RESUMEN

We assessed the impact of a statewide tobacco-free services regulation on facility administrators' attitudes and the integration of tobacco dependence treatment into substance use disorder services. We surveyed substance use disorder treatment facility administrators in New York before (n = 285) and after (n = 205) tobacco-free services regulation implementation about their attitudes, their perceptions of staff and patient attitudes, and the facilities' services. We analyzed data on admissions and tobacco treatment pharmacotherapy administration. We found increased tobacco screening and cessation services offered, increased use of tobacco pharmacotherapy, and increased support for tobacco-free campus policies. Although patient resistance was a challenge, administrators reported a decrease in patient resistance to tobacco-free policies. Patient admissions did not decrease after the regulation went into effect. Tobacco-free services regulations in substance use disorder treatment facilities can be feasibly implemented, which has the potential to decrease the extremely high rates of tobacco use among people with substance use disorders.

Asunto(s)

Cese del Hábito de Fumar/legislación & jurisprudencia , Centros de Tratamiento de Abuso de Sustancias , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/terapia , Humanos , Contaminación por Humo de Tabaco/prevención & control

RESUMEN

In this double-blind, placebo-controlled smoking cessation treatment study, 608 participants were randomly assigned to receive active bupropion and active 4-mg gum (AA, n = 228), active bupropion and placebo gum (AP, n = 224), or placebo bupropion and placebo gum (PP, n = 156). Relative to the PP group, the AA and AP groups were each significantly more likely to be abstinent at 1 week, end of treatment, and 6 months but not at 12 months postquit. After the first week postquit there were no differences in abstinence rates between the AA and AP groups. We found no significant individual difference variables that moderated outcome beyond 1 week postquit.

Asunto(s)

Bupropión/administración & dosificación , Inhibidores de Captación de Dopamina/administración & dosificación , Nicotina/administración & dosificación , Prevención del Hábito de Fumar , Tabaquismo/tratamiento farmacológico , Administración Cutánea , Adulto , Goma de Mascar , Preparaciones de Acción Retardada , Método Doble Ciego , Quimioterapia Combinada , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Cooperación del Paciente , Resultado del Tratamiento

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine differences in heavy alcohol use and alcohol-related negative effects among U.S. military personnel stationed in different world regions and to examine factors that may account for regional differences. METHOD: Data were drawn from the 1998 Department of Defense Survey of Health Related Behaviors among Military Personnel, which had a large representative sample of active-duty U.S. forces. Heavy alcohol use and related negative effects (severe consequences, productivity loss and alcohol overuse) were examined in four regions (Asia, Europe, Hawaii and continental United States; N = 17,154; 86% men) using multivariate logistic regression models that controlled for demographic factors. RESULTS: U.S. military personnel stationed in Asia were significantly more likely to be heavy alcohol users than personnel stationed in the other regions. Productivity loss was also significantly greater in Asia, whereas severe consequences and alcohol overuse were not. Possible explanations for the findings include local regional culture, availability of alcohol, freedom from restraints, response to stress, military culture and selection effects. CONCLUSIONS: Heavy alcohol use of military personnel varies by region of assignment and may be attributable to a variety of factors. Future studies need to examine regional alcohol use in greater detail and to include measures specific to potential explanatory domains to permit a more complete understanding of underlying causal mechanisms of heavy drinking by U.S. forces in Asia. Current findings suggest that alcohol use prevention and early intervention programs should be tailored to take account of regional differences.

Asunto(s)

Alcoholismo/epidemiología , Personal Militar/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Asia/epidemiología , Demografía , Europa (Continente)/epidemiología , Femenino , Hawaii/epidemiología , Estado de Salud , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Estados Unidos/etnología

RESUMEN

The dependence construct fills an important explanatory role in motivational accounts of smoking and relapse. Frequently used measures of dependence are either atheoretical or grounded in a unidimensional model of physical dependence. This research creates a multidimensional measure of dependence that is based on theoretically grounded motives for drug use and is intended to reflect mechanisms underlying dependence. Data collected from a large sample of smokers (N = 775) indicated that all 13 subscales of the Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (WISDM-68) have acceptable internal consistency, are differentially present across levels of smoking heaviness, and have a multidimensional structure. Validity analyses indicated the WISDM-68 subscales are significantly related to dependence criteria such as smoking heaviness and to 4th edition Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders symptoms of dependence and relapse.

