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PURPOSE: To determine the effectiveness, safety, and participant satisfaction with endometrial ablation by bipolar energy (NovaSure®) in the treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB), and to investigate factors associated with poorer outcomes. METHODS: Multicenter retrospective observational study based on medical record review of the outcomes related to endometrial ablation by the bipolar-energy technique procedure to treat HMB in the setting of three university teaching hospitals in Spain. RESULTS: A total of 333 women were included in the study. Most bipolar-energy ablations were successful (85.12%; n = 269 out of 316), with amenorrhea the most frequent outcome (39.6%, n = 131 out of 316). The majority of participants had no complications (95.5%; n = 317 out of 332), and of those who did, only 2.1% were related to the technique. No further treatment was required for HMB in 82.8% of women (n = 274 out of 331), and surgery was avoided in 91.8%; only 5.9% of women underwent ablation-related hysterectomy. In women with previous transverse cesarean sections (CS), 91.0% avoided subsequent surgical treatment. Eighty-six percent of women (n = 221 out of 257) were satisfied with the procedure. CONCLUSION: Bipolar-energy ablation is very effective and safe for the treatment of HMB and yielded a high rate of participant satisfaction in our setting. The presence of comorbidities or previous CS may slightly reduce the effectiveness of the method, while performing concomitant surgery (mainly curettage) increases the rate of complications. Notably, despite the known increased risk of hysterectomy, most participants with previous CSs who underwent ablation avoided major surgery.

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BACKGROUND: Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are environmental contaminants present in a wide range of consumer products and frequently detected in drinking water. They have been linked to adverse reproductive health outcomes in women, but there is limited human evidence on the association of PFAS exposure with endometriosis. OBJECTIVE/AIM: To explore the association between plasma concentrations of several PFAS, considered individually and as a mixture, and the risk of endometriosis in women of childbearing age. METHODS: Between 2018 and 2020, 42 patients with endometriosis and 90 controls undergoing abdominal surgery were recruited at two public hospitals in Granada, Spain. The presence or absence of endometriosis was ascertained by laparoscopic inspection of the pelvis and biopsy of suspected lesions (histological diagnosis). Concentrations of 10 PFAS were quantified in plasma samples from participants. Unconditional logistic regression was employed to examine associations of individual PFAS and summed concentrations of short (∑SC) and long-chain (∑LC) PFAS with odds of endometriosis, and quantile g-computation was used to assess their mixture effect. RESULTS: In models adjusted for age, schooling, and parity, perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTrDA) was associated with higher odds of endometriosis (odds ratio [OR] = 1.74; 95 % CI = 1.11-2.73 per 2-fold increase in plasma concentrations), while marginally significant associations were found for perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) (OR = 1.45, 95 % CI = 0.94-2.21) and ∑SC PFAS (OR = 1.48; 95 % CI = 0.96-2.30). No associations were found for the remaining PFAS. The PFAS mixture was non-significantly associated with 1.7-fold higher odds of endometriosis (95 % CI = 0.73-3.80), with perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), PFHxS, and PFTrDA being the major contributors to this effect. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that exposure to certain PFAS may increase the odds of endometriosis. However, given the modest sample size, further studies are warranted to verify these results.

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STUDY OBJECTIVE: Transvaginal radiofrequency ablation is a minimally invasive treatment for myomas in women who wish to preserve their uterus. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of transvaginal radiofrequency to treat myomas and to identify factors predictive of the response to treatment. DESIGN: Prospective case series. SETTING: Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, a tertiary center in Granada, Spain. PATIENTS: The participants were 59 patients with myomas. INTERVENTIONS: Transvaginal radiofrequency ablation. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The variables recorded were personal (age and type of myoma), procedure dependent (pain, need for analgesia, duration of sick leave, procedure duration, and complications), clinical (total days of menstrual bleeding and days of heavy menstrual bleeding), and score on the symptom severity scale of the Uterine Fibroid Symptom and Quality of Life Questionnaire. Myoma volume was determined by ultrasonography. Changes in clinical variables and myoma volume were analyzed 2, 6, and 12 months after the procedure. Moreover, the influence of age, initial myoma size, type of myoma, and duration of the procedure on the outcomes of treatment were analyzed. Statistically significant improvements in symptoms were seen in all variables analyzed for bleeding at 0, 2, 6, and 12 months, and a significant improvement was seen in the symptom severity scale score 12 months after the procedure. Mean myoma volume (in milliliters) was significantly lower 2, 6, and 12 months after treatment (p <.05). At 12 months, the mean reduction in myoma volume was more than 80%. Patient age and initial myoma size were identified as factors predictive of the outcomes. CONCLUSION: Transvaginal radiofrequency ablation was an effective and safe technique for the treatment of myomas. The patient's age and initial size of the myoma influenced the outcome of treatment.

