average maximum inhibition of 65.34% in the unacclimated anaerobic inoculum while chronic toxicity produced a decrease of an order of magnitude in SMA after 600 days of operation. This study demonstrates the feasibility of applying an anaerobic treatment to this wastewater using EGSB reactors between a 0.97-1.74 gCOD/L/day OLR range. Nonetheless, periodic reinoculation would be necessary for long-term operation due to chronic toxicity of the wastewater exerted on the anaerobic biomass. PRACTITIONER POINTS: A two-stage EGSB reactors system has been operated at bench and pilot scale to treat complex and toxic petrochemical wastewater. Optimal total HRT of 24 h resulted in average COD removal ranging from 40% to 60%. SMA and toxicity tests have been performed to study long-term acclimation, detecting an activity depletion of an order of magnitude.

Asunto(s)

Reactores Biológicos , Residuos Industriales , Eliminación de Residuos Líquidos , Aguas Residuales , Anaerobiosis , Aguas Residuales/química , Eliminación de Residuos Líquidos/métodos , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad , Biocombustibles , Biomasa

RESUMEN

Increased temperatures caused by climate change constitute a significant threat to agriculture and food security. The selection of improved crop varieties with greater tolerance to heat stress is crucial for the future of agriculture. To overcome this challenge, four traditional tomato varieties from the Mediterranean basin and two commercial genotypes were selected to characterize their responses at high temperatures. The screening of phenotypes under heat shock conditions allowed to classify the tomato genotypes as: heat-sensitive: TH-30, ADX2; intermediate: ISR-10 and Ailsa Craig; heat-tolerant: MM and MO-10. These results reveal the intra-genetical variation of heat stress responses, which can be exploited as promising sources of tolerance to climate change conditions. Two different thermotolerance strategies were observed. The MO-10 plants tolerance was based on the control of the leaf cooling mechanism and the rapid RBOHB activation and ABA signaling pathways. The variety MM displayed a different strategy based on the activation of HSP70 and 90, as well as accumulation of phenolic compounds correlated with early induction of PAL expression. The importance of secondary metabolism in the recovery phase has been also revealed. Understanding the molecular events allowing plants to overcome heat stress constitutes a promising approach for selecting climate resilient tomato varieties.

RESUMEN

Research into the relationship between epigenetic regulation and resistance to biotic stresses provides alternatives for plant protection and crop improvement. To unravel the mechanisms underlying tomato responses to Botrytis cinerea, we performed a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis showing the increase in H3K9ac mark along the early induced genes SlyDES, SlyDOX1, and SlyLoxD encoding oxylipin-pathway enzymes, and SlyWRKY75 coding for a transcriptional regulator of hormonal signaling. This histone mark showed a more distinct distribution than the previously studied H3K4me3. The RNAPol-ChIP analysis reflected the actual gene transcription associated with increased histone modifications. A different pattern of marks in the oxylipin-related genes against P. syringae supported a pathogen-specific profile, while no significant differences occurred in SlyWRKY75. The epigenetic regulation of SlyWRKY75 by the intron-binding miR1127-3p was supported by the presence of SlyWRKY75 pre-mRNA in control plants. Interestingly, mRNA was found to be accumulated in response to B. cinerea and P. syringae, while reduction in miRNA only occurred against B. cinerea. The intronic region presented a similar pattern of marks than the rest of the gene in both pathosystems, except for H3K4me3 in the miRNA binding site upon B. cinerea. We located the gene encoding Sly-miR1127-3p, which presented reduced H3K4me3 on its promoter against B. cinerea.