Asunto(s)

Motivación , Fumar , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Tabaquismo/psicología , Humanos , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the lifetime use of alcohol, drug, and mental health treatment services by recently incarcerated women prison inmates. METHODS: A total of 805 women entering a North Carolina prison for new felony charges in 1991 and 1992 were interviewed in person shortly after incarceration. The women were assessed for psychiatric disorders and lifetime use of substance abuse and mental health treatment services. Rates of service use were analyzed by inmate characteristics and were compared with rates for a sample of women in the community in North Carolina. RESULTS: The majority of women inmates reported a history of using substance abuse services or mental health services or both. Those with psychiatric disorders and prison recidivists were the most likely to have used such services. Rates of service use were substantially higher for the inmates than for the women in the community, even when the effects of having a psychiatric or substance use disorder were controlled for. CONCLUSIONS: Many of the incarcerated women in the study met lifetime criteria for alcohol, drug, and mental health disorders that were significantly related to their use of substance abuse and mental health treatment services. The majority of the inmates met criteria for a current disorder despite past treatment. Further research is needed to help in developing programs to reduce women inmates' alcohol, drug, and mental health problems.

Asunto(s)

Trastornos Mentales/terapia , Servicios de Salud Mental/estadística & datos numéricos , Prisioneros/psicología , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/terapia , Adulto , Comorbilidad , Diagnóstico Dual (Psiquiatría) , Femenino , Humanos , Trastornos Mentales/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/epidemiología , Estados Unidos/epidemiología

RESUMEN

Problem gambling is a common, highly destructive disorder which is often overlooked by clinicians. Levels of clinical training, clinical experience, and professional competence for providing clinical services for problem gambling were examined in a survey of 181 clinical psychologists working in the Veterans Healthcare Administration (VHA). The results suggest that the majority of clinical psychologists have little or no formal training and little or no past or current clinical experience in the treatment of disordered gambling, nor do they see themselves as competent to evaluate or treat patients with disordered gambling. Most have not referred patients for treatment of problem gambling and do not know of a competent provider to whom they can refer. There is an identifiable subgroup, representing 9% of respondents, who do have more training, provide services, and see themselves as competent to provide care for patients with problem gambling. The amount of formal training is positively correlated with care provided and self-ratings of competence. Despite the lack of training and experience, most respondents expressed interest in receiving additional training. These data suggest that to improve rates of diagnosis and treatment of patients with problem gambling in mental health settings, additional training needs to be made available for mental health providers as a group, with specialized training for clinicians interested in specializing in this area.

Asunto(s)

Juego de Azar/psicología , Competencia Profesional , Psicología Clínica/educación , Psicoterapia/educación , Veteranos/psicología , Adulto , Curriculum , Educación Continua , Educación de Postgrado , Femenino , Hospitales de Veteranos , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estados Unidos

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To describe the implementation of a nationwide program to monitor the quality of treatment for substance use disorders in the Department of Veterans Affairs, and to examine how the provision of outpatient mental health care, and the duration and intensity of care, relate to patients' outcomes. METHOD: Clinicians completed a baseline Addiction Severity Index (ASI) on more than 34,000 patients with substance use disorders; more than 21,000 (63%) were reassessed with the ASI an average of 12 months later. Nationwide health service utilization databases were used to obtain information about patients' diagnoses and their use of services during an index episode of care. RESULTS: On average, patients who received specialty outpatient mental health care experienced better risk-adjusted outcomes than did patients who did not receive such care. Patients who had longer index episodes of mental health care improved more than did those who had shorter episodes. There was some evidence that the duration of care contributed more to better outcomes among patients with only substance use disorders, whereas the intensity of care was more important for patients with both substance use and psychiatric disorders. CONCLUSIONS: The provision of specialty outpatient mental health care, and longer episodes of specialty care, were associated with better risk-adjusted substance use, symptom and social functioning outcomes for patients with substance use disorders. More emphasis should be placed on ensuring that these patients enter specialty care and on keeping them in treatment.

