RESUMEN
Milk is a complex physiological liquid that simultaneously provides nutrients and bioactive components that facilitate the successful postnatal adaptation of the newborn infant by stimulating cellular growth and digestive maturation, the establishment of symbiotic microflora, and the development of gut-associated lymphoid tissues. The number, the potency, and the importance of bioactive compounds in milk and especially in fermented milk products are probably greater than previously thought. They include certain vitamins, specific proteins, bioactive peptides, oligosaccharides, organic (including fatty) acids. Some of them are normal milk components, others emerge during digestive or fermentation processes. Fermented dairy products and probiotic bacteria decrease the absorption of cholesterol. Whey proteins, medium-chain fatty acids and in particular calcium and other minerals may contribute to the beneficial effect of dairy food on body fat and body mass. There has been growing evidence of the role that dairy proteins play in the regulation of satiety, food intake and obesity-related metabolic disorders. Milk proteins, peptides, probiotic lactic acid bacteria, calcium and other minerals can significantly reduce blood pressure. Milk fat contains a number of components having functional properties. Sphingolipids and their active metabolites may exert antimicrobial effects either directly or upon digestion.
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Productos Lácteos , Fermentación , Salud , Leche Humana , Leche , Animales , Alimentos , Humanos , Recién NacidoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The effect of BP measured prior to the cardioversion has not been studied. METHODS: Eighty patients (mean age 62 +/- 11 yrs, 44 men) with atrial fibrillation (AF), who underwent 92 cardioversions, were included. Non-invasive BP was measured. We performed a retrospective review of clinical data. The variables included into logistic regression analysis were: BP, age, gender, arterial hypertension, coronary artery disease, heart failure, obesity, left atrial diameter, duration of AF, antiarrhythmic and antihypertensive therapy. RESULTS: A success rate of cardioversion was 60.9%. BP was lower in the group of patients with a successful cardioversion (mean BP 97 +/- 15 vs 104 +/- 10 mmHg, p = 0.02; systolic BP 130 +/- 21 vs 140 +/- 18 mmHg, p=0.02; diastolic BP 81 +/- 14 vs 86 +/- 8 mmHg, p = 0.07). Mean, systolic and diastolic BP cut-off levels with the highest sum of sensitivity and specificity were 103, 138 and 75 mmHg, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Subjects with a successful cardioversion had lower BP measured immediately prior to the procedure. BP and concurrent antiarrhythmic treatment were the only predictors of a successful cardioversion (Tab. 1, Ref. 29). Full Text (Free, PDF) www.bmj.sk.
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Fibrilación Atrial/terapia , Presión Sanguínea , Cardioversión Eléctrica , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Fibrilación Atrial/fisiopatología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
Inflammation is a key component of the immune system. It has important functions in both defense and pathophysiological events maintaining the dynamic homeostasis of a host organism including its tissues, organs and individual cells. On the cellular level it is controlled by more than 400 currently known genes. Their polymorphisms and environmental conditions give rise to different genotypes in human population. Pro-inflammatory genotype, which dominates in the present population, may be advantageous in childhood but not in elderly people because it is characterized by an increased vulnerability to, and intensity of, inflammatory reactions. These reactions may be the possible reasons of chronic inflammatory diseases, especially in old age. Better understanding of complex molecular and cellular inflammatory mechanisms is indispensable for detailed knowledge of pathogenesis of many diseases, their prevention and directed drug therapy. Here we summarize the basic current knowledge on these mechanisms.