RESUMEN

Predominant NH4+ nutrition causes an "ammonium syndrome" that induces metabolic changes and thereby provides resistance against Pseudomonas syringae infection through the activation of systemic acquired acclimation (SAA). Hence, to elucidate the mechanisms underlying NH4+-mediated SAA, the changes in nutrient balance and C and N skeletons were studied in NH4+-treated plants upon infection by P. syringae. A general decrease in cation and an increase in anion levels was observed in roots and leaves of NH4+-treated plants. Upon NH4+-based nutrition and infection, tomato leaves showed an accumulation of S, P, Zn, and of Mn. Mn accumulation might be required for ROS detoxification since it acts as a cofactor of superoxide dismutase (SOD). Primary metabolism was modified in both tissues of NH4+-fed plants to counteract NH4+ toxicity by decreasing TCA intermediates. A significant increase in Arg, Gln, Asn, Lys, Tyr, His and Leu was observed in leaves of NH4+-treated plants. The high level of the putrescine precursor Arg hints towards the importance of the Glu pathway as a key metabolic check-point in NH4+-treated and infected plants. Taken together, NH4+-fed plants displayed a high level of basal responses allowing them to activate SAA and to trigger defense responses against P. syringae through nutrient imbalances and changes in primary metabolism.

Asunto(s)

Compuestos de Amonio/metabolismo , Carbono/metabolismo , Nitrógeno/metabolismo , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Pseudomonas syringae/fisiología , Solanum lycopersicum/metabolismo , Compuestos de Amonio/administración & dosificación , Resistencia a la Enfermedad , Fertilizantes , Solanum lycopersicum/microbiología , Nutrientes/administración & dosificación , Nutrientes/metabolismo

RESUMEN

Unlike fungal and bacterial diseases, no direct method is available to control viral diseases. The use of resistance-inducing compounds can be an alternative strategy for plant viruses. Here we studied the basal response of melon to Melon necrotic spot virus (MNSV) and demonstrated the efficacy of hexanoic acid (Hx) priming, which prevents the virus from systemically spreading. We analysed callose deposition and the hormonal profile and gene expression at the whole plant level. This allowed us to determine hormonal homeostasis in the melon roots, cotyledons, hypocotyls, stems and leaves involved in basal and hexanoic acid-induced resistance (Hx-IR) to MNSV. Our data indicate important roles of salicylic acid (SA), 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA), jasmonic-isoleucine, and ferulic acid in both responses to MNSV. The hormonal and metabolites balance, depending on the time and location associated with basal and Hx-IR, demonstrated the reprogramming of plant metabolism in MNSV-inoculated plants. The treatment with both SA and OPDA prior to virus infection significantly reduced MNSV systemic movement by inducing callose deposition. This demonstrates their relevance in Hx-IR against MNSV and a high correlation with callose deposition. Our data also provide valuable evidence to unravel priming mechanisms by natural compounds.

RESUMEN

Insect-plant interactions are governed by a complex equilibrium between the mechanisms through which plant recognize insect attack and orchestrate downstream signaling events that trigger plant defense responses, and the mechanisms by which insects overcome plant defenses. Due to this tight and dynamic interplay, insight into the nature of the plant defense response can be gained by analyzing changes in the insect herbivores digestive system upon plant feeding. In this work we have identified a Solanum melongena miraculin-like protease inhibitor in the midgut juice of Colorado potato larvae feeding on eggplant plants treated with the natural inducer of plant defenses hexanoic acid. We analyzed the corresponding gene expression by qRT-PCR and our results showed that this eggplant miraculin-like gene enhanced induction contributes to the hexanoic acid priming effect in this Solanaceae species. Moreover, our data evidencing that OPDA might be involved in this gene regulation highlights its potential as biomarker in eggplant plant responses to stress mediated this oxylipin signaling pathway.