Asunto(s)

Medicina/normas , Servicios de Salud Mental/normas , Calidad de la Atención de Salud , Especialización , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/terapia , Adulto , Atención Ambulatoria/normas , California , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Servicios de Salud Mental/organización & administración , Resultado del Tratamiento

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: The study examined whether climate has an impact on inpatient psychiatric length of stay in Veterans Health Administration hospitals (VHA). METHOD: Data from the National Weather Service for eight climate variables for the locations of 134 VHA hospitals nationwide were factor analyzed, resulting in two climate factors representing temperature and precipitation. Factor scores were correlated with psychiatric mean lengths of stay from 1994 to 1998 for 99 VHA hospitals with inpatient psychiatric services and for the 22 VHA regional divisions (Veterans Integrated Service Networks). RESULTS: Climate factors correlated modestly but significantly with length of stay, with correlations ranging from -0. 25 to -0.37 at the hospital level and from -0.38 to -0.45 at the VHA regional level; hospitals in warmer and drier climates had shorter lengths of stay. Medical centers in colder climates had the longest lengths of stay in winter and fall. The significant correlation between climate and length of stay was not affected by recent reductions in length of stay in VHA hospitals. CONCLUSIONS: Higher clinical costs associated with longer lengths of stay in colder climates have implications for budget planning. Climate factors must also be recognized for their potential effect on performance monitoring systems focused on hospital utilization. Researchers must continue to consider broader contextual variables such as climate if they are to fully understand the determinants of health care utilization and psychiatric hospitalization costs.

Asunto(s)

Clima , Hospitalización/estadística & datos numéricos , Hospitales de Veteranos/estadística & datos numéricos , Tiempo de Internación/estadística & datos numéricos , Trastornos Mentales/epidemiología , Estaciones del Año , Adulto , Análisis Factorial , Humanos , Trastornos Mentales/terapia , Servicio de Psiquiatría en Hospital/estadística & datos numéricos , Temperatura , Estados Unidos/epidemiología

RESUMEN

PURPOSE: To examine characteristics of youth homelessness associated with engaging in risk behaviors for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). METHODS: The sample included 288 currently homeless or runaway Washington, DC youth aged 14-21 years. Measures were self-reported homelessness characteristics, unsafe sexual behavior, injection drug use, and background characteristics. Bivariate and multivariable analyses of the relationships between homelessness characteristics and HIV risk behaviors were conducted. RESULTS: Both male (n = 140) and female (n = 148) participants reported high rates of unsafe sexual behaviors, but low rates of injection drug use. HIV risk was significantly associated in bivariate analyses with severity of homelessness circumstances (i.e., spending the night in public place or with strangers, going hungry, and participating in the street economy), the duration of homelessness (i.e., greater number of episodes of homelessness, longer time length of current episode), and specific reasons for being homeless (i.e., thrown out). In addition, sexual victimization and older age were associated with increased HIV risk. In multivariable models, a smaller set of these homelessness characteristics remained significant independent correlates and explained a substantial amount of the variation in the HIV risk indices for both males and females. CONCLUSIONS: The results contribute to greater theoretical understanding of the characteristics of homelessness associated with increased risk of HIV infection within this vulnerable population of youth. The associations between homelessness characteristics and HIV risk suggest the need for HIV prevention efforts to focus directly on ameliorating the homelessness circumstances of youth.

