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Objectives: In recent years, enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) has been widely used in the field of urology, especially in radical cystectomy and radical prostatectomy, and has demonstrated its advantages. Although studies on the application of ERAS in partial nephrectomy for renal tumors are increasing, the conclusions are mixed, especially in terms of postoperative complications, etc, and its safety and efficacy are questionable. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the safety and efficacy of ERAS in the application of partial nephrectomy for renal tumors. Methods: Pubmed, Embase, Cohrance library, Web of science and Chinese databases (CNKI, VIP, Wangfang and CBM) were systematically searched for all published literature related to the application of enhanced recovery after surgery in partial nephrectomy for renal tumors from the date of establishment to July 15, 2022, and the literature was screened by inclusion/exclusion criteria. The quality of the literature was evaluated for each of the included literature. This Meta-analysis was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42022351038) and data were processed using Review Manager 5.4 and Stata 16.0SE. The results were presented and analyzed by weighted mean difference (WMD), Standard Mean Difference (SMD) and risk ratio (RR) at their 95% confidence interval (CI). Finally, the limitations of this study are analyzed in order to provide a more objective view of the results of this study. Results: This meta-analysis included 35 literature, including 19 retrospective cohort studies and 16 randomized controlled studies with a total of 3171 patients. The ERAS group was found to exhibit advantages in the following outcome indicators: postoperative hospital stay (WMD=-2.88, 95% CI: -3.71 to -2.05, p<0.001), total hospital stay (WMD=-3.35, 95% CI: -3.73 to -2.97, p<0.001), time to first postoperative bed activity (SMD=-3.80, 95% CI: -4.61 to -2.98, p < 0.001), time to first postoperative anal exhaust (SMD=-1.55, 95% CI: -1.92 to -1.18, p < 0.001), time to first postoperative bowel movement (SMD=-1.52, 95% CI: -2.08 to -0.96, p < 0.001), time to first postoperative food intake (SMD=-3.65, 95% CI: -4.59 to -2.71, p<0.001), time to catheter removal (SMD=-3.69, 95% CI: -4.61 to -2.77, p<0.001), time to drainage tube removal (SMD=-2.77, 95% CI: -3.41 to -2.13, p<0.001), total postoperative complication incidence (RR=0.41, 95% CI: 0.35 to 0.49, p<0.001), postoperative hemorrhage incidence (RR=0.41, 95% CI: 0.26 to 0.66, p<0.001), postoperative urinary leakage incidence (RR=0.27, 95% CI: 0.11 to 0.65, p=0.004), deep vein thrombosis incidence (RR=0.14, 95% CI: 0.06 to 0.36, p<0.001), and hospitalization costs (WMD=-0.82, 95% CI: -1.20 to -0.43, p<0.001). Conclusion: ERAS is safe and effective in partial nephrectomy of renal tumors. In addition, ERAS can improve the turnover rate of hospital beds, reduce medical costs and improve the utilization rate of medical resources. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO, identifier CRD42022351038.

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Prostate cancer is currently one of the most common malignancies that endanger the lives and health of elderly men. In recent years, immunotherapy, which exploits the activation of anti-cancer host immune cells to accomplish tumor-killing effects, has emerged as a new study avenue in the treatment of prostate cancer. As an important component of immunotherapy, cancer vaccines have a unique position in the precision treatment of malignant tumors. Monocyte cell vaccines, dendritic cell vaccines, viral vaccines, peptide vaccines, and DNA/mRNA vaccines are the most often used prostate cancer vaccines. Among them, Sipuleucel-T, as a monocyte cell-based cancer vaccine, is the only FDA-approved therapeutic vaccine for prostate cancer, and has a unique position and role in advancing the development of immunotherapy for prostate cancer. However, due to its own limitations, Sipuleucel-T has not been widely adopted. Meanwhile, owing to the complexity of immunotherapy and the specificity of prostate cancer, the remaining prostate cancer vaccines have not shown good clinical benefit in large randomized phase II and phase III trials, and further in-depth studies are still needed.