Asunto(s)

Caproatos/farmacología , Escarabajos/patogenicidad , Oxilipinas/metabolismo , Inhibidores de Proteasas/farmacología , Solanum melongena/metabolismo , Solanum melongena/parasitología , Animales , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/genética , Solanum melongena/efectos de los fármacos

RESUMEN

NH4 (+) nutrition provokes mild toxicity by enhancing H2O2 accumulation, which acts as a signal activating systemic acquired acclimation (SAA). Until now, induced resistance mechanisms in response to an abiotic stimulus and related to SAA were only reported for exposure to a subsequent abiotic stress. Herein, the first evidence is provided that this acclimation to an abiotic stimulus induces resistance to later pathogen infection, since NH4 (+) nutrition (N-NH4 (+))-induced resistance (NH4 (+)-IR) against Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 (Pst) in tomato plants was demonstrated. N-NH4 (+) plants displayed basal H2O2, abscisic acid (ABA), and putrescine (Put) accumulation. H2O2 accumulation acted as a signal to induce ABA-dependent signalling pathways required to prevent NH4 (+) toxicity. This acclimatory event provoked an increase in resistance against later pathogen infection. N-NH4 (+) plants displayed basal stomatal closure produced by H2O2 derived from enhanced CuAO and rboh1 activity that may reduce the entry of bacteria into the mesophyll, diminishing the disease symptoms as well as strongly inducing the oxidative burst upon Pst infection, favouring NH4 (+)-IR. Experiments with inhibitors of Put accumulation and the ABA-deficient mutant flacca demonstrated that Put and ABA downstream signalling pathways are required to complete NH4 (+)-IR. The metabolic profile revealed that infected N-NH4 (+) plants showed greater ferulic acid accumulation compared with control plants. Although classical salicylic acid (SA)-dependent responses against biotrophic pathogens were not found, the important role of Put in the resistance of tomato against Pst was demonstrated. Moreover, this work revealed the cross-talk between abiotic stress acclimation (NH4 (+) nutrition) and resistance to subsequent Pst infection.

Asunto(s)

Compuestos de Amonio/metabolismo , Enfermedades de las Plantas/inmunología , Inmunidad de la Planta , Pseudomonas syringae/fisiología , Solanum lycopersicum/fisiología , Ácido Abscísico/metabolismo , Aclimatación , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/metabolismo , Solanum lycopersicum/inmunología , Solanum lycopersicum/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Fenómenos Fisiológicos de las Plantas , Putrescina/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal

RESUMEN

Resistance of tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum) to the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea requires complex interplay between hormonal signalling. In this study, we explored the involvement of new oxylipins in the tomato basal and induced response to this necrotroph through the functional analysis of the tomato α-dioxygenase2 (α-DOX2)-deficient mutant divaricata. We also investigated the role of SA in the defence response against this necrotrophic fungus using SA-deficient tomato nahG plants. The plants lacking dioxigenase α-DOX2, which catalyses oxylipins production from fatty acids, were more susceptible to Botrytis, and hexanoic acid-induced resistance (Hx-IR) was impaired; hence α-DOX2 is required for both tomato defence and the enhanced protection conferred by natural inducer hexanoic acid (Hx) against B. cinerea. The divaricata plants accumulated less pathogen-induced callose and presented lower levels of jasmonic acid (JA) and 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) upon infection if compared to the wild type. Glutathion-S-transferase (GST) gene expression decreased and ROS production significantly increased in Botrytis-infected divaricata plants. These results indicate that absence of α-DOX2 influences the hormonal changes, oxidative burst and callose deposition that occur upon Botrytis infection in tomato. The study of SA-deficient nahG tomato plants showed that the plants with low SA levels displayed increased resistance to Botrytis, but were unable to display Hx-IR. This supports the involvement of SA in Hx-IR. NaghG plants displayed reduced callose and ROS accumulation upon infection and an increased GST expression. This reflects a positive relationship between SA and these defensive mechanisms in tomato. Finally, Hx boosted the pathogen-induced callose in nahG plants, suggesting that this priming mechanism is SA-independent. Our results support the involvement of the oxylipins pathway and SA in tomato response to Botrytis, probably through complex crosstalk of the hormonal balance with callose and ROS accumulation, and reinforce the role of the oxidative stress in the outcome of the plant-Botrytis interaction.

