RESUMEN
In the article there is considered the history of the development ofsanitary and hygienic standards in school institutions of Tobolsk province in the late XIX century. In comparative terms there is characterized the presented in that period the legal framework regulating of abidance by hygienic and sanitary standards in educational institutions. There was executed an careful analysis of hygienic conditions on the example of the Tobolsk male gymnasium with a comparison of similar conditions in another Siberian educational/childcare institution--the Yenisei female progymnasium. The main sources in the study were reports of educators: I. Gursky--about hygienic living conditions of the inmates of the Tobolsk gymnasium and P.M. Golovachev--about sanitary conditions in the Yenisei female gymnasium. Contemporaries paid a great attention to such health and safety standards as heating, ventilation, lighting, capacity of classrooms and boarding facilities, the violation of which led to a deterioration in the health of students and the growth of the epidemics in mention educational institutions.
Asunto(s)
Higiene/historia , Servicios de Salud Escolar , Instituciones Académicas , Adolescente , Niño , Ambiente Controlado , Femenino , Historia del Siglo XIX , Humanos , Masculino , Federación de Rusia , Servicios de Salud Escolar/historia , Servicios de Salud Escolar/organización & administración , Instituciones Académicas/historia , Instituciones Académicas/normasRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To carry out a functional analysis of dopamine transporter (DAT) in autosomal recessive Parkinson's disease caused by mutations in the PARK2 gene. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cultures of dopaminergic neurons were obtained from fibroblasts of a patient with PARK2 form of Parkinson's disease and a healthy donor with the use of the cell reprogramming technology. DAT expression in both cell cultures was assessed at the RNA and protein levels, and DAT activity was tested with the use of the fluorescent dopamine analogue ASP+. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the cells with PARK2 mutations, the level of DAT expression was significantly higher than in normal neurons, but the intensity of ASP+ capture by mutant dopaminergic neurons was 25% down from normal neurons. For the study of competitive inhibition of DAT, dopamine was added to the incubation medium containing ASP+: it was shown that dopamine binding by the normal cells was almost twice as much relative to PARK2 mutant neurons. Therefore, dopaminergic neurons carrying mutations in the PARK2 gene are characterized by functional failure of dopamine transport systems. One of cell mechanisms of compensation of this defect seems to be an early increase of expression of the DAT transporter protein.