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Enfermedades Transmisibles/inmunología , Inflamación , Envejecimiento/inmunología , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/etiología , Aterosclerosis/etiología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/etiología , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/etiología , Genotipo , Humanos , Inmunidad Innata , Inflamación/complicaciones , Inflamación/genética , Inflamación/metabolismo , Neoplasias/etiología , Obesidad/inmunología , Transducción de SeñalRESUMEN
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an irreversible, progressive and degenerative disorder that destroys the higher structures of the brain. Prominent neuropathologic features of AD are senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, synaptic and neuronal loss. There is mounting evidence that chronic inflammatory processes play a fundamental role in the progression of neuropathological changes of AD. It has been shown, that there is a reciprocal relationship between the local inflammation and senile plaques (SPs) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). The major players involved in the inflammatory process in AD are thought to be the microglia and the astrocytes. The process of the activation of glia is characteristized by upregulation or newly expression of a variety of molecules involved in inflammatory response including cytokines, various components of the complement cascade, acute phase reactants, proteases and protease inhibitors, and neurotoxic products. The importance of inflammation in the pathogenesis of AD was indirectly confirmed by epidemiological investigations that revealed a decreased incidence of AD in subjects using anti-inflammatory drugs, especially the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). However clinical trials designed to inhibit inflammation have failed in the treatment of AD patients suggesting that anti-inflammatory agents have more protective than therapeutic effect. Despite the ongoing research the extent to which neuroinflammation contributes to disease pathogenesis is still not fully understood. Moreover it is also not clear whether the inflammation in AD brains represent a protective reaction to neurodegeneration or it is rather a destructive process that contributes to further loss of brain function. (Ref. 117).
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Enfermedad de Alzheimer/patología , Encéfalo/patología , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/fisiopatología , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/farmacología , Astrocitos/fisiología , Humanos , Inflamación , Microglía/fisiología , Ovillos Neurofibrilares/patología , Placa Amiloide/patologíaRESUMEN
Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) as a relevant marker of neuronal degeneration. However it plays an important role not only in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases but also in other critical disorders like heart diseases, carcinogenesis and others. Oxidative stress is also associated with normal aging. In this review we discuss a crucial question: to what extent oxidative stress may be a causative factor in pathogenesis of AD type of neurodegeneration. The results of several recent epidemiological studies appeared to be controversial at this point. It is believed that antioxidant therapies may have beneficial effects at least in delaying disease progression and appearance of AD specific clinical symptoms. Since there is no cure for AD recently, healthy life style and antioxidants enriched nutrition (or even antioxidant therapy) may provide an effective way of fighting against this deleterious disease (Ref. 102).
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Enfermedad de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/tratamiento farmacológico , Antioxidantes/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Degeneración Nerviosa/metabolismoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To study the effects of long-term probiotic [Enterococcus faecium (EF) M-74 strain] application in humans with respect to adhesion molecules, both soluble forms (sICAM-1, sPECAM-1) and their expression on leukocytes. METHODS: Double-blinded randomized and placebo controlled study lasting for 60 weeks. A single capsule containing either 2x10(9) of bacteria EF M-74 with 50 microg of organically bound selenium (E-group) or placebo (P-group) was given to volunteers. Peripheral blood was analyzed for the expression of particular adhesive molecules. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: We observed significant changes in CAMs expression in terms of a decrease in sICAM-1, CD54 on monocytes and CD11b on lymphocytes after one-year administration of Enterococcus faecium M-74 in humans. Anti-adhesion-aimed therapeutic modalities may provide the future approach to prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Application of probiotics may be part of such strategies. (Tab. 2, Fig. 6, Ref. 41.)
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Enterococcus faecium , Integrina alfa4/biosíntesis , Molécula 1 de Adhesión Intercelular/biosíntesis , Linfocitos/metabolismo , Monocitos/metabolismo , Probióticos/administración & dosificación , Administración Oral , Anciano , Método Doble Ciego , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Molécula-1 de Adhesión Celular Endotelial de Plaqueta/biosíntesis , Probióticos/farmacologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the impact of long-term orally administered probiotic strain Enterococcus faecium (EF) M-74 enriched with selenium on lipid profile (total cholesterol, LDH, HDL, and triglycerides) in humans. BACKGROUND: The discovery that hypercholesterolemia plays a major role in the development of atherosclerosis has led to a number of pharmacological and non-pharmacological (including dietary) approaches resulting in its elimination. Up to now, the question of supposed hypocholesterolemic effect of probiotics has not been definitely established. METHODS: 43 volunteers were randomized into two groups. Participants were given single capsule a day containing 2x10(9) of EF M-74 plus 50 microg of organically bound selenium (E-group) or placebo (P-group). The study was double-blind and lasted 60 weeks. Peripheral blood was analyzed for lipid parameters before intervention, after 6, 12, 23, 44, and 56 weeks of capsule administration, and four weeks following interruption of administration. RESULTS: After 56 weeks of application, decrease in total cholesterol in E-group (17/3 women/men, mean age 75.4+/-1.5 year) was observed (5.94+/-0.29 mmol/l at week 0 vs 5.22+/-0.25 mmol/l after 56 weeks, p<0.001). This reduction was achieved mainly due to a fall in LDL cholesterol (3.85+/-0.27 vs 3.09+/-0.21 mmol/l, p<0.001), as no significant alterations in HDL and triglycerides were noted. In placebo group (14/4, 78.1+/-1.7 year), no statistically important changes were observed after one-year capsule administration. CONCLUSIONS: In our study, the administration of E. faecium M-74 probiotic strain was associated with reduction of serum cholesterol concentration by 12% after 56 weeks. The crescent amount of facts on this issue gives a solid reason to assume that probiotics will find their place as a therapeutic alternative in human medicine. (Tab. 4, Fig. 4, Ref: 36.)
