RESUMEN
Inhaled ultrafine particles of TiO2 (TiO2-D, 20 nm particle size) lead to a greater pulmonary inflammatory response than larger pigment-grade particles (TiO2-F, 250 nm). Male Fisher 344 rats were exposed for 6 hours a day, 5 days a week, for 3 months to 1) filtered air (control); 2) TiO2-F, 22.3 mg/m3; 3) TiO2-D, 23.5 mg/m3; or 4) crystalline SiO2, a positive control particle (approximately 800 nm particle size, 1.3 mg/m3). Groups of 3-4 animals were sacrificed at 6 and 12 months following the completion of exposure. Pulmonary effects of exposure were evaluated using standard hematoxylin and eosin-stain sections, histochemical stains for collagen, and immunohistochemical assays for cell turnover. Six months after animals were exposed to SiO2, they had moderate focal interstitial fibrosis and moderately severe focal alveolitis. Animals exposed to TiO2-D had slightly less fibrosis. The least fibrosis was seen in the TiO2-F group. At 1 year after exposure, fibrosis was still present but decreased in the SiO2 group. The amount of interstitial fibrosis in the TiO2-D- and TiO2-F-treated animals had largely returned to untreated control levels, although an increased number of alveolar macrophages persisted, usually with retained particles. There was discordance between bromodeoxyuridine and proliferating cell nuclear antigen indices, most probably due to cytokine elaboration in the areas of inflammation, which may have altered the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigens. There was no detectable fibroblast labeling at the 6-month observation and only very low levels at 12 months. Thus, although initially irritant, TiO2-induced lesions regressed during a 1-year period following cessation of exposure.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias Pulmonares/inducido químicamente , Titanio/toxicidad , Administración por Inhalación , Análisis de Varianza , Animales , Biomarcadores de Tumor/análisis , Bromodesoxiuridina/análisis , División Celular/efectos de los fármacos , División Celular/fisiología , Colágeno/análisis , Fibroblastos/química , Fibroblastos/patología , Inmunohistoquímica , Neoplasias Pulmonares/química , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patología , Macrófagos/química , Macrófagos/patología , Masculino , Tamaño de la Partícula , Antígeno Nuclear de Célula en Proliferación/análisis , Alveolos Pulmonares/química , Alveolos Pulmonares/patología , Ratas , Ratas Endogámicas F344 , Factores de Tiempo , Titanio/administración & dosificación , Titanio/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Recent epidemiological studies show an association between particulate air pollution and acute mortality and morbidity down to ambient particle concentrations below 100 micrograms/m3. Whether this association also implies a causality between acute health effects and particle exposure at these low levels is unclear at this time; no mechanism is known that would explain such dramatic effects of low ambient particle concentrations. Based on results of our past and most recent inhalation studies with ultrafine particles in rats, we propose that such particles, that is, particles below approximately 50 nm in diameter, may contribute to the observed increased mortality and morbidity In the past we demonstrated that inhalation of highly insoluble particles of low intrinsic toxicity, such as TiO2, results in significantly increased pulmonary inflammatory responses when their size is in the ultrafine particle range, approximately 20 nm in diameter. However, these effects were not of an acute nature and occurred only after prolonged inhalation exposure of the aggregated ultrafine particles at concentrations in the milligrams per cubic meter range. In contrast, in the course of our most recent studies with thermodegradation products of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) we found that freshly generated PTFE fumes containing singlet ultrafine particles (median diameter 26 nm) were highly toxic to rats at inhaled concentrations of 0.7-1.0 x 10(6) particles/cm3, resulting in acute hemorrhagic pulmonary inflammation and death after 10-30 min of exposure. We also found that work performance of the rats in a running wheel was severely affected by PTFE fume exposure. These results confirm reports from other laboratories of the highly toxic nature of PTFE fumes, which cannot be attributed to gas-phase components of these fumes such as HF, carbonylfluoride, or perfluoroisobutylene, or to reactive radicals. The calculated mass concentration of the inhaled ultrafine PTFE particles in our studies was less than 60 micrograms/m3, a very low value to cause mortality in healthy rats. Aging of the fumes with concomitant aggregation of the ultrafine particles significantly decreases their toxicity. Since ultrafine particles are always present in the urban atmosphere, we suggest that they play a role in causing acute lung injury in sensitive parts of the population.
Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Atmosféricos/toxicidad , Contaminación del Aire/efectos adversos , Enfermedades Pulmonares/inducido químicamente , Mortalidad , Politetrafluoroetileno/toxicidad , Aerosoles , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/efectos adversos , Contaminación del Aire/análisis , Contaminación del Aire/estadística & datos numéricos , Animales , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Calor , Humanos , Exposición por Inhalación/efectos adversos , Enfermedades Pulmonares/epidemiología , Enfermedades Pulmonares/mortalidad , Masculino , Actividad Motora , Tamaño de la Partícula , Politetrafluoroetileno/administración & dosificación , Politetrafluoroetileno/efectos adversos , Ratas , Ratas Endogámicas F344RESUMEN
Dosimetry parameters such as deposition, clearance, retention, and translocation and dissolution of inhaled particles in and to different lung compartments may be important for the persistence of particles in the lung and may correlate with adverse pulmonary effects. We investigated such correlations using a model involving TiO2 particles of two particle sizes (20 nm diameter, ultrafine; 250 nm diameter, fine) of the same crystalline structure (anatase). A 12-week inhalation experiment in rats resulted in a similar mass deposition of the two particle types in the lower respiratory tract. The ultrafine particles elicited a persistently high inflammatory reaction in the lungs of the animals compared to the larger-sized particles. In the postexposure period (up to 1 year) retention in the alveolar space per se was not different between fine and ultrafine TiO2. However, the following differences between the particle types were noted: a significantly different total pulmonary retention, both quantitatively (significantly prolonged retention of the ultrafine TiO2) and qualitatively (increased translocation to the pulmonary interstitium and persistence there of the ultrafine TiO2); greater epithelial effects (Type II cell proliferation; occlusion of pores of Kohn) and the beginning of interstitial fibrotic foci with ultrafine TiO2; significant sustained impairment of alveolar macrophage function after ultrafine TiO2 exposure as measured by the clearance of test particles. A correlation between particle surface area and effects was observed. A comparison of the adverse reactions with dosimetric parameters of TiO2 in different lung compartments in the postexposure period showed a correlation of the persistence of effects in both the alveolar and interstitial space with the persistence of particles in the respective compartment.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Pulmonares/etiología , Titanio/farmacocinética , Administración por Inhalación , Animales , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Enfermedades Pulmonares/metabolismo , Enfermedades Pulmonares/patología , Macrófagos Alveolares/metabolismo , Masculino , Tasa de Depuración Metabólica , Tamaño de la Partícula , Neumonía/etiología , Neumonía/metabolismo , Neumonía/patología , Ratas , Ratas Endogámicas F344RESUMEN
Research in pulmonary retention and clearance of particles intensified in the fifties in connection with interests in pneumoconiosis and in inhalation of radioactive particles, and more recently with the increased interest in the effects of environmental particles. The studies enhanced our understanding of clearance mechanisms, the various clearance pathways, the different clearance capacities of various species and the importance of other factors affecting lung clearance. Based on research in recent years, the historical concept of inert and fibrogenic particles was abandoned. It seems that particles even at surprisingly low concentrations may have negative health effects and that ultrafine particles have higher than expected toxicity when compared to similar particles of a larger size.
Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Atmosféricos/farmacocinética , Pulmón/efectos de los fármacos , Pulmón/metabolismo , Animales , Tamaño de la Partícula , Ratas , Sistema Respiratorio/efectos de los fármacos , Sistema Respiratorio/metabolismoRESUMEN
We conducted a series of experiments with ultrafine particles (approximately 20 nm) and larger particles (less than 200 nm) of "nuisance" dusts to evaluate the involvement of alveolar macrophages (AM) in particle-induced lung injury and particle translocation in rats. After intratracheal instillation of both ultrafine particles and larger particles of TiO2, we found a highly increased interstitial access of the ultrafine particles combined with a large acute inflammatory reaction as determined by lung lavage parameters. An additional experiment revealed that intratracheal instillation of phagocytized ultrafine TiO2 particles (inside AM) prevented both the pulmonary inflammatory reaction and the interstitial access of the ultrafine particles. Another experiment showed that the influx of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) into the alveolar space unexpectedly decreased with higher doses of ultrafine particles, whereas alveolar epithelial permeability (protein leakage) increased. The divergence between PMN influx into the alveolar space and changes in alveolar epithelial permeability implies that they are separate events. Pulmonary inflammatory parameters determined by lung lavage analysis correlated best with the surface area of the retained particles rather than with their mass, volume, or numbers. Because higher doses resulted in an increased interstitialized fraction of particles, we suggest that inflammatory events induced by particles in the interstitial space can modify the inflammation in the alveolar space detectable by lung lavage. Our results demonstrate the dual role of AM for modifying particle-induced lung injury, i.e., both preventing such injury and contributing to it. We conclude that the increased pulmonary toxicity of ultrafine particles is related to their larger surface area and to their increased interstitial access.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Asunto(s)
Neumoconiosis/patología , Titanio/farmacocinética , Animales , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Espacio Extracelular/química , Espacio Extracelular/efectos de los fármacos , Instilación de Medicamentos , Macrófagos Alveolares/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos Alveolares/patología , Masculino , Neutrófilos/efectos de los fármacos , Neutrófilos/patología , Tamaño de la Partícula , Neumoconiosis/etiología , Neumoconiosis/metabolismo , Proteínas/análisis , Ratas , Ratas Endogámicas F344 , Titanio/administración & dosificación , Titanio/efectos adversosRESUMEN
In aerosol research, particle size has been mainly considered in the context of the role it plays in particle deposition along the respiratory tract. The possibility that the primary particle size may affect the fate of particles after they are deposited was explored in this study. Rats were exposed for 12 wk to aerosolized ultrafine (integral of 21 nm diameter) or fine (integral of 250 nm diameter) titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles. Other rats were exposed to TiO2 particles of various sizes (12, 21, 230, and 250 nm) by intratracheal instillation. After the rat lungs were extensively lavaged, analysis of particle content in the lavaged lungs, lavage fluid, and of lymphatic nodes was performed. Electron and light microscopy was also performed using unlavaged lungs. Both acute instillation and subchronic inhalation studies showed that ultrafine particles (integral of 20 nm) at equivalent masses access the pulmonary interstitium to a larger extent than fine particles (integral of 250 nm). An increasing dose in terms of particle numbers and a decreasing particle size promoted particle access into the interstitium. The translocation of particles into the interstitium appeared to be a function of the number of particles, and the process appeared to be related to the particle size, the delivered dose, and the delivered dose rate. A net effect of the preferential translocation of the smaller particles into the interstitium was a prolongation in their lung retention. After the 12-wk inhalation exposure, pulmonary clearance of ultrafine particles was slower (t1/2 = 501 days) than of larger particles (t1/2 = 174 days).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Asunto(s)
Aerosoles , Pulmón/metabolismo , Macrófagos Alveolares/metabolismo , Animales , Transporte Biológico , Líquido del Lavado Bronquioalveolar/química , Epitelio/metabolismo , Microscopía Electrónica , Fagocitosis , Ratas , Ratas Endogámicas F344 , TitanioRESUMEN
Using intratracheal instillation of radioactively labeled plastic microspheres of 3.3 and 10.3 microns diameter at two dose levels, this 7-month study in male Fischer 344 rats was designed to test a volumetric particulate burden hypothesis that has been proposed as a mechanistic basis for the condition of dust overloading of the lungs with highly insoluble particles of very low toxicity and to explain the prolongation of pulmonary particle retention. The study utilized airway and deep lung lavage techniques, scanning electron and optical microscopy of lavaged cells and lungs of sacrificed animals, particle distribution in alveolar macrophages (AM), fecal recovery of radioactive particles, and lung retention measurements by external counting. Microscopic assessments revealed that essentially all of the 3.3- and 10.3-microns-diameter particles were phagocytized by AM within 24 h postinstillation. One phagocytized 10.3-microns particle is capable of producing the hypothesized 600-microns 3/AM overload criterion for virtual AM immobilization. Neither the number nor the volume of 3.3-microns-diameter particles instilled was large enough to produce volumetric overloading assuming uniform distribution of the particles in the lung. In contrast to the 3.3-microns particles, the 10.3-microns particles were apparently sequestered to a greater extent and capable of greatly prolonging AM-mediated clearance of particles from the pulmonary region. The measured pulmonary retention half-times for the small and large particles were 86-109 days and 870-1020 days, respectively. Fecal recovery data closely complemented pulmonary clearance data for both particle sizes. The two-particle approach was found supportive of the volumetric overload hypothesis.