Asunto(s)

Infecciones por VIH/transmisión , Personas con Mala Vivienda/estadística & datos numéricos , Asunción de Riesgos , Conducta Sexual/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Conducta del Adolescente , Adulto , District of Columbia/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Abuso de Sustancias por Vía Intravenosa/epidemiología

RESUMEN

Examined the impact of childhood psychiatric disorders on the prevalence and timing of substance use and abuse and tested for sex differences. A representative population sample of 1,420 children, ages 9, 11, and 13 at intake, were interviewed annually. American Indians and youth with behavioral problems were oversampled; data were weighted back to population levels for analysis. By age 16, more than half the sample reported substance use, and 6% had abuse or dependence. Alcohol use began by age 9, and smoking in the 13th year. Mean onset of dependence was 14.8 years, and mean onset of abuse was 15.1 years. Substance use began earlier in boys, but not girls, who later developed abuse or dependence. Disruptive behavior disorders and depression were associated with a higher rate and earlier onset of substance use and abuse in both sexes, but anxiety predicted later onset of smoking. Family drug problems were the strongest correlate of early onset. Despite differences in prevalence of psychopathology, boys and girls showed more similarities than differences in the course of early substance use and abuse, and its associations with psychopathology.

Asunto(s)

Trastornos Mentales/complicaciones , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/etiología , Adolescente , Niño , Salud de la Familia , Femenino , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Factores Sexuales , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/psicología

RESUMEN

Runaway and homeless youth are at high risk for substance abuse and unsafe sexual behavior. Our study describes the personal social networks of these youth and examines network characteristics associated with risky behaviors. In 1995 and 1996, we interviewed a purposive sample of youth aged 14 through 21 who were living in Washington, DC and were identified on the streets or through shelters or other service agencies (N = 327). Although we found that most youth reported current social relationships, a significant minority (26%) did not. Youth without a social network were significantly more likely to report current illicit drug use, multiple sex partners, and survival sex than youth with a network. For youth with a network, the networks were small, strong in affective and supportive qualities, comprised primarily of friends, typically included an alcohol or illicit drug user, and usually were not a source of pressure for risky behaviors. Our results indicate that networks had risk-enhancing and risk-decreasing properties in that network characteristics were associated in both positive and negative directions with risky behaviors.

Asunto(s)

Jóvenes sin Hogar/psicología , Asunción de Riesgos , Conducta Fugitiva , Apoyo Social , Adolescente , Adulto , District of Columbia/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Entrevistas como Asunto , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Grupo Paritario , Prevalencia , Conducta Sexual/estadística & datos numéricos , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/epidemiología

RESUMEN

A deficit in the recognition of facial affect has been well documented in people with schizophrenia. Our 1995 research with normal subjects showed that hemispheric bias for processing facial affect is related to accuracy of recognition of facial affect. We tested whether this relationship holds in a sample of 25 people with schizophrenia who completed tasks of identification of facial affect and chimeric facial affect. Subjects with a left visual-field bias were significantly more accurate in identifying one facial emotion (sad) than were other subjects. Individual differences in hemispheric advantage for processing affect appears to be an important variable related to functional brain capacity within different populations.

Asunto(s)

Afecto , Expresión Facial , Esquizofrenia/diagnóstico , Psicología del Esquizofrénico , Percepción Visual , Lateralidad Funcional/fisiología , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Percepción Social , Campos Visuales/fisiología

RESUMEN

This paper uses monthly symptom data on 90 first-onset schizophrenics in Madras, India, to characterize, in a continuous manner, the course of remission and relapse. Remission from the first episode occurs in about 6 months and in about 3 months for later episodes. Syndromes from the Present State Exam, assessed at the first episode, predict differentially to early and later parts of the course. Hypomania and simple depression predict early remission from the first episode; flat affect and grandiose delusions predict longer episodes and shorter remissions later in the course.