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Anticolesterolemiantes/administración & dosificación , Colesterol/sangre , Enterococcus faecium , Probióticos/administración & dosificación , Anciano , Método Doble Ciego , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Triglicéridos/sangreRESUMEN
Almost all nutrients in the diet play a crucial role in maintaining an "optimal" immune response, and both insufficient and excessive intakes can have negative consequences on the immune status and susceptibility to a variety of pathogens. We summarize the evidence for the importance of two micronutrients, selenium and zinc, and describe the mechanisms through which they affect the immune status and other physiological functions. As a constituent of selenoproteins, selenium is needed for the proper functioning of neutrophils, macrophages, NK cells, T lymphocytes and some other immune mechanisms. Elevated selenium intake may be associated with reduced cancer risk and may alleviate other pathological conditions including oxidative stress and inflammation. Selenium appears to be a key nutrient in counteracting the development of virulence and inhibiting HIV progression to AIDS. It is required for sperm motility and may reduce the risk of miscarriage. Selenium deficiency has been linked to adverse mood states and some findings suggest that selenium deficiency may be a risk factor in cardiovascular diseases. Zinc is required as a catalytic, structural and regulatory ion for enzymes, proteins and transcription factors, and is thus a key trace element in many homeostatic mechanisms of the body, including immune responses. Low zinc ion bioavailability results in limited immunoresistance to infection in aging. Physiological supplementation of zinc for 1-2 months restores immune responses, reduces the incidence of infections and prolongs survival. However, in every single individual zinc supplementation of food should be adjusted to the particular zinc status in views of the great variability in habitat conditions, health status and dietary requirements.
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Sistema Inmunológico/efectos de los fármacos , Selenio/farmacología , Zinc/farmacología , Suplementos Dietéticos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Selenio/inmunología , Selenio/metabolismo , Zinc/inmunología , Zinc/metabolismoRESUMEN
The efficacy of combination therapy with methotrexate (MTX) and probiotic bacteria Enterococcus faecium enriched with organic selenium (EFSe) in rats with adjuvant arthritis was determined. Rats with adjuvant arthritis were given MTX (0.3 mg/kg 2-times weekly, orally); lyophilized E. faecium enriched with Se (15 mg/kg, 5 d per week, orally); and a combination of MTX plus EFSe for a period of 50 d from the immunization. Levels of serum albumin, serum nitrite/nitrate concentrations, changes in hind paw swelling, arthrogram score, bone erosions, whole body bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) were assayed in the rats as variables of inflammation and destructive arthritis-associated changes. Treatment with MTX and with the combination MTX + EFSe significantly inhibited markers of both inflammation and arthritis. Significant differences in favor of combination therapy with MTX + EFSe as compared to MTX alone were seen in serum albumin concentration, hind paw swelling and arthrogram score. Reductions in radiographic scores were also more pronounced in the combination therapy group. Combination therapy, but not MTX alone, inhibited the reduction of BMD and BMC; treatment with lyophilized EFSe alone had no significant effect on adjuvant arthritis in rats. The potent therapeutic effect of low dosage MTX therapy in combination with lyophilized EFSe on adjuvant arthritis in rats was shown.