Asunto(s)

Botrytis/fisiología , Caproatos/farmacología , Dioxigenasas/metabolismo , Enfermedades de las Plantas/inmunología , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/farmacología , Solanum lycopersicum/enzimología , Ciclopentanos/metabolismo , Dioxigenasas/genética , Resistencia a la Enfermedad , Ácidos Grasos Insaturados/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Glucanos/metabolismo , Solanum lycopersicum/efectos de los fármacos , Solanum lycopersicum/genética , Solanum lycopersicum/inmunología , Oxilipinas/metabolismo , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Ácido Salicílico/metabolismo

RESUMEN

The efficacy of hexanoic acid (Hx) as an inducer of resistance in tomato plants against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 was previously demonstrated, and the plant response was characterized. Because little is known about the reaction of the pathogen to this effect, the goal of the present work was to determine whether the changes in the plant defence system affect the pathogen behaviour. This work provides the first demonstration of the response of the pathogen to the changes observed in plants after Hx application in terms of not only the population size but also the transcriptional levels of genes involved in quorum sensing establishment and pathogenesis. Therefore, it is possible that Hx treatment attenuates the virulence and survival of bacteria by preventing or diminishing the appearance of symptoms and controlling the growth of the bacteria in the mesophyll. It is interesting to note that the gene transcriptional changes in the bacteria from the treated plants occur at the same time as the changes in the plants. Hx is able to alter bacteria pathogenesis and survival only when it is applied as a resistance inducer because the changes that it promotes in plants affect the bacteria.

Asunto(s)

Caproatos/farmacología , Regulación Bacteriana de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Pseudomonas syringae/efectos de los fármacos , Solanum lycopersicum/microbiología , Pseudomonas syringae/genética , Pseudomonas syringae/metabolismo

RESUMEN

During plant-pathogen interactions, the plant cell wall forms part of active defence against invaders. In recent years, cell wall-editing enzymes, associated with growth and development, have been related to plant susceptibility or resistance. Our previous work identified a role for several tomato and Arabidopsis endo-1,4-ß-glucanases (EGs) in plant-pathogen interactions. Here we studied the response of the Arabidopsis thaliana T-DNA insertion mutant lacking EG Korrigan1 (KOR1) infected with Pseudomonas syringae. KOR1 is predicted to be an EG which is thought to participate in cellulose biosynthesis. We found that kor1-1 plants were more susceptible to P. syringae, and displayed severe disease symptoms and enhanced bacterial growth if compared to Wassilewskija (Ws) wild-type plants. Hormonal and gene expression analyses revealed that the jasmonic acid (JA) pathway was activated more in kor1-1 plants with an increase in the JA-biosynthesis gene LOX3 and a greater accumulation of JA. Upon infection the accumulation of JA and JA-isoleucine (JA-Ile) was higher than in wild-type plants and increased the induction of LOX3 and the JA-responsive PDF1.2 gene. In addition, the increase of salicylic acid (SA) in healthy and infected kor1-1 may reflect the complex interaction between JA and SA, which results in the more susceptible phenotype displayed by the infected mutant plants. Callose deposition was enhanced in infected kor1-1 and an increase in pathogen-induced hydrogen peroxide took place. The susceptible phenotype displayed by KOR1-deficient plants was coronatine-independent. No significant changes were detected in the hormonal profile of the kor1-1 plants infected by coronatine-deficient P. syringae cmaA, which supports that absence of EG KOR1 alters per se the plant response to infection. We previously reported increased resistance of kor1-1 to B. cinerea, hence, the lack of this EG alters cell wall properties and plant responses in such a way that benefits P. syringae colonisation but restricts B. cinerea invasion.