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Objective:The incidence of prostate cancer is increasing every year,and precision diagnosis and treatment can help reduce unnecessary prostate punctures for prostate cancer patients in the gray area.This study aims to investigate the diagnostic value of 18F-prostate specific membrane antigen(PSMA)imaging combined with prostate specific antigen(PSA)-derived indicators for gray zone prostate cancer. Methods:A total of 107 patients who underwent 18F-PSMA PET/CT imaging for suspicious prostate cancer with tPSA of 4 to 10 μg/L(PSA gray zone)in a hospital were retrospectively included,and were divided into a prostate cancer group and a non-prostate cancer group based on pathological findings.Patients underwent PSA testing,18F-PSMA,and abdominal ultrasound,and age,tPSA,fPSA,f/tPSA,prostate volume,PSA density(PSAD),maximum standardized uptake value(SUVmax),and molecular imaging prostate specific membrane antigen(miPSMA)score were compared between the 2 groups.Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors the diagnosis of gray zone prostate cancer.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves were constructed to evaluate the efficacy of PSAD and SUVmax alone and in combination in diagnosing gray zone prostate cancer. Results:The volume of the prostate cancer group[42.00(34.00,58.00)cm3 vs 49.00(41.27,60.41)cm3]was smaller than that of the non-prostate cancer group(Z=-2.376,P=0.017),and the PSAD[(0.18±0.06)μg/(L·cm3)vs 0.15±0.05 μg/(L·cm3)]and SUVmax[18.63(8.03,28.57)vs 9.33(5.90,13.52)]were higher than those in the non-prostate cancer group(both P<0.05).The percentage of miPSMA score≥2 in the prostate cancer group was higher than that in the non-prostate cancer group(χ2=40.987,P<0.001).PSAD(OR= 22.154,95%CI 1.430 to 873.751,P=0.042)and SUVmax(OR=1.301,95%CI 1.034 to 1.678,P=0.009)were independent influential factors for the diagnosis of prostate cancer in the gray zone.The optimal cut-off values of PSAD and SUVmax were 0.22 μg/(L·cm3)and 8.02,respectively,and the AUCs for the diagnosis of prostate cancer in the gray zone alone and in combination were 0.628(95%CI 0.530 to 0.720,P<0.05)and 0.806(95%CI 0.718 to 0.876,P<0.05),0.847(95%CI 0.765 to 0.910,P<0.05),with sensitivities of 41.03%,76.92%,and 74.36%and specificities of 79.41%,89.71%,and 92.65%,respectively. Conclusion:PSAD and SUVmax are increased in patients with gray zone prostate cancer,and the combination of PSAD and SUVmax is of high value in diagnosing gray zone prostate cancer.

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There is a connection between inflammation and cancer.Inflammation is one of the hallmarks of cancer,affecting tumor progression,transition to a malignant phenotype,and the efficacy of tumor chemotherapy.The tumor microenvironment impacts the biological characteristics of tumors through various specific factors and signaling mechanisms.The interaction between inflammation and the tumor microenvironment involves inflammation affecting the tumor microenvironment by inducing immune suppression,while acute inflammation promotes tumor suppression by producing anti-tumor immune responses.This review elaborates on how inflammation affects the tumor microenvironment and thus affects the progression and treatment of tumors,starting from the components of the tumor microenvironment,inflammasomes,cytokines,non-coding RNAs,and other aspects.Inflammatory factors play an important role in regulating inflammatory responses and immune reactions,and they also affect the development of tumors through various pathways in the tumor microenvironment.In addition,non-coding RNAs play an important role in the tumor microenvironment,regulating tumors and inflammation.They are involved in regulating the occurrence,development of tumors,the process of inflammation,as well as regulating inflammation-induced cancer or tumor-related inflammation,and the interaction between the tumor microenvironment,inflammatory factors,and immune cells.Therefore,gaining a deeper understanding of the interaction between inflammation and the tumor microenvironment and its connection to the occurrence and development of cancer can provide a theoretical basis for combating tumors and finding new therapeutic strategies.