Asunto(s)

Países en Desarrollo , Esquizofrenia/diagnóstico , Psicología del Esquizofrénico , Adulto , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Hospitalización , Humanos , India/epidemiología , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Oportunidad Relativa , Pronóstico , Modelos de Riesgos Proporcionales , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica/estadística & datos numéricos , Recurrencia , Análisis de Regresión , Esquizofrenia/epidemiología , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad

RESUMEN

The current study extends previous findings of a left visual-field bias in chimeric face tasks, by using a new procedure which incorporates chimeric stimuli depicting both positive and negative target affects and requires the identification of affect in individually presented faces. This new procedure is more representative of the types of judgements made in daily social interaction. Results with this new procedure are consistent with previous findings, indicating a significant left visual-field bias for both positive and negative affects in the majority of subjects. Handedness was significantly related to lateralization scores, with dextrals showing greater left visual-field biases than sinistrals. Among sinistrals, a left visual-field bias was noted only for happy chimera.

Asunto(s)

Emociones , Expresión Facial , Lateralidad Funcional , Percepción Visual , Adolescente , Adulto , Afecto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Campos Visuales

RESUMEN

The progression of substance use and the patterns of comorbidity of substance use and psychiatric disorders are explored prospectively in young adolescents enrolled in the Great Smoky Mountains Study. This study is an epidemiologic study of white and American Indian youths living in rural Southern Appalachia. Results from this study indicate that alcohol use without permission predicts subsequent use of illicit drugs and regular tobacco use. Use of tobacco was not associated with either later alcohol or drug use. Patterns of comorbidity showed strong cross-sectional relationships between substance use and behavioral disorders, but not emotional disorders. Use of alcohol was also associated with psychiatric diagnosis at a later interview. There were some differences between white and American Indian youths in the pattern of comorbidity of tobacco use and psychiatric disorder and the relationship between prior psychiatric disorder and later alcohol use. These findings suggest that alcohol use without permission may be an important marker for youths who are at risk for illicit drug use and/or psychiatric diagnoses.

Asunto(s)

Alcoholismo/epidemiología , Drogas Ilícitas , Indígenas Norteamericanos/estadística & datos numéricos , Trastornos Mentales/epidemiología , Psicotrópicos , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/epidemiología , Población Blanca/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Alcoholismo/diagnóstico , Alcoholismo/psicología , Niño , Comorbilidad , Estudios Transversales , Humanos , Indígenas Norteamericanos/psicología , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Abuso de Marihuana/diagnóstico , Abuso de Marihuana/epidemiología , Abuso de Marihuana/psicología , Trastornos Mentales/diagnóstico , Trastornos Mentales/psicología , North Carolina/epidemiología , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica , Factores de Riesgo , Muestreo , Fumar/efectos adversos , Fumar/epidemiología , Fumar/psicología , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/diagnóstico , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/psicología , Población Blanca/psicología

RESUMEN

Prior magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies report both medial and lateral cortical temporal changes and disturbed temporal lobe asymmetries in schizophrenic patients compared with healthy controls. The specificity of temporal lobe (TL) changes in schizophrenia is unknown. We determined the occurrence and specificity of these TL changes. Forty-six schizophrenic patients were compared to 60 normal controls and 27 bipolar subjects on MRI measures of bilateral volumes of anterior and posterior superior temporal gyrus (STG), amygdala, entorhinal cortex, and multiple medial temporal structures, as well as global brain measures. Several regional comparisons distinguished schizophrenia from bipolar disorder. Entorhinal cortex, not previously assessed using MRI in schizophrenia, was bilaterally smaller than normal in schizophrenia but not in bipolar disorder. Schizophrenic but not bipolar patients had an alteration of normal posterior STG asymmetry. Additionally, left anterior STG and right amygdala were smaller than predicted in schizophrenia but not bipolar disorder. Left amygdala was smaller and right anterior STG larger in bipolar disorder but not schizophrenia.