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effectiveness and safety of office hysteroscopic metroplasty by diode laser for the treatment of septate uteri. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a prospective cohort study including 41 nulliparous women diagnosed with septate uterus and a history of primary infertility or recurrent miscarriage. All patients underwent hysteroscopic metroplasty for the treatment of the uterine septum, which was performed in-office setting using a 4.3 mm continuous-flow hysteroscope and a 15-watt diode laser at 1470 nm. Surgical and reproductive outcomes after 2 years of follow-up are reported. RESULTS: The procedure was well tolerated by 93% of patients. No surgical complications were reported. Thirty women out of 38 (78.9%) became pregnant: 17 (56.7%) pregnancies were spontaneously conceived, and 13 (43.3%) were obtained with assisted reproductive techniques. Twenty-four (80%) of the 30 pregnant women had a live birth, with a cumulative live birth of 63.2% among the 38 women (95% CI: 45.9-78.2%). There were no cases of post-partum hemorrhage or uterine rupture among 14 (58.3%) women who had vaginal deliveries. CONCLUSION: Office hysteroscopic metroplasty for septate uterus using diode laser appears to be a feasible and safe alternative to other available techniques and has sufficient efficacy in terms of reproductive outcomes to be considered for further investigations.

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Aim: The aim of this study was to explore associations of urinary concentrations of bisphenols A (BPA), S (BPS), and F (BPF) and of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) with the risk of endometriosis in women of childbearing age. Methods: This case-control study enrolled 124 women between January 2018 and July 2019: 35 women with endometriosis (cases) and 89 women without endometriosis undergoing abdominal surgery for other reasons (controls). Endometriosis was diagnosed (cases) or ruled out (controls) by laparoscopic inspection of the pelvis and the biopsy of suspected lesions (histological diagnosis). Fasting urine samples were collected before surgery to determine concentrations of BPA, BPS, BPF, and TBARS. Associations of bisphenol and TBARS concentrations with endometriosis risk were explored with multivariate logistic and linear regression analyses. Results: After adjustment for urinary creatinine, age, BMI, parity, and residence, endometriosis risk was increased with each 1 log unit of BPA [OR 1.5; 95%CI 1.0-2.3] and Σbisphenols [OR 1.5; 95%CI 0.9-2.3] but was not associated with the presence of BPS and BPF. Classification of the women by tertiles of exposure revealed statistically significant associations between endometriosis risk and the second tertile of exposure to BPA [OR 3.7; 95%CI 1.3-10.3] and Σbisphenols [OR 5.4; 95%CI 1.9-15.6]. In addition, TBARS concentrations showed a close-to-significant relationship with increased endometriosis risk [OR 1.6; 95%CI 1.0-2.8], and classification by TBARS concentration tertile revealed that the association between endometriosis risk and concentrations of BPA [OR 2.0; 95%CI 1.0-4.1] and Σbisphenols [OR 2.2; 95%CI 1.0-4.6] was only statistically significant for women in the highest TBARS tertile (>4.23 µM). Conclusion: Exposure to bisphenols may increase the risk of endometriosis, and oxidative stress may play a crucial role in this association. Further studies are warranted to verify these findings.