Asunto(s)
Macrófagos Alveolares/fisiología , Animales , Semivida , Instilación de Medicamentos , Intubación Intratraqueal , Masculino , Tasa de Depuración Metabólica/fisiología , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Microesferas , Tamaño de la Partícula , Ratas , Ratas Endogámicas F344RESUMEN
Exposure to thermal degradation products arising from fire or smoke could be a major concern for manned space missions. Severe acute lung damage has been reported in people after accidental exposure to fumes from plastic materials, and animal studies revealed the extremely high toxicity of freshly generated fumes whereas a decrease in toxicity of aged fumes has been found. This and the fact that toxicity of the freshly generated fumes can be prevented with filters raises the question whether the toxicity may be due to the particulate rather than the gas phase components of the thermodegradation products. Indeed, results from recent studies implicate ultrafine particles (particle diameter in the nm range) as potential severe pulmonary toxicants. We have conducted a number of in vivo (inhalation and instillation studies in rats) and in vitro studies to test the hypothesis that ultrafine particles possess an increased potential to injure the lung compared to larger-sized particles. We used as surrogate particles ultrafine TiO2 particles (12 and 20 nm diameter). Results in exposed rats showed that the ultrafine TiO2 particles not only induce a greater acute inflammatory reaction in the lung than larger-sized TiO2 particles, but can also lead to persistent chronic effects, as indicated by an adverse effect on alveolar macrophage mediated clearance function of particles. Release of mediators from alveolar macrophages during phagocytosis of the ultrafine particles and an increased access of the ultrafine particles to the pulmonary interstitium are likely factors contributing to their pulmonary toxicity. In vitro studies with lung cells (alveolar macrophages) showed, in addition, that ultrafine TiO2 particles have a greater potential to induce cytokines than larger-sized particles. We conclude from our present studies that ultrafine particles have a significant potential to injure the lung and that their occurrence in thermal degradation events can play a major role in the highly acute toxicity of fumes. Future studies will include adsorption of typical gas phase components (HCl, HF) on surrogate particles to differentiate between gas and particle phase effects and to perform mechanistic studies aimed at introducing therapeutic/preventive measures. These studies will be complemented by a comparison with actual thermal degradation products.