Asunto(s)

Proteínas de Arabidopsis/genética , Arabidopsis/genética , Celulasa/genética , Ciclopentanos/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Lipooxigenasa/genética , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Oxilipinas/metabolismo , Pseudomonas syringae/fisiología , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Pared Celular/metabolismo , Celulasa/metabolismo , ADN Bacteriano/genética , Lipooxigenasa/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Ácido Salicílico/metabolismo

RESUMEN

Interaction between insect herbivores and host plants can be modulated by endogenous and exogenous compounds present in the source of food and might be successfully exploited in Colorado potato beetle (CPB) pest management. Feeding tests with CPB larvae reared on three solanaceous plants (potato, eggplant and tomato) resulted in variable larval growth rates and differential susceptibility to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry3Aa toxin as a function of the host plant. An inverse correlation with toxicity was observed in Cry3Aa proteolytic patterns generated by CPB midgut brush-border membrane vesicles (BBMV) from Solanaceae-fed larvae, being the toxin most extensively proteolyzed on potato, followed by eggplant and tomato. We found that CPB cysteine proteases intestains may interact with Cry3Aa toxin and, in CPB BBMV from larvae fed all three Solanaceae, the toxin was able to compete for the hydrolysis of a papain substrate. In response to treatment with the JA-dependent plant inducer Hexanoic acid (Hx), we showed that eggplant reduced OPDA basal levels and both, potato and eggplant induced JA-Ile. CPB larvae feeding on Hx-induced plants exhibited enhanced Cry3Aa toxicity, which correlated with altered papain activity. Results indicated host-mediated effects on B. thuringiensis efficacy against CPB that can be enhanced in combination with Hx plant induction.

Asunto(s)

Bacillus thuringiensis/química , Caproatos/farmacología , Escarabajos/efectos de los fármacos , Insecticidas/farmacología , Solanum tuberosum/parasitología , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Toxinas de Bacillus thuringiensis , Proteínas Bacterianas/toxicidad , Peso Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Escarabajos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Colorado , Proteasas de Cisteína/metabolismo , Dieta , Sistema Digestivo/efectos de los fármacos , Sistema Digestivo/enzimología , Electroforesis en Gel Bidimensional , Endotoxinas/toxicidad , Conducta Alimentaria/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Hemolisinas/toxicidad , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas de Insectos/química , Proteínas de Insectos/metabolismo , Larva/efectos de los fármacos , Larva/genética , Espectrometría de Masas , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Péptidos/metabolismo , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/farmacología , Proteolisis/efectos de los fármacos , Alineación de Secuencia

RESUMEN

Hexanoic acid-induced resistance (Hx-IR) is effective against several pathogens in tomato plants. Our study of the mechanisms implicated in Hx-IR against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 suggests that hexanoic acid (Hx) treatment counteracts the negative effect of coronatine (COR) and jasmonyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile) on the salicylic acid (SA) pathway. In Hx-treated plants, an increase in the expression of jasmonic acid carboxyl methyltransferase (JMT) and the SA marker genes PR1 and PR5 indicates a boost in this signalling pathway at the expense of a decrease in JA-Ile. Moreover, Hx treatment potentiates 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid accumulation, which suggests that this molecule might play a role per se in Hx-IR. These results support a positive relationship between the SA and JA pathways in Hx-primed plants. Furthermore, one of the mechanisms of virulence mediated by COR is stomatal re-opening on infection with P. syringae. In this work, we observed that Hx seems to inhibit stomatal opening in planta in the presence of COR, which suggests that, on infection in tomato, this treatment suppresses effector action to prevent bacterial entry into the mesophyll.