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Antecedentes y objetivo: Las infecciones genitourinarias exudativas o purulentas son un motivo de consulta frecuente en Atención Primaria y especializada. El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue determinar la incidencia de los microorganismos más frecuentemente implicados en el desarrollo de vulvovaginitis, vaginosis, cervicitis, uretritis y balanitis en una población general, atendida en el área sanitaria dependiente de 2hospitales de tercer nivel de la provincia de Granada. Pacientes y métodos: Se analizaron todas las muestras recibidas para diagnóstico microbiológico de infección genital baja entre el 1 de febrero y el 31 de mayo del 2015, siguiendo un protocolo de trabajo normalizado. La detección de los microorganismos en la muestra se realizó mediante técnicas de cultivo en medios artificiales o de hibridación de ácidos nucleicos (Affirm VPIII). Resultados: Se analizaron 2.017 muestras, obtenidas de 1.722 pacientes distintos (1.626 mujeres y 96 varones). En 772 pacientes (44,8%; 745 mujeres y 27 varones) se detectó la presencia de, al menos, un microorganismo con significación clínica. Entre las mujeres, el microorganismo más frecuente fue Gardnerella vaginalis (G. vaginalis), presente en el 26,7% de las mujeres atendidas, seguido de Candida albicans (20,0%), Trichomonas vaginalis (1,0%) y Ureaplasma urealyticum (0,4%). En el 10,4% de los varones se detectó Neisseria gonorrhoeae y en un 6,3% Haemophilus spp. Conclusiones: En nuestra población, la vaginosis bacteriana por G. vaginalis, la vulvovaginitis por Candida spp., la tricomoniasis, la gonococia y las uretritis por Ureaplasma spp. y Haemophilus spp. fueron, en este orden, las infecciones genitales exudativas más frecuentes

Background and objective: Purulent or exudative genitourinary infections are a frequent reason for consultation in primary and specialized health care. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of the microorganisms most commonly involved in the development of bacterial vaginosis, cervicitis, urethritis, vulvovaginitis, and balanitis in a general population attending 2tertiary level hospitals in the province of Granada (Spain). Patients and methods: All the samples received for the microbiological diagnosis of acute lower genital tract infection between February and May 2015 were analysed following a standard protocol. Detection of the microorganisms in the samples was performed by cultivation in artificial media or nucleic acid hybridisation techniques (Affirm VPIII). Results: The analysis included a total of 2,017 samples, obtained from 1,722 different patients (1626 women and 96 men).. The presence of at least one microorganism with clinical significance was detected in 772 patients (44.8%; 745 women and 27 men). Among the women, the most frequent microorganism more found was Gardnerella vaginalis, present in the 26.7%, followed by Candida albicans (20.0%), Trichomonas. vaginalis (1.0%), and Ureaplasma urealyticum (0.4%). Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Haemophilus spp. were detected in 10.4% and 6.3% of samples of male origin, respectively. Conclusions: In the studied population, bacterial vaginosis by G. vaginalis, vulvovaginitis by Candida spp., trichomoniasis, gonorrhea, and urethritis by Ureaplasma spp. and Haemophilus spp., were the most frequent exudative genital infections

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PURPOSE: Purulent or exudative genitourinary infections are a frequent cause of consultation in primary and specialized healthcare. The objectives of this study were: to determine the prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis and co-infections with Candida spp. and Gardnerella vaginalis in vaginal secretion; and to use multilocus sequence typing (MLST) to analyse the genetic diversity of T. vaginalis strains. METHODOLOGY: The samples were submitted for analysis (n=5230) to a third-level hospital in Granada (Southern Spain) between 2011 and 2014; eight T. vaginalis strains isolated during 2015 were randomly selected for MLST analysis. Culture and nucleic acid hybridization techniques were used to detect microorganisms in the samples. RESULTS: The prevalence of T. vaginalis was 2.4 % between 2011 and 2014, being higher during the first few months of both 2011 and 2012. Among samples positive for T. vaginalis, co-infection with G. vaginalis was detected in 29 samples and co-infection with Candida spp. in 6, while co-infection with all three pathogens was observed in 3 samples. The only statistically significant between-year difference in co-infection rates was observed for T. vaginalis with G. vaginalis due to an elevated rate in 2011. MLST analysis results demonstrated a high genetic variability among strains circulating in our setting. CONCLUSION: These findings emphasize the need for the routine application of diagnostic procedures to avoid the spread of this sexually transmitted infection.