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The methylation of N6-methyladenosine(m6A)is an important gene expression regulation mechanism in eukaryotes.It is mainly regulated by three types of regulators:writers,erasers and readers.With the development of high-throughput sequencing technology and bioinformatics,various methods have been developed to detect and analyze m6A methylation sites.A growing body of research has shown that m6A methylation plays an important role in the occurrence and development of urological tumors,including tumor proliferation,invasion and metastasis.However,the molecular mechanism and role of m6A in different types of urological tumors have not been fully elucidated.This article reviews the main regulatory mechanism of m6A methylation modification as well as the research progress,the prognostic value and the therapeutic resistance of m6A methylation modification in urological tumors.

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【Objective】 To evaluate the value of platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) in the prognosis of prostate cancer. 【Methods】 Relevant studies were searched in CNKI, Wanfang, CBM, VIP, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Embase databases from inception to Dec.2021. The literature was screeded, data were extracted, and the quality was evaluated according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. A meta-analysis by using the hazard risk (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) was adopted to assess the prognostic value of PLR. The data were analyzed with STATA 16.0 software. 【Results】 A total of 10 studies were included, involving 1 802 patients. For patients with high level of PLR, the overall survival (OS) (HR=1.70, 95%CI:1.25-2.30, P=0.001) and disease-free survival (DFS)(HR=1.44, 95%CI:1.15-1.81, P=0.002) were significantly shorter. 【Conclusion】 PLR is an independent risk factor affecting the long-term prognosis of prostate cancer patients. Pretreatment detection of PLR is meaningful in determining the prognosis.

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Objective To visualize and analyze the literature related to immunotherapy for prostate cancer published in the past 20 years through bibliometric analysis, and to explore the research progress and cutting-edge trends in this field. Methods The Web of Science core collection database was searched for literature related to immunotherapy for prostate cancer published from 2002 to 2021. CiteSpace and VOSviewer software were used to visualize and analyze the data and map the evolution of hotspots. Results There were 2 326 papers were finally included after excluding irrelevant studies. The field of immunotherapy for prostate cancer is in a rapid development stage; the United States has a great influence and China has a significant latecomer advantage; the National Cancer Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and University of California, San Francisco are the main research institutions; American authors Gulley JL, Schlom J and Japanese author Itoh K have the highest number of publications. Currently, the main research hotspot is immune checkpoint inhibitors, and high-quality clinical trials are continuing to drive this process forward. Conclusion The exploration of novel immune pathways and the combination of different therapies will be the main trend of future research in immunotherapy for prostate cancer.

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Kidney stone is one of the common diseases of the urinary system. About 80% of kidney stones are mainly composed of calcium oxalate. As a huge bacterial network, the interaction of gut microbes is complex. Intestinal microbes may play a role in the pathogenesis and prevention of kidney stones. The intestinal flora of patients with calcium oxalate stones possess unique distribution of gut microbes.

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PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of combination therapy consisting of α-blockers and different phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors for lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) by performing a network meta-analysis. METHOD: Relevant articles were retrieved from the Cochrane Library, PubMed, and EMBASE databases. Bayesian network meta-analyses were performed with a random-effect model to compare the efficacy and safety of combination therapy with α-blockers and phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors for LUTS. The odds ratio (OR), mean difference (MD) and surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) were calculated with the GeMTC R package. RESULTS: Twenty randomized trials with 4131 patients were included in this network meta-analysis. Based on the SUCRA values, vardenafil (10 mg) combined with α-blockers ranked first, first and sixth; sildenafil (25 mg) combined with α-blockers ranked second, third and first; and tadalafil (20 mg) combined with α-blockers ranked third, second and fourth in IPSS, post void residual, and maximum flow rate, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Combination therapy with α-blockers and phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors was effective and well tolerated for LUTS. For men who prioritize high efficacy, vardenafil (10 mg) combined with α-blockers seems to be the treatment of choice. For men wishing to optimize minimally invasive treatment, sildenafil (25 mg) and tadalafil (20 mg) combined with α-blockers appears to have a possible advantage in terms of avoiding adverse effects.