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Antirreumáticos/uso terapéutico , Artritis Experimental/terapia , Enterococcus faecium , Metotrexato/uso terapéutico , Probióticos/uso terapéutico , Selenio/uso terapéutico , Animales , Antirreumáticos/administración & dosificación , Artritis Reumatoide/terapia , Densidad Ósea , Quimioterapia Combinada , Pie/patología , Masculino , Metotrexato/administración & dosificación , Nitratos/sangre , Nitritos/sangre , Probióticos/administración & dosificación , Ratas , Ratas Endogámicas Lew , Selenio/administración & dosificación , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: It is supposed that an inflammatory reaction is one of the major factors responsible for the chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) of lower limbs which cause leg ulcers. OBJECTIVES: The main objective of the present study was to determine the differences in the levels of typical inflammatory mediators and markers produced by neutrophils of patients with CVI and normal control subjects. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: 26 patients with CVI and 39 clinically healthy subjects were included in the study. In peripheral neutrophils of both groups the production of superoxide, total reactive oxygen intermediates and activities of lysosomal enzymes were measured together with the expression of 8 adhesion molecules. RESULTS: Increased formation of superoxide by patient neutrophils and activities of elastase in both neutrophils and serum of patients were demonstrated. On the contrary, activities of myeloperoxidase and beta-D-glucuronidase were decreased in patient neutrophils. Comparing to control group adhesion molecules CD11b, CD18, CD31, CD49d, CD54 and CD62L were increased on the surface of patient neutrophils whereas no differences were observed in the expression of CD11a abd CD15. CONCLUSION: The neutrophils of patients with CVI are primed and/or activated because they are able to release higher amount of superoxide, lysosomal enzymes and express elevated number of adhesion molecules. It may serve as one of the important evidences of an inflammatory mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of chronic venous insufficiency. (Tab. 3, Ref. 27.)
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Mediadores de Inflamación/metabolismo , Pierna/irrigación sanguínea , Neutrófilos/metabolismo , Insuficiencia Venosa/metabolismo , Adulto , Anciano , Moléculas de Adhesión Celular/metabolismo , Enfermedad Crónica , Femenino , Glucuronidasa/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Muramidasa/metabolismo , Elastasa Pancreática/metabolismo , Peroxidasa/metabolismo , Superóxidos/metabolismoRESUMEN
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a degenerative disease of the brain, which causes dementia. The disease is characterised by three main pathogenic factors: senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles and inflammation. the participation of the local inflammatory reaction is confirmed especially by the results of studies dealing with activated microglia, reactive astrocytes, complement system, cytokines, reactive mediators of oxygen and nitrogen (free radicals), all of which participate significantly in inflammatory processes. These inflammatory markers are locally produced by brain cells, and occur in close proximity of beta-amyloid and tau protein deposits. Moreover, some epidemiologic and pilot clinical studies have proven that long-term administration of anti-inflammatory drugs have a protective effect on the onset of AD. Out of them, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are most extensively investigated medicaments. Despite some contradictory findings, the prevalent majority of these studies prove that long-term application of anti-inflammatory treatment can delay the onset, or at least slow down the progression of AD, namely in people between 65 and 75 years of age. The most appropriate prophylactic effect seems to be achieved by specific inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), namely celecoxib and rofecoxib. These preparations protect the gastrointestinal tract better than classical NSAIDs which inhibit both isoenzymes--COX-1 and COX-2. COX-2 is expressed in higher concentrations in the degenerating cells of the brain and this excessive expression can be decreased by selective inhibitors. The latter decrease also the excessive activation of some transcription factors (PPARgama and the nuclear factor kapa-B), which are responsible for the initiation of transcription of a number of pro-inflammatory genes. The selective inhibitors COX-2 can thereby have an anti-inflammatory effect operating on several levels. (Tab. 1, Fig. 1, Ref. 75.)
Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de Alzheimer/patología , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/uso terapéutico , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/fisiopatología , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/prevención & control , Animales , Encéfalo/patología , Celecoxib , Inhibidores de la Ciclooxigenasa/uso terapéutico , Citocinas/metabolismo , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Inflamación , Mediadores de Inflamación/metabolismo , Lactonas/uso terapéutico , Ovillos Neurofibrilares/patología , Pirazoles , Sulfonamidas/uso terapéutico , SulfonasRESUMEN
The mode of the cytotoxic activity of three benzo(c)fluorene derivatives was characterized. The observed morphological changes of lysosomes or variations of mitochondrial activity are assumed to be the consequence of cell protection against oxidative damage and/or the part of the damage process. To establish the relationship between the quantity of superoxide (O2*-) generated and the degree of damage resulting from O2*-, a simple system based on measurement of 3-(4-iodophenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyltetrazolium chloride (INT) reductase activity in the presence of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was used. The functionality of the chosen battery of in vitro tests was proved using several known superoxide inducers: cyclosporin A (CsA) and benzo(a)pyrene (BP), as well as noninducers: citrinin (CT) and cycloheximide (CH). From the results followed that the cell growth tests are much better indices of toxicity than the other tests. The model system for the evaluation of the protective capacity of antioxidants against superoxide-induced cytotoxicity included simultaneous exposure of HeLa cells to cytotoxic drugs and to quercetin (Qe), an antioxidant of plant origin. The complete abolishment of the inhibition of cell proliferation and clonogenic survival was concluded to be due to the protective effect of the antioxidant. These observations correlated with the decrease of superoxide content as estimated by the INT-reductase assay in the presence of SOD using the same model system, as well as with the increase of intracellular SOD content and its activity.
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Antioxidantes/farmacología , Quercetina/análogos & derivados , Superóxidos/metabolismo , Xenobióticos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Xenobióticos/toxicidad , Benzo(a)pireno/antagonistas & inhibidores , Benzo(a)pireno/toxicidad , División Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Citrinina/antagonistas & inhibidores , Citrinina/toxicidad , Colorimetría , Cicloheximida/antagonistas & inhibidores , Cicloheximida/toxicidad , Ciclosporina/antagonistas & inhibidores , Ciclosporina/toxicidad , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Fluorenos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Fluorenos/toxicidad , Formazáns , Células HeLa , Humanos , Lisosomas/efectos de los fármacos , Lisosomas/metabolismo , Mitocondrias/efectos de los fármacos , Mitocondrias/metabolismo , Oxidorreductasas/metabolismo , Quercetina/farmacología , Superóxido Dismutasa/metabolismo , Sales de Tetrazolio , Pruebas de ToxicidadRESUMEN
Adhesion molecules play a major role in many biological functions. They are crucial in the development of embryo into formed organism; later they mediate many physiological and pathological functions. From the immunological point of view they are involved in virtually every process of cell interactions, involving thymic selection and antigen priming, antigen recognition and cell activation, cytotoxicity and lymphocyte recirculation. This review focuses mainly on the role of adhesion molecules in close contact between the cells, crucial for the inflammatory and immune responses. (Tab. 3, Fig. 1, Ref. 29.)
Asunto(s)
Moléculas de Adhesión Celular/inmunología , Moléculas de Adhesión Celular/fisiología , Humanos , Inmunidad CelularRESUMEN
Adhesion molecules are cell surface glycoproteins involved in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. They play a central role in leukocyte adhesion to endothelium, transmigration, binding to target cells and cytotoxicity. Many pathological processes underlie abnormal cell-cell interactions in the organism. The adhesion molecules are critical for the communication mechanism between cells in inflammatory and immunologic response. The control of cell-cell adhesive interactions, i.e. modulation of adhesion molecules, is an important strategy for anti-inflammatory therapy. (Ref. 65.)
Asunto(s)
Moléculas de Adhesión Celular/uso terapéutico , Inmunoterapia , Animales , Moléculas de Adhesión Celular/inmunología , Moléculas de Adhesión Celular/fisiología , Comunicación Celular/fisiología , HumanosRESUMEN
Lactic acid bacteria in functional foods can transiently colonize the intestine of man and exert beneficial probiotic effects. These were observed in a group of adult subjects administered daily by a lyophilized Enterococcus faecium M-74 in the form of waffles (Dr. Ebi) during nine weeks of a double blind placebo controlled clinical trial. The results showed significant immunostimulatory effect on both phagocytosis by neutrophils and antibody production.