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Introducción: los miomas uterinos son un viejo problema médico, con una elevada incidencia en la población femenina y que suponen un número importante de consultas en ginecología. En la actualidad contamos con nuevas alternativas terapéuticas. Objetivo: proporcionar un enfoque basado en la mejor evidencia disponible de las opciones actuales de tratamiento médico para los miomas uterinos. Métodos: se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos, Medline PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Ovid-Hinari, Scielo, Bireme y Lilacs. Resultados: se revisaron 112 artículos y se seleccionaron 21, los cuales estaban relacionados directamente con el tema. Hay múltiples opciones terapéuticas que han sido usadas para el tratamiento de la miomatosis. Los agonistas de la hormona liberadora de gonadotropina eran los únicos medicamentos aprobados por la Food and Drug Administration para la disminución del volumen de los miomas, con indicación pre-quirúrgica; sin embargo presentan muchos efectos secundarios. Los moduladores selectivos de receptores de progesterona se postulan como una opción útil en el tratamiento de los miomas. Conclusión: la literatura muestra que hay evidencia de que el acetato de ulipristal 5 mg puede ser usado para el manejo exclusivamente médico de pacientes con miomatosis, especialmente para tratar los síntomas asociados y mejorar su calidad de vida. La importancia para el ginecólogo radica, principalmente, en el hecho de que cualquier tratamiento quirúrgico sobre el útero puede tener un impacto negativo directo sobre el pronóstico reproductivo de la paciente, además de no estar exento de posibles complicaciones (AU)

Background: Uterine fibroids are a high-prevalent medical issue involving an important impact on gynecology consultations. Currently, new alternative medical therapies are available. Objetives: To know the best current evidence about the different options in the management of uterine myomas. Methods: A bibliographic search was performed in Medline PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Ovid-Hinari, Scielo, Bireme y Lilacs. Results: We reviewed 112 articles and selected 21, which were directly related to the topic. We found multiple choices of treatment in case of uterine myomas. Selective progesterone receptor modulators are postulated as a useful option in the treatment of fibroids. Conclusion: The literature shows evidence that ulipristal acetate 5 mg can be used for exclusively medical management of patients with uterine fibroids, especially to treat associated symptoms and improve their quality of life. It should be acknowledged that any surgical procedure on uterus could have a direct negative impact on patient’s reproductive prognosis, as well as other relevant complications (AU)

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INTRODUCCIÓN: La hemorragia uterina anormal (HUA) se considera una patología con importantes repercusiones sanitarias y sociales, ya que afecta a un porcentaje elevado de pacientes en edad reproductiva, deteriorando su calidad de vida y suponiendo la principal causa de anemia e histerectomía en mujeres de países desarrollados. El tratamiento dependerá de múltiples factores, siendo la ablación-resección endometrial (ARE) una alternativa apropiada para pacientes que no desean conservar la fertilidad. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional retrospectivo que analiza los resultados de ARE histeroscópica en el Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves de Granada y los factores asociados al éxito o fracaso de la misma. RESULTADOS: Se seleccionaron 260 pacientes premenopáusicas sometidas a ARE histeroscópica acompañada de miomectomía y/o polipectomía en el 60,4 % de los casos, con un tiempo de seguimiento entre 1 y 79 meses. De estas, solo 40 continuaron con menorragia, considerándose por tanto que la técnica resultó exitosa desde el punto de vista clínico en el 84,6 % de los casos, con tasas de amenorrea del 38,5 %, siendo necesario rentervenir al 12,3 % de las pacientes. Al analizar el éxito con el tiempo, a los 5 años de seguimiento, nuestra tasa de éxito clínico ha sido del 70,8 % y nuestra tasa de reintervención del 19,9 %