Asunto(s)

Caproatos/farmacología , Ciclopentanos/metabolismo , Resistencia a la Enfermedad/efectos de los fármacos , Oxilipinas/metabolismo , Pseudomonas syringae/efectos de los fármacos , Ácido Salicílico/metabolismo , Solanum lycopersicum/inmunología , Solanum lycopersicum/microbiología , Ácido Abscísico/metabolismo , Aminoácidos/farmacología , Vías Biosintéticas/efectos de los fármacos , Vías Biosintéticas/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Glucanos/metabolismo , Indenos/farmacología , Solanum lycopersicum/efectos de los fármacos , Solanum lycopersicum/metabolismo , Oxilipinas/química , Enfermedades de las Plantas/inmunología , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/biosíntesis , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Estomas de Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Estomas de Plantas/fisiología , Pseudomonas syringae/fisiología , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Transducción de Señal/genética , Agua/farmacología

RESUMEN

In addition to basal defense mechanisms, plants are able to develop enhanced defense mechanisms such as induced resistance (IR) upon appropriate stimulation. We recently described the means by which several carboxylic acids protect Arabidopsis and tomato plants against fungi. In this work, we demonstrate the effectiveness of hexanoic acid (Hx) in the control of Alternaria brown spot (ABS) disease via enhancement of the immune system of Fortune mandarin. The application of 1mM Hx in irrigation water to 2-year-old Fortune plants clearly reduced the incidence of the disease and led to smaller lesions. We observed that several of the most important mechanisms involved in induced resistance were affected by Hx application. Our results demonstrate enhanced callose deposition in infected plants treated with Hx, which suggests an Hx priming mechanism. Plants treated with the callose inhibitor 2-DDG were more susceptible to the fungus. Moreover, polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (PGIP) gene expression was rapidly and significantly upregulated in treated plants. However, treatment with Hx decreased the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in infected plants. Hormonal and gene analyses revealed that the jasmonic acid (JA) pathway was activated due to a greater accumulation of 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) and JA along with a rapid accumulation of JA-isoleucine (JA-Ile). Furthermore, we observed a more rapid accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA), which could act as a positive regulator of callose deposition. Thus, our results support the hypothesis that both enhanced physical barriers and the JA signaling pathway are involved in hexanoic acid-induced resistance (Hx-IR) to Alternaria alternata.

Asunto(s)

Alternaria/patogenicidad , Antifúngicos/farmacología , Caproatos/farmacología , Citrus/inmunología , Citrus/microbiología , Resistencia a la Enfermedad/inmunología , Enfermedades de las Plantas/inmunología , Citrus/genética , Ciclopentanos/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Glucanos/metabolismo , Oxilipinas/metabolismo , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Plantas/prevención & control , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/metabolismo

RESUMEN

In this work, we demonstrate that NH4⁺ nutrition in citrange Carrizo plants acts as an inducer of resistance against salinity conditions. We investigated its mode of action and provide evidence that NH4⁺ confers resistance by priming abscisic acid and polyamines, and enhances H2O2 and proline basal content. Moreover, we observed reduced Cl⁻ uptake as well as enhanced PHGPx expression after salt stress. Control and N-NH4⁺ plants showed optimal growth. However, N-NH4⁺ plants displayed greater dry weight and total lateral roots than control plants, but these differences were not observed for primary root length. Our results revealed that N-NH4⁺ treatment induces a similar phenotypical response to the recent stress-induced morphogenetic response (SIMRs). The hypothesis is that N-NH4⁺ treatment triggers mild chronic stress in citrange Carrizo plants, which might explain the SIMR observed. Moreover, we observed modulators of stress signaling, such as H2O2 in N-NH4⁺ plants, which could acts as an intermediary between stress and the development of the SIMR phenotype. This observation suggests that NH4⁺ treatments induce a mild stress condition that primes the citrange Carrizo defense response by stress imprinting and confers protection against subsequent salt stress.

Asunto(s)

Citrus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Citrus/metabolismo , Raíces de Plantas/metabolismo , Compuestos de Amonio Cuaternario/farmacología , Cloruro de Sodio/farmacología , Estrés Fisiológico/efectos de los fármacos , Ácido Abscísico/metabolismo , Adaptación Fisiológica/efectos de los fármacos , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/metabolismo , Poliaminas/metabolismo , Prolina/metabolismo , Compuestos de Amonio Cuaternario/metabolismo , Salinidad