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The starch nanoparticle, combined with bromocresol green (BCG), served as a pH-sensitive indicator to monitor meat quality throughout an 8-day refrigerated storage period. The meat samples were sealed in package which the pH-sensitive indicator attached to the interior part of packaging lid. The changes in meat quality were evaluated by total volatile base nitrogen (TVBN), pH, total viable count (TVC), sensory analysis, and color in interval of 0, 3, 5, 7, and 8-days storage at 4°C. Initial TVBN values were recorded at 19.6 mg/100 g, increased to 26.6 mg/100 g by the end of storage period. The pH value was significantly increased after 8 days storage at 4°C. The observed color variation in the indicator from yellow to blue was attributed to the concurrent increases in TVBN, TVC, and pH. The indicator color changes had significant correlation with analyzed chemical quality of stored meat. Therefore, the designed BCG pH-sensitive indicator could be effective in monitoring the meat spoilage during storage.

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MXene sheets, as new 2D nanomaterials, have been used in many advanced applications due to their superior thin-layered architecture, as well as their capability to be employed as novel nanocontainers for advanced applications. In this research, intercalated Ti3C2 MXene sheets were synthesized through an etching method, and then they were modified with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). Cerium cations (Ce3+) as an eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor were encapsulated within Ti3C2 MXene sheets to fabricate novel self-healing epoxy nanocomposite coatings. The corrosion protection performance (CPP) of Ce3+-doped Ti3C2 MXene nanosheets (Ti3C2 MXene-Ce3+) in a 3.5 wt % sodium chloride (NaCl) solution was studied on bare mild steel substrates using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization measurements. The self-healing CPP of epoxy coatings loaded with 1 wt % undoped and doped Ti3C2 MXene was evaluated using EIS, salt spray, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) techniques. The introduction of Ti3C2 MXene-Ce3+ into the corrosive solution and artificially scribed epoxy coating enhanced the total impedance from 717 to 6596 Ω cm2 and 8876 to 32092 Ω cm2, respectively, after 24 h of immersion compared to the control samples.

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In this research, organic solvent composed of hexane and methanol was used for lipid extraction from dry and wet biomass of Chlorella vulgaris. The results indicated that lipid and fatty acid extraction yield was decreased by increasing the moisture content of biomass. However, the maximum extraction efficiency was attained by applying equivolume mixture of hexane and methanol for both dry and wet biomass. Thermodynamic modeling was employed to estimate the effect of hexane/methanol ratio and moisture content on fatty acid extraction yield. Hansen solubility parameter was used in adjusting the interaction parameters of the model, which led to decrease the number of tuning parameters from 6 to 2. The results indicated that the model can accurately estimate the fatty acid recovery with average absolute deviation percentage (AAD%) of 13.90% and 15.00% for the two cases of using 6 and 2 adjustable parameters, respectively.

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To overcome the drawback of poor solar light utilization brought about by the narrow photoresponse range of TiO2, a silver and sulfur co-doped TiO2was synthesized. Using the prepared catalyst, solar photocatalytic degradation of 2-nitrophenol (2-NP) by a TiO2-based catalyst was studied for the first time. Effects of the co-doping on the structural, optical and morphological properties of the synthesized nanoparticles were investigated by different characterization methods: X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption-desorption measurements, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Solar experiments showed that the co-doping with silver and sulfur significantly increased the photocatalytic activity. In various initial concentrations of 2-NP more than 99% of the contaminant was decomposed by Ag-S/TiO2in less than 150 minutes, while the degradation efficiency was much less in the presence of bare TiO2. Kinetic studies suggested that solar photocatalytic degradation of 2-NP is consistent with the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. The rate constant of the reaction and adsorption constant of the modified photocatalyst were found to be 2.4 and 4.1 times larger than that of bare TiO2, respectively.

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In this work, the individual and interaction effects of three key operating parameters of the photocatalytic disinfection process were evaluated and optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) for the first time. The chosen operating parameters were: reaction temperature, initial pH of the reaction mixture and TiO2 P-25 photocatalyst loading. Escherichia coli concentration, after 90 minutes irradiation of UV-A light, was selected as the response. Twenty sets of photocatalytic disinfection experiments were conducted by adjusting operating parameters at five levels using the central composite design. Based on the experimental data, a semi-empirical expression was established and applied to predict the response. Analysis of variance revealed a strong correlation between predicted and experimental values of the response. The optimum values of the reaction temperature, initial pH of the reaction mixture and photocatalyst loading were found to be 40.3 °C, 5.9 g/L, and 1.0 g/L, respectively. Under the optimized conditions, E. coli concentration was observed to reduce from 10(7) to about 11 CFU/mL during the photocatalytic process. Moreover, all these results showed the great significance of the RSM in developing high performance processes for photocatalytic water disinfection.

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