INTRODUCTION: Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is considered a disease with important health and social impact, as it affects a large percentage in patients of reproductive age, impairing their quality of life and assuming the leading cause of anemia and hysterectomy in women in developed countries. The treatment will depend on multiple factors, being the endometrial ablation-resection (EAR) an alternative for patients who do not wish to preserve fertility. METHODS: This observational retrospective study analyze the results of hysteroscopic EAR in the Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, and factors associated with the success or failure of the procedure. RESULTS: We selected 260 premenopausal women who were performed hysteroscopic EAR , preceded by myomectomy and/or polypectomy in 60,4% of patients . Follow up ranged from 1 to 79 months. Only 40 of the 260 selected patientscontinued with menorrhagia, therefore the technique was clinically successful in 84,6% of them, with amenorrhea rates of 38,5%. Moreover, 12,3% of patients needed another additional operative procedure. After 5 years of follow-up our clinic succes rate was 70,8% and 19,9% of reintervention rate. Adenomyosis was a risk factor for clinical failure and reoperation in both bivariant and multivariate analysis. When we consider the follow-up time, adenomyosis triples risk of clinical failure and causes 5,3 fold increase in surgical failure risk. CONCLUSION: Hysteroscopic EAR offers favourable outcomes in patients with abnormal uterine bleeding, but when adenomyosis is suspected we must contraindicate it, or at least the patient must be informed about poor results

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Objetivo. Analizar las peculiaridades quirúrgicas asociadas al tratamiento por vía laparoscópica del quiste dermoide ovárico. Se estudian, igualmente, los factores asociados a la rotura intraoperatoria del quiste y su trascendencia clínica. Material y métodos. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de 131 quistes dermoides intervenidos por vía laparoscópica en el Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves desde enero de 2000 hasta diciembre de 2008. Resultados. La edad media de las pacientes fue de 32,4 años. El tamaño medio del quiste fue de 63,8mm. En el 62,6% de los casos se pudo realizar cirugía conservadora (quistectomía). Sólo 2 pacientes precisaron reintervención por problemas hemorrágicos. La estancia media fue de 1,6 días. La rotura intraoperatoria del quiste ocurrió con más frecuencia cuando se practicó quistectomía. No hubo ningún caso de peritonitis. Conclusiones. La laparoscopia es la técnica de elección en el tratamiento quirúrgico del quiste dermoide de ovario. Las complicaciones son mínimas y la recuperación rápida. Si se produce la rotura intraoperatoria del quiste no suele tener trascendencia clínica alguna (AU)

Objective. To analyze the surgical characteristics of laparoscopic treatment of dermoid cyst and the factors associated with intraoperative spillage and its clinical importance. Material and methods. A retrospective research was performed of 131 dermoid cysts treated by laparoscopy at the Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital from January 2000 to December 2008. Results. The mean age of the patients was 32.4 years. The mean size of the cysts was 63.8mm. In 62.6% of the patients, conservative surgery (cystectomy) was feasible. Only two patients needed reintervention due to bleeding complications. The mean length of hospital stay was 1.6 days. Intraoperative spillage was more common when cystectomy was performed. There were no cases of peritonitis. Conclusions. Laparoscopic surgery is the first treatment option in the management of ovarian dermoid cysts. There are few complications and healing is rapid. Spillage is usually clinically unimportant (AU)

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El tratamiento conservador del cáncer deendometrio (estadio I) es una opción terapéuticapara aquellas mujeres jóvenes que aún no hancumplido sus deseos genésicos. Aunque los datospublicados sobre los resultados de las técnicas dereproducción asistida (TRA) tras el manejoconservador del cáncer de endometrio son escasos,el pronóstico no parece empeorar con el uso deestas. A continuación, se describe el caso de unapaciente de 29 años, con esterilidad primaria,diagnosticada de cáncer de endometrio en estadioIA, tratada con altas dosis de progesterona oral, ytras el cual quedó embarazada mediante TRA (AU)

Successful conservative management for early-stagelow-grade endometrial cancer in young womenwishing to preserve fertility has been reported insmall series. Although few data are available on assisted reproductive technology (ART) outcomesafter conservative management of endometrialcarcinoma, ART does not seem to worsenprognosis. We report the case of a 29-year-oldwoman with a history of primary infertility, whowas diagnosed with a well-differentiatedendometrial adenocarcinoma (stage Ia), which wastreated with high doses of oral progesterone. Asuccessful pregnancy was achieved after ART (AU)

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Objetivo: Establecer la incidencia de cáncer enmujeres menopáusicas sin hemorragia vaginal ycon endometrio > 5 mm medido por ecografíavaginal.Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo queincluyó a 270 mujeres menopáusicas sinhemorragia de origen uterino y con endometrio> 5 mm. Se les realizó una histeroscopia conestudio histológico de cualquier anomalía yvaloramos la incidencia de cáncer de endometrio.Resultados: Detectamos 5 cánceres en 270mujeres, con una incidencia del 1,85%. De las 106pacientes con sospecha ecográfica de pólipoendometrial, diagnosticamos 4 cánceres deendometrio (3,77%), todos en estadio I. Ningunapaciente con cáncer había tenido tratamientohormonal.Conclusiones: La incidencia de cánceres enmujeres menopáusicas sin hemorragia vaginal consospecha ecográfica de pólipo de endometrio(3,77%) obligaría ha realizar una histeroscopia conbiopsia. Creemos que habría que determinar elgrosor endometrial que debemos considerarpatológico en estas mujeres

Objective: To determine the incidence ofendometrial cancer in asymptomaticpostmenopausal women with a sonographicendometrial thickness above 5 mm.Materials and methods: We performed aretrospective study of 270 asymptomaticpostmenopausal women with endometrial thickness> 5 mm on sonography. All women underwenthysteroscopy with histological evaluation ifrequired. The incidence of endometrial cancer wasevaluated.Results: Five cases of endometrial cancer werediagnosed in the 270 women, representing anincidence of 1.85%. Of the 106 patients with asonographic image leading to suspicion of polyp,four were diagnosed with endometrial cancer(3.77%), all of which were stage I tumors. None ofthe 270 women was receiving hormonereplacement therapyConclusions: The incidence of endometrial cancerin asymptomatic postmenopausal women withsonographic suspicion of polyp was 3.77%. Patientswith this sonographic finding should undergothorough hysteroscopy and biopsy to rule outmalignancy. We believe that the cut-off value forendometrial thickness in postmenopausal womenwithout vaginal bleeding should be determined

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Objetivo: Analizar la evolución de las distintasmodalidades en el tratamiento del embarazoectópico durante los últimos 9 años.Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudioretrospectivo de 355 casos de embarazo ectópicotratados en el Hospital Universitario Virgen de lasNieves durante el período comprendido entre 1998y 2006. Se analizaron los cambios ocurridos en lasdistintas actitudes terapéuticas durante ese intervalo.Resultados: El tratamiento médico se inició en139 (39,15%) casos, con una tasa de fracasos del10,07%. El tratamiento quirúrgico se realizó en 230(60,85%) mujeres: en 121 casos se practicó cirugíala paroscópica y en 109 una laparotomía.Conclusiones: La cirugía laparoscópica es en laactualidad la primera opción terapéutica en elembarazo ectópico tubárico, a pesar de que enestos últimos años se ha demostrado la seguridad yeficacia del tratamiento médico, posibilitando unaactitud menos agresiva

Objective: To analyze changing trends in themanagement of ectopic pregnancy in the previous9 years.Material and methods: We performed aretrospective study of 355 patients with ectopicpregnancy treated at the Virgen de las NievesUniversity Hospital from 1998 to 2006. Wereviewed and analyzed changes in treatment trendsover this 9-year period.Results: Medical treatment was initiated in 139patients (39.15%), with a failure rate of 10.07%.Surgery was performed in 230 women (60.85%).Of these, laparoscopy was performed in 121 andlaparotomy in 109.Conclusions: Laparoscopic surgery is currently thefirst-line therapeutic option in the management oftubal ectopic pregnancy. However, in the last fewyears, medical treatment has been shown to be safeand effective, allowing a less invasive approach

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