Asunto(s)

Trastorno Bipolar/diagnóstico , Dominancia Cerebral/fisiología , Esquizofrenia/diagnóstico , Lóbulo Temporal/patología , Adolescente , Adulto , Amígdala del Cerebelo/patología , Trastorno Bipolar/fisiopatología , Mapeo Encefálico , Corteza Entorrinal/patología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Esquizofrenia/fisiopatología , Sensibilidad y Especificidad

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: The authors' goal was to identify factors that increase the risk of suicide in urban jails. METHOD: They examined and verified all suicides as of 1992 in a representative large jail in Detroit since the beginning of record keeping in 1967 to 1992. RESULTS: There were 37 suicides over this time period. Inmates charged with murder or manslaughter were 19 times more likely to commit suicide than were inmates with other charges. Thirty-nine percent of the suicides were committed by individuals charged with murder. All 37 suicides were by hanging, and most occurred at night within 31 days of admission. Many of the inmates who committed suicide had made previous attempts while incarcerated. Thirty-nine percent of the suicides were committed by individuals charged with murder, constituting 2% of the admissions (two per day). CONCLUSIONS: An important risk factor in jail suicide not previously identified is the charge of murder or manslaughter. Treatment and prevention programs should recognize these inmates as belonging in a very high-risk category.

Asunto(s)

Psiquiatría Comunitaria , Prisioneros/psicología , Prisiones/estadística & datos numéricos , Suicidio/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Femenino , Homicidio/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores de Riesgo , Intento de Suicidio/estadística & datos numéricos , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Población Urbana

Asunto(s)

Complejo SIDA Demencia/epidemiología , Infecciones por VIH/epidemiología , Trastornos Mentales/epidemiología , Complejo SIDA Demencia/psicología , Comorbilidad , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Infecciones por VIH/psicología , Humanos , Incidencia , Masculino , Trastornos Mentales/psicología , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica , Factores de Riesgo , Rol del Enfermo , Estados Unidos/epidemiología

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: The authors hypothesized that cortical gray matter volume reduction in schizophrenia is greatest in the heteromodal association cortex. This area comprises a highly integrated, reciprocally interconnected system that coordinates higher order cortical functions. METHOD: Total brain and regional gray matter volumes were calculated in 46 schizophrenic patients and 60 age and sex-matched comparison subjects by using magnetic resonance images. Disease specificity was examined by assessing 27 patients with bipolar disorder. Approximations to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, inferior parietal lobule, and superior temporal gyrus were selected as regions of interest for the heteromodal association cortex. Occipital and sensorimotor areas were used as comparison regions to test the hypothesis for regional specificity. RESULTS: Gray matter volume was reduced in schizophrenic patients in index regions even after covariance for overall brain volume, sex, and age. Bipolar disorder patients did not exhibit heteromodal gray matter reduction. Comparison regions did not differ among the three groups. Global gray matter volume was not different among groups after covariance for global brain volume. Comprehensive individual region post hoc analysis found no additional gray matter differences. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support the theory of disproportionate reduction of gray matter volume in the heteromodal association cortex specific to schizophrenia.

Asunto(s)

Corteza Cerebral/anatomía & histología , Esquizofrenia/diagnóstico , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Trastorno Bipolar/diagnóstico , Encéfalo/anatomía & histología , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Escolaridad , Femenino , Lóbulo Frontal/anatomía & histología , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Análisis Multivariante , Lóbulo Parietal/anatomía & histología , Grupos Raciales , Factores Sexuales , Clase Social , Lóbulo Temporal/anatomía & histología

RESUMEN

A previous neuropathological report noted a non-linear pattern of change in cerebral grey-white matter ratio during ageing. In that report, grey-white ratio decreased from age 20 to age 50, then increased in elderly subjects. The objective of the current study was to attempt to replicate this pattern of age-related change in the grey-white ratio in living human subjects using quantitative magnetic resonance imaging segmentation analysis. We measured the grey-white ratio in 78 subjects between the ages of 19 and 77 years, using a computer segmentation algorithm with magnetic resonance images. In agreement with the previous neuropathological report, the current in vivo magnetic resonance study found that the grey-white ratio declined from age 20 to age 50, then increased in elderly subjects.

Asunto(s)

Envejecimiento/patología , Encéfalo/patología , Adulto , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad