RESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Since sex-specific accumulated oxygen deficit (AOD) during high-intensity swimming remains unstudied, this study aimed to assess AOD during 50, 100, and 200 m front-crawl performances to compare the responses between sexes and analyse the effect of lean body mass (LBM). METHODS: Twenty swimmers (16.2 ± 2.8 years, 61.6 ± 7.8 kg, and 48.8 ± 11.2 kg LBM-50% males) performed 50, 100, and 200 m to determine accumulated oxygen uptake (VÌO2Ac). The swimmers also performed an incremental test from which five submaximal steps were selected to estimate the oxygen demand (VÌO2demand) from the VÌO2 versus velocity adjustment. VÌO2 was sampled using a gas analyser coupled with a respiratory snorkel. AOD was the difference between VÌO2demand and VÌO2Ac, and LBM (i.e. lean mass not including bone mineral content) was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). RESULTS: A two-way ANOVA evidenced an AOD increase with distance for both sexes: 19.7 ± 2.5 versus 24.9 ± 5.5, 29.8 ± 8.0 versus 36.5 ± 5.8, and 41.5 ± 9.4 versus 5.2 ± 11.9 ml × kg-1, respectively, for 50, 100, and 200 m (with highest values for females, P < 0.01). Inverse correlations were observed between LBM and AOD for 50, 100, and 200 m (r = - 0.60, - 0.38 and - 0.49, P < 0.05). AOD values at 10 and 30 s elapsed times in each trial decreased with distance for both sexes, with values differing when female swimmers were compared to males in the 200 m trial (at 10 s: 2.6 ± 0.6 vs. 3.4 ± 0.6; and at 30 s: 7.9 ± 1.7 vs. 10.0 ± 1.8 ml × kg-1, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: LBM differences between sexes influenced AOD values during each trial, suggesting that reduced muscle mass in female swimmers plays a role on the higher AOD (i.e. anaerobic energy) demand than males while performing supramaximal trials.
RESUMEN
O presente estudo visa determinar os valores de eficácia das micro situações de jogo especificas do pênalti, com ou sem posse da bola, em Polo Aquático. Complementarmente, pretende-se analisar a relação entre os valores de eficácia do pênalti e o resultado final obtido pelas equipes (vencedoras e vencidas). Foram recolhidas imagens vídeo relativas a todos encontros ocorridos no X Campeonato do Mundo de Barcelona' 2003 para a sua posterior análise. Apreciaram-se as micro situações de jogo do pênalti (com ou sem posse da bola) com base no cálculo de coeficientes de eficácia de precisão, definição, possibilidade, resolução, exatidão e concretização. No que se refere à comparação efetuada entre os valores de eficácia obtidos pelas formações vencedoras e vencidas, observou-se, na categoria masculina, diferenças nos 12 coeficientes analisados. Por seu lado, na categoria feminina, não se encontraram diferenças estatísticas. Assim, os dados obtidos, no grupo masculino, permitem confirmar a hipótese que as equipas vencedoras obtêm valores de eficácia mais elevados do que as equipas vencidas. Relativamente ao grupo feminino, a hipótese formulada não foi comprovada, levando ao entendimento de que a eficácia específica das micro situações de pênalti não se constitui como um fator determinante do resultado final.
The purpose of the present study is to assess the efficacy values specific of the penalty micro situations both with and without ball possession in water polo. Additionally, we aimed to analyze the relationship between the observed efficacy values and the condition of winner or loser. Video images were collected from all the matches of the X World Water Polo Championship (Barcelona' 2003). Subsequent analysis was performed by two experienced specialists. The appreciation of the penalty game micro situations was conducted through the determination of efficacy coefficients related to precision, definition, possibility, resolution, accuracy and concreteness. Differences between the male teams that win or lose were observed in all the 12 coefficients assessed. In the female group no statistical differences were found. In the male teams it is possible to accept the formulated hypothesis: the winning teams had higher efficacy values in the penalty micro situations comparing to the teams that were defeated. The absence of differences between the female teams seems to indicate that the efficacy in the penalty micro situation is not a strong influencing factor for the match final result.