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The double burdenfor women has returned during the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result of the pandemic, an unprecedented percentage of women have lost their jobs or are working from home. The COVID-19 pandemic has brought back a centuries old burden, which adds to the many other burdens women face regularly­the homework burden­, that is engaging in piecework and childcare at the same time. Mapping the laws and the legal determinants of women's health disparities must be undertaken to stem the tide of this new wave of the feminization of poverty.

A dupla jornada das mulheres voltou à tona durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Como resultado da pandemia, uma percentagem sem precedentes de mulheres perdeu seus empregos ou está trabalhando de casa. A pandemia da COVID-19 trouxe de volta um fardo secular, que se soma aos muitos outros fardos que as mulheres enfrentam regularmente,­o fardo do trabalho doméstico­, que consiste em trabalhar e cuidar dos filhos ao mesmo tempo. O mapeamento das leis e dos determinantes legais das disparidades na saúde das mulheres devem ser realizados para conter a maré dessa nova onda de feminização da pobreza

El doble viaje de las mujeres pasó a primer plano durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Como resultado de la pandemia, un porcentaje sin precedentes de mujeres ha perdido su empleo o trabaja desde casa. La pandemia de COVID-19 ha traído de vuelta una carga de siglos de antigüedad, además de muchas otras cargas que las mujeres enfrentan habitualmente ­la carga del trabajo doméstico­, que consiste en trabajar y cuidar a los niños al mismo tiempo. Es necesario realizar un mapeo de las leyes y los determinantes legales de las disparidades en la salud de las mujeres para detener la marea de esta nueva ola de feminización de la pobreza.

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No one has been untouched by the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020, which underscores the principle that there is an inextricable link between health, work and the global economy of civil society. The goal of this article is to describe law in the USA that was written during the 2020 pandemic to mobilize occupational health tools that could stem the tide of the pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 transformed previously stoic economic sectors such as airlines, hotels, food service and major stores into marginal employers. Essential workers in food, retail delivery and health care workers confronted health risks from occupational, transmission of communicable disease. Among workers with school children impacted by COVID-19 Emergency Executive orders to stay in place, e-learning and remote work, e-hospital data collection and health status monitoring, returning to school as teachers or nonessential workers also generated fear of workplace transmission of disease that might infect their family. Using legislative policy analysis methods, this article describes the traditional principles of state labor relations that were rewritten using the legislative pen, now instead requiring risk assessment for all employees and employers to thereby prevent occupational transmission of disease. As discussed here, Virginia, the USA state, responded with a COVID-19 prevention law deploying modern industrial hygiene tools with broader jurisdiction compared to state labor law precedents. As a result, swift administrative action, justified for pandemic response, underscores that marginal employers and their workers need strong occupational health and safety laws, because health is inextricably linked to creating thriving commerce.

Ninguém permanece intocado pela pandemia da COVID-19 em 2020, o que enfatiza o princípio de que existe uma relação indissociável entre saúde, trabalho e a economia global da sociedade civil. O objetivo deste artigo é descrever a legislação dos EUA produzida ao longo de 2020 a fim de implementar mecanismos de saúde ocupacional que poderiam inverter a onda da pandemia. A pandemia da COVID-19 transformou setores econômicos anteriormente estáveis ­ como companhias aéreas, hotéis, restaurantes e grandes empresas de varejo ­ em empregadores marginais. Trabalhadores essenciais de restaurantes, entregas de mercadorias e profissionais de saúde enfrentaram riscos associados à transmissibilidade da doença ao desempenhar suas atividades profissionais. Entre os trabalhadores com filhos em idade escolar, confrontados com as ordens executivas para se confinarem em casa, com o uso do ensino e trabalho à distância e a coleta de dados de saúde por meio de teleconsultas, a perspetiva de retomarem ao ensino presencial ou regressarem aos seus postos de trabalho não essenciais gerou o receio de transmissão no local de trabalho e consequente infeção dos familiares. Por meio da análise das políticas implementadas, este artigo descreve os princípios tradicionais de trabalho que foram reescritos pela caneta do legislador, privilegiando-se agora a avaliação do risco de transmissibilidade da doença no local de trabalho. Conforme será discutido, o estado da Virgínia, EUA, respondeu com uma lei de prevenção da COVID-19 que emprega equipamentos de higienização industriais modernos com jurisdição de amplitude sem precedentes na lei das relações laborais com o Estado. Concluindo, a célere atuação administrativa, justificada na resposta à pandemia, enfatiza que os empregadores marginais e os seus trabalhadores necessitam de leis laborais de saúde e segurança fortes, já que a saúde é indissociável de um comércio próspero.