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Objective To compare the efficacy of balloon dilation and YAG laser endouretertomy in treatment of secondary ureteric stricture . Methods 32 patients with secondary ureteral stricture were randomly divided into balloon dilatation group and holmium laser cut group, 16 cases in each, respectively. The two kinds of treatment efficacy was compared after two years postoperative follow-up. Results The clinical results of the two groups showed no statistical differences at the third, sixth and twelfth month follow-up (P > 0.05), and there were no statistical differences in the overall effective rates (P > 0.05). The clinical results of the two groups showed no statistical difference at the twenty-fourth month follow-up (P < 0.05), and the overall effective rates had statistical difference (P < 0.05). Conclusions Balloon dilation and YAG laser endouretertomy in treatment of secondary ureteral stricture have the same short-term clinical effects. But the middle-term efficacy of YAG laser endouretertomy is superior to that of balloon dilation.

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Tumor stem cells are responsible for metastasis and relapse of cancer.Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) plays an important role in the proliferation and differentiation of tumor stem cells.In many cancers such as breast carcinoma,hepatocellular carcinoma,pancreatic carcinoma,lung carcinoma,glioma and gallbladder carcinoma,the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) induced by TGF-β1 can inhibit proliferation of cancer cell,enrich tumor stem cells and increase invasive capability and drug resistance of cancer.

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OBJECTIVE: Anatomic variation of renal artery existed in donor kidney, and whether the variation would affect clinical effects is unconfirmed. This paper is aimed to study the outcomes of in vitro reconstruction of malformed renal blood vessels on outcome of kidney transplantation. METHODS: Patients treated with kidney transplantation at Department of Urology, Lanzhou General Hospital of Chinese PLA were selected; including 27 cases underwent kidney transplantation with malformed blood vessels. Seventeen of them had accessory renal artery, 10 of them with two or three renal arteries. Additional 22 patients transplanted with normal kidney during the same period were selected as the control group. Bench surgery with microsurgical techniques was employed for the repair of the vessels, which included 11 cases of end to end anastomosis of arteries, 6 cases of end to side anastomosis of arteries, 6 cases of side to side conjoined anastomosis of arteries, and 4 cases of renal artery lengthening with an interposition of donor or recipient iliac artery. The hemorrhage, hypertension, renal arterial stenosis, delayed graft function, incidence rate of acute rejection, and the serum creatinine level were followed up.RESULTS: Totally 49 cases were received a mean 2-year follow-up, and no death occurred in both groups. Two cases in the experimental group, and 3 cases in the control group were suffered hypertension or hypertension aggravated, the difference had no significant (P =0.673). No arterial stenosis occurred during the follow up. In the experimental and control groups, the incidence of delayed graft function was 20% and 14%, the incidence of acute rejection was 13% and 5%, and mean serum creatinine at 2 year was (119±11) and (127±8) μmol/L, respectively, the difference was not significant between two groups (P=0.179, 0.385, 0.658).CONCLUSION: Donor kidneys with malformed vascular can be used for transplantation after bench reconstruction, which do not influence the outcome of kidney transplantation.

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Objective To explore the functional changes of gap junctional intercellular communication(GJIC) in bladder smooth muscle. Methods The functions of GJIC in bladder smooth muscle were detected by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching(FRAP). The mean fluorescence recovery rates of the bladder smooth muscle cells in the experimental group and the control group were compared. Results The mean fluorescence recovery rate of the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group( P

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Objective To study the functional changes of gap junctional mediated intercellular communication in detrusor instability so as to demonstrate the feasibility of blocking excitatory communication as the target of therapy for DI. Methods The function of GJIC in the cultured bladder detrusor cells were detected by FRAP. Results At the fourth minutes after bleaching,the mean fluorescences recovery rates of the DI groups bladder detrusor cells was (35.791?0.836)%,the control groups (8.645?0.673)%.The mean fluorescences recovery rates of the DI groups were significant higher than those in control groups (P