Asunto(s)
Pulmón/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos Alveolares/efectos de los fármacos , Humo/efectos adversos , Titanio/toxicidad , Administración por Inhalación , Óxido de Aluminio/administración & dosificación , Óxido de Aluminio/análisis , Óxido de Aluminio/toxicidad , Animales , Líquido del Lavado Bronquioalveolar/química , Líquido del Lavado Bronquioalveolar/citología , Células Cultivadas , Citocinas/metabolismo , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Factores de Crecimiento de Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Incendios , Instilación de Medicamentos , Pulmón/citología , Pulmón/fisiopatología , Macrófagos Alveolares/metabolismo , Masculino , Tamaño de la Partícula , Fagocitosis/efectos de los fármacos , Fagocitosis/fisiología , Ratas , Ratas Endogámicas F344 , Dióxido de Silicio/administración & dosificación , Dióxido de Silicio/efectos adversos , Dióxido de Silicio/farmacología , Humo/análisis , Lesión por Inhalación de Humo/inducido químicamente , Lesión por Inhalación de Humo/fisiopatología , Titanio/administración & dosificación , Titanio/análisisRESUMEN
When Teflon is heated the developing fumes produce in exposed human an influenza-like syndrome (polymer fume fever) or also severe toxic effects like pulmonary edema, pneumonitis and death. The decomposition products and the resulting health effects are temperature-dependent. The toxic effects seem to be related to the ultrafine particulate fraction of the fume. To test the hypothesis that exposure to ultrafine particles results in an increased interstitialization of the particles which is accompanied by an acute pathological inflammation, rats were exposed to titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles by intratracheal instillation and by inhalation. Both acute intratracheal instillation and subchronic inhalation studies on rats show that ultrafine TiO2 particles (approximately 20 nm diameter) access the pulmonary interstitium to a larger extent than fine particles (approximately 250 nm diameter) and that they elicit an inflammatory response as indicated by PMN increase in lavaged cells. The release of ultrafine particles into the air of an enclosed environment from a thermodegradation event or from other sources is a potential hazard for astronauts. Knowing the mechanisms of action is a prerequisite for technical or medical countermeasures.
Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Ambientales/administración & dosificación , Enfermedades Pulmonares Intersticiales/inducido químicamente , Enfermedades Pulmonares Intersticiales/fisiopatología , Titanio/toxicidad , Administración por Inhalación , Animales , Instilación de Medicamentos , Pulmón/fisiopatología , Neutrófilos/fisiología , Tamaño de la Partícula , Politetrafluoroetileno , Ratas , Ratas Endogámicas F344 , Titanio/administración & dosificación , TráqueaRESUMEN
This study deals with the hypothesis that the lymphatic uptake of particles from the lung parenchyma increases when phagocytosis by pulmonary macrophages is inhibited. Cadmium chloride was chosen as the toxicant to inhibit phagocytosis and was administered as an aerosol to rats at concentrations of 1.5 mg Cd/m3 (mass median aerodynamic diameter = 0.4 micron, sigma g = 1.4) and 5.0 mg Cd/m3 (MMAD = 0.4 micron, sigma g = 1.6), each for 30 min. Control animals were exposed to a saline aerosol. Lung clearance and lymphatic uptake were assayed after exposing the cadmium-exposed rats to titanium dioxide (TiO2) dust at concentrations of 12-15 mg/m3 (MMAD = 1.0 micron, sigma g = 2.3) for 6 h. Preexposure to 5 mg Cd/m3 decreased the initial deposition of TiO2 by 40% compared to a saline preexposure. Although the overall clearance of TiO2 from the lungs was not different in the cadmium-exposed animals, the lymph node burden was 2.7 times higher in the CdCl2-exposed animals than in the controls. Exposures to 1.5 mg Cd/m3 had no effect on lung clearance or lymphatic uptake of TiO2. When TiO2 exposure preceded a 5.0 mg Cd/m3 exposure, the results were similar; i.e., more TiO2 was found in the lymph nodes of the animals. This study supports the concept that lymphatic uptake of dust particles increases when phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages is decreased.
Asunto(s)
Cadmio/farmacología , Pulmón/efectos de los fármacos , Depuración Mucociliar/efectos de los fármacos , Titanio/farmacocinética , Aerosoles , Animales , Cloruro de Cadmio , Pulmón/metabolismo , Masculino , Fagocitosis/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas , Ratas Endogámicas , Titanio/análisisRESUMEN
To study the effect of endometriosis on follicular rupture, endometrial tissue was autografted to New Zealand White rabbits. Endometrium was surgically implanted into the peritoneal cavity or into the rectus muscle. Human chorionic gonadotropin was administered to induce ovulation. During three subsequent laparotomies, the number of corpora lutea and stigmata were counted. The viability of the implants was demonstrated histologically. Ovaries were removed during the last laparotomy and ovarian serial sections were examined. In rabbits with peritoneal induced endometriosis, the percentage of stigmata/corpora lutea was significantly decreased. Macroscopic study was confirmed by histological examination. Indeed, a high incidence of entrapped oocytes was found in rabbits with peritoneal endometriosis. Extraperitoneal endometriosis had no effect on ovulation. Our data demonstrated that endometriosis induced a failure of follicular rupture. After endometriumectomy, no failure to ovulate was observed, suggesting that the effect of endometriosis on the ovulation disappeared with excision of endometrial implants.
Asunto(s)
Endometriosis/fisiopatología , Ovulación , Animales , Biopsia , Gonadotropina Coriónica/farmacología , Cuerpo Lúteo/citología , Femenino , Laparotomía , Ovario/citología , Peritoneo , ConejosRESUMEN
Ligation of the proximal and distal ends of the rabbit oviducts was used to induce hydrosalpinges. The adrenergic innervation of the induced hydrosalpinx was studied. Depletion of adrenergic innervation in rabbit hydrosalpinges was found. Our findings suggest that not only mucosal changes, but also loss of adrenergic nerves must be taken into account as factors in the pathology of hydrosalpinx.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de las Trompas Uterinas/patología , Trompas Uterinas/inervación , Sistema Nervioso Simpático/patología , Animales , Catecolaminas/análisis , Trompas Uterinas/patología , Trompas Uterinas/cirugía , Femenino , Microscopía Fluorescente , ConejosRESUMEN
The percentage of ciliated cells, the height, and the mitotic index of human oviductal epithelium were studied during the menstrual cycle and under progestogens. A total of 141 fallopian tubes were examined. During the menstrual cycle, a process of ciliation and deciliation was observed. Maximal ciliation was attained around the time of ovulation, particularly in the fimbria where significant differences were noted. Deciliation was observed under progestogen therapy, but this progestogen effect was easily reversible. The decrease of epithelial height observed after ovulation was also found after progestogen therapy. Cyclic mitotic activity was noted during the menstrual cycle. Estrogens influence the mitotic activity of tubal epithelium, whereas endogenous progesterone and progestogens inhibit this estrogenic effect.
Asunto(s)
Trompas Uterinas/citología , Ciclo Menstrual , Noretindrona/análogos & derivados , Ciclo Celular , Células Epiteliales , Estrógenos/fisiología , Femenino , Fase Folicular , Humanos , Leiomioma/patología , Índice Mitótico , Noretindrona/uso terapéutico , Acetato de Noretindrona , Ovulación , Neoplasias Uterinas/patologíaRESUMEN
Anatase and rutile are titanium dioxides (TiO2) with different crystal lattices. The particles of TiO2 are considered a "nuisance" dust. It has been reported that rutile can be considered "inert". However, anatase, because of its hemolytic activity in vitro and slow lung clearance, should warrant further research regarding its toxicity. We exposed rats to an aerosol of either anatase or rutile and determined the TiO2 retention in the lung up to 132 days post exposure. Particle clearance from the lung, calculated from the retention data, was similar in both the anatase and the rutile groups with T1/2 of 51 or 53 days, respectively. In addition a pulmonary cell response test was performed on other rats. After intratracheal instillation of anatase and rutile in doses of 0.5 or 5.0 mg/rat, lung lavage was performed and the harvested cells counted. The counts of all cells, alveolar macrophages (AM), peroxidase positive AM, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes were compared. The pulmonary cell response test also yielded similar results for both types of TiO2. Thus there was no indication that the crystal lattices of TiO2 altered the biological effects of TiO2 particles. The evidence suggests that both anatase and rutile are "nuisance" dusts.
Asunto(s)
Titanio/toxicidad , Animales , Pulmón/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Ratas , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Microbiopsies of 191 fimbriae were obtained from 146 patients undergoing laparotomy for acute salpingitis, or tubal surgery after salpingitis. The biopsies were classified in four groups according to the diagnosis at laparotomy: salpingitis, distal occlusion, peritubal adhesions or tuberculosis. The biopsies belonging to the group of distal occlusion were further classified in four sub-groups according to the extent of the lesions observed during the hysterosalpingography and laparoscopy. Since the crucial role of the ciliated epithelium in the ovum transport has been established, the percentage of ciliated cells and the epithelial height were determined in the groups and compared to those observed in fimbriae obtained from fertile women during an ovulatory cycle. Significant differences were noted in all groups when compared to fertile women. Acute salpingitis provoked a rapid and severe deciliation which recovered 3 months after triantibiotherapy. In the groups of distal occlusion, there was a significant correlation between the rate of deciliation and the extent of lesions. This suggests that deciliation of tubal epithelium is a sequela of salpingitis and that the extent of disease allows a prognosis of the percentage of ciliated cells.
Asunto(s)
Cilios/ultraestructura , Salpingitis/patología , Biopsia , Constricción Patológica , Epitelio/patología , Trompas Uterinas/patología , Femenino , HumanosRESUMEN
Histologic findings in 133 previously ligated fallopian tubes of women who underwent subsequent hysterectomy and bilateral salpingectomy were compared with those of 50 normal fallopian tubes and related to four surgical procedures for sterilization. Dilatation of proximal tubal lumen, flattening of the folds, polyps, and increase of mitotic activity of the epithelium was subsequent to tubal occlusion in any case, regardless of the type of sterilization. After sterilization by ring, ligation, and coagulation, the incidence of epithelial inclusions was significantly different from that observed after sterilization by clips. Focal endometriosis was only found after tubal ligation and coagulation. It is suggested that epithelial inclusions were the result of surviving fragments of tubal epithelium translocated in the tubal wall during the procedure, and that endometriosis was caused by implantation of expelled menstrual products through the open lumen into the healed ligation area.
Asunto(s)
Endometriosis/etiología , Neoplasias de las Trompas Uterinas/etiología , Trompas Uterinas/patología , Pólipos/etiología , Esterilización Tubaria/efectos adversos , Endometriosis/patología , Epitelio/patología , Neoplasias de las Trompas Uterinas/patología , Femenino , Humanos , Mitosis , Pólipos/patologíaRESUMEN
Rats were instilled intrabronchially with 1 mg UICC amosite suspended in 0.2 mL of filtered saline; control animals received the saline instillation only. Five animals from each group were killed on various days after instillation, up to day 128/129. Total retrieved cell counts and differential cell analysis were performed from lung and pleural lavages. In particular, the appearance of peroxidase-positive macrophages (PPM) as indicators of newly arrived macrophages was investigated. Polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) and PPMs in lung lavages increased in number 24 hr after amosite instillation and remained at increased levels until day 62. Alveolar macrophage numbers were significantly decreased after amosite instillation. There was only a very transient increase of PPMs and PMNs in the saline group. The number of PPMs in pleural lavage fluid was already increased 24 hr after amosite instillation. The pleural PPM increase was sustained throughout the study. No pleural reaction was seen in the saline instilled group. The inflammatory reactions indicated by the composition of the lavaged cells of the lung represent the in vivo toxicity of intrabronchially instilled amosite. The stimulus for recruitment of PMNs and PPMs is different, since no PMN response was detected in the pleural space. It is suggested that the response of the pleural PPMs is caused by the early arrival of fibers at the pleural sites, which results in the recruitment of PPMs to this space by an unknown mechanism.
Asunto(s)
Amianto/toxicidad , Pulmón/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Pleura/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Asbesto Amosita , Peso Corporal , Diferenciación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , División Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Cinética , Pulmón/citología , Masculino , Pleura/citología , Ratas , Irrigación TerapéuticaRESUMEN
A titanium dioxide aerosol when generated by a Wright dust feed will have a higher electrostatic charge by a factor of 5.5 than one which has been discharged by a bipolar ion field produced by a 7.5 mCi 85Kr source. The deposition of particles in the lung of rats was lower by approximately 21% when an aerosol discharger was used. Particle clearance from the lung alveoli was not affected by the use of the discharger.