Nadie permanece ajeno a la pandemia de COVID-19 en 2020, que subraya el principio de que existe una relación inseparable entre la salud, el trabajo y la economía global de la sociedad civil. El propósito de este artículo es describir la legislación estadounidense elaborada a lo largo de 2020 para movilizar los mecanismos de salud ocupacional que podrían cambiar el rumbo de la pandemia. La pandemiade COVID-19 ha transformado sectores de actividad económica anteriormente estoicos, comocompañías aéreas, hoteles, restaurantes y grandes minoristas, en empleadores marginales. Los trabajadores esenciales de restaurantes, los repartidores de mercancías y los profesionales de la salud se enfrentaron a riesgos asociados a la transmisibilidad de la enfermedad en el contexto del desempeño de sus actividades profesionales. En cuanto a los trabajadores con hijos en edad escolar, ante órdenes ejecutivas de confinamiento en el hogar, la introducción de la docencia y el trabajo a distancia, la recolección de datos de salud a través de teleconsultas, la perspectiva de retomar la educación presencial o regresar a sus trabajos no esenciales, generaron cierto temor de transmisión en el lugar de trabajo y la consecuente infección de los miembros de la familia. A través del análisis de las políticas implementadas, este artículo describe los principios tradicionales del trabajo en el servicio público que fueron reescritos por la pluma del legislador, privilegiando ahora la evaluación del riesgo de transmisibilidad de la enfermedad en el lugar de trabajo. Como se discutirá, el estado de Virginia, EE. UU.respondió con una ley de prevención dela COVID-19 que emplea equipos modernos de higiene industrial con una jurisdicción de amplitud sin precedentes en la ley derelaciones laborales con el estado. Como resultado, una acción administrativa rápida, justificada para responder a la pandemia, enfatiza que los empleadores marginales y sus trabajadores necesitan leyes laborales sólidas en materia de salud y seguridad, ya que la salud está indisolublemente ligada al comercio próspero.

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Bio-nano interactions can be defined as the study of interactions between nanoscale entities and biological systems such as, but not limited to, peptides, proteins, lipids, DNA and other biomolecules, cells and cellular receptors and organisms including humans. Studying bio-nano interactions is particularly useful for understanding engineered materials that have at least one dimension in the nanoscale. Such materials may consist of discrete particles or nanostructured surfaces. Much of biology functions at the nanoscale; therefore, our ability to manipulate materials such that they are taken up at the nanoscale, and engage biological machinery in a designed and purposeful manner, opens new vistas for more efficient diagnostics, therapeutics (treatments) and tissue regeneration, so-called nanomedicine. Additionally, this ability of nanomaterials to interact with and be taken up by cells allows nanomaterials to be used as probes and tools to advance our understanding of cellular functioning. Yet, as a new technology, assessment of the safety of nanomaterials, and the applicability of existing regulatory frameworks for nanomaterials must be investigated in parallel with development of novel applications. The Royal Society meeting 'Bio-nano interactions: new tools, insights and impacts' provided an important platform for open dialogue on the current state of knowledge on these issues, bringing together scientists, industry, regulatory and legal experts to concretize existing discourse in science law and policy. This paper summarizes these discussions and the insights that emerged.

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Some international organizations and many societies of health and safety professionals have codes of ethics (conduct). The intent is to promote ethical behavior, though compliance is voluntary and enforcement is generally not possible. It is important that all occupational health and safety professionals adopt and live up to the same code. It also is important that the same code of conduct apply to industrializing countries just as it applies to developed countries. A new International Code of Conduct (Ethics) for Occupational Health and Safety Professionals, developed by 40 international health and safety professionals and set forth in this article, addresses professional obligations and responsibilities and introduces a higher standard of ethical conduct than formerly existed.

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This article describes Federal and international codes and laws that relate to protection from reproductive hazards in the workplace. Occupational health practitioners are advised to shift their approach from managing the technical aspects needed to protect individual workers to the more global approach of effecting policy and supporting enforcement in the realm of reproductive health. This broader view will not only better protect women and children but will better serve the interest of society in replacing all existing workers and perpetuating civilization for posterity.

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