Asunto(s)
Adyuvantes Inmunológicos , Enterococcus faecium , Probióticos/administración & dosificación , Formación de Anticuerpos , Método Doble Ciego , Enterococcus faecium/crecimiento & desarrollo , Humanos , Intestinos/microbiología , Neutrófilos/inmunología , FagocitosisRESUMEN
The superoxide anion radical and other reactive oxygen species (ROS) are formed in all aerobic organisms by enzymatic and nonenzymatic reactions. ROS arise in both physiological and pathological processes, but efficient mechanisms have evolved for their detoxification. Similarly, reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI) have physiological activity, but can also react with different types of molecules, including superoxide, to form toxic products. ROS and RNI participate in the destruction of microorganisms by phagocytes, as in the formation of a myeloperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide-chloride/iodide complex which can destroy many cells, including bacteria. It is known that the cellular production of ROS and RNI is controlled by different mechanisms. These free radicals can react with key cellular structures and molecules, thus altering their biological function. An imbalance between the systems producing and removing ROS and RNI may result in pathological consequences.
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Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Superóxidos/metabolismo , Animales , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Radicales Libres/química , Radicales Libres/metabolismo , Humanos , Superóxidos/químicaRESUMEN
Lactic acid bacteria in food can transiently colonize the intestine and exert health beneficial (probiotic) effects. These include: 1. Lactose digestion, improvement of diarrheal disorders (including traveller's diarrhea), prophylaxis of intestinal and urogenital infections--as a result of formation or reconstruction of a balanced indigenous microflora. 2. Inhibition of the mutagenicity of the intestinal contents and reduction of the incidence of intestinal tumours. 3. Immunomodulatory effects resulting in the improved host resistance. 4. Depression of the serum cholesterol level. The most of these effects were observed in a group of adult subjects administered daily by a lyophilized Enterococcus faecium M-74 in the form of waffles (Dr. Ebi) during nine weeks of a double blind placebo controlled clinical trial. The bacterium temporarily colonized the host intestine and its secretion in stool persisted for six weeks after the last dose. The mean activities of beta-D-glucuronidase in stools of subjects given waffles containing enterococci were reduced comparing to stools of placebo subjects. After six weeks of daily eating the waffles with enterococci, an increased production of superoxide and other reactive oxygen intermediates by peripheral neutrophils was observed. The increase corresponded in time with an elevated formation of IgG by peripheral blood mononuclear cells after polyclonal activation with mitogenes. Higher activities of myeloperoxidase and elastase in peripheral neutrophils were also ascertained during eating of waffles containing of E. faecium M-74. Hence, intake of E. faecium M-74 in the form of waffles may have an significant immunostimulatory effect on both phagocytosis performed by neutrophils and antibody production. (Tab. 6, Ref. 29.)
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Enterococcus faecium , Intestinos/microbiología , Probióticos/administración & dosificación , Administración Oral , Adulto , Anciano , Método Doble Ciego , Enterococcus faecium/crecimiento & desarrollo , Heces/microbiología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
Prionoses are a group of human and animal neurodegenerative diseases caused by prions, infectious pathogens that differ from bacteria, fungi, parasites, viroids, and viruses. Despite intensive searches over the past three decades, no nucleic acid has been found within prions and considerable experimental data argue that prions are composed exclusively of proteins (glycoproteins). Normal prion protein (PrPC) is encoded by a gene present in all nuclear cells of humans and other mammals but is constitutively expressed mainly in neurons. PrPC is protease sensitive and nonpathogenic but it can be modified to the pathological and protease resistant form designated PrPSC which is essential for infectivity. Prion diseases are manifested as infectious, genetic, or sporadic disorders and are also named as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE). TSE culminate with a progressive and fatal degeneration of the CNS. The human prionoses include Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), kuru, Gerstman-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS), and fatal familial insomnia (FFI). In mammals, more than 15 different species have been described to suffer from prion disorders till now. Scrapie of sheep and goats is the oldest and the most studied of the prion diseases. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and transmissible mink encephalopathy are thought to result from the feeding of scrapie-infected animal products, whereas BSE has been identified in transmission to mice, domestic cats, two exotic species of ruminant, and monkey. More than 20 cases of clinically and pathologically atypical form of CJD, referred to as "new variant" CJD (vCJD) have been recognized in unusually young people in the United Kingdom. There is a strong evidence that the same prion strain is involved in both BSE and vCJD. It suggest the breaking of species barrier which results by spreading of BSE to humans, putatively by dietary exposure. Understanding the function of prion proteins and their modification to the pathological form may give new insight into the etiologic and pathogenic mechanisms also other diseases caused by aberrant proteins, including Alzheimer' disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease. (Tab. 4, Fig. 3, Ref. 76.)
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades por Prión , Priones , Animales , Humanos , Enfermedades por Prión/diagnóstico , Enfermedades por Prión/transmisión , Enfermedades por Prión/veterinaria , ZoonosisRESUMEN
For far too long, the immune system has been viewed in isolation from the rest of the body's organ system. But now it is clear that the immune system is an integral part of the organ and physiological systems of whole organism. Especially, the immune and endocrine systems share many ligands and receptors that result in constant and important bidirectional communication. A new and important function for the immune system is to serve as a sensory organ for noncognitive stimuli such as infectious agents and tumours. On the other hand the neuroendocrine system can perform important immunoregulatory activities. It also suggest that brain is not more an immunologically privileged site. Recent studies provide a new view of immunoreactivity to antigens from the nervous system and to immune and inflammatory responses in brain. These may be influenced both by the circulating cytokines derived from the immune system and/or those endogenously produced within the neuroendocrine system. There is a growing body of evidence that cytokines are an integral part of the central nervous system with an important neuromodulatory role in neural mechanisms regulating stress responses, hormonal changes and various kinds of behavior. The mutual informatory circuit inside of the immune, nervous and endocrine systems suggest that they all form the superinformation system with pivotal regulatory role in living organisms. Overall, the recognition of the immune system as our sixth sense may ultimately provide the new understanding of physiology required for successful diagnostic and therapeutic programs against disease and stress involving immune-neuroendocrine communication. (Tab. 5, Ref. 35.)
Asunto(s)
Neuroinmunomodulación , Animales , Células Presentadoras de Antígenos/inmunología , Encéfalo/inmunología , Sistema Nervioso Central/inmunología , Sistema Nervioso Central/metabolismo , Citocinas/metabolismo , Citocinas/fisiología , Humanos , Neuroinmunomodulación/fisiología , Sistemas Neurosecretores/fisiología , Psiconeuroinmunología , Estrés Fisiológico/inmunologíaRESUMEN
In health, the vascular endothelium forms a multifunctional interface between the circulating blood and various tissues and organs of the body. It constitutes a selectively permeable barrier for macromolecules, as well as a nonthrombogenic and nonadhesive container that actively maintains the fluidity of blood. It is a metabolically active endocrine organ, serving as the source of multiple factors and mediators that are critical for normal homeostasis. These include vasodilators (nitric oxide, prostacyclin, endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor), vasoconstrictors (endothelin-1, thromboxane A2, prostaglandin H2 and components of the renin angiotensin system), various pro- and antithrombotic factors (e.g. tissue factor, platelet activating factor--PAF, von Willebrand factor), fibrinolytic activators and inhibitors (e.g. tissue plasminogen activator, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1), potent arachidonate metabolites (prostanoids), leukocyte adhesion molecules (e.g. E-selectin, P-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1--ICAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1--VCAM-1), and multiple cytokines with activities of growth stimulators and inhibitors, transforming growth factors, proinflammatory and antiinflammatory mediators, tumour necrosis factors and chemotactic factors (chemokines). Besides these essential activities controlling the cardiovascular system, the endothelial cells represent an important part of the immune system as well. They have a pivotal role in the initiation and development of defensive and damaging inflammatory responses. Therefore endothelium can be considered as being the central equipment for the mutual exchange of life important information between the cardiovascular and immune systems. This in turn is leading to rapid advances in understanding the pathogenesis of some of the most serious and most common diseases, including inflammation, atherosclerosis and hypertension. (Tab. 7, Ref. 89.)