RESUMEN
In the present study we performed a transcriptional analysis in order to evaluate changes in gene expression induced by exploration in prolonged times. The analysis was carried out 3, 10 and 20 days after exploration. We analyzed the modulation of the expression levels of Pfn2, Casp3, Pdrg1, Pea15, Ywhaz genes which previously were found not modulated 2 days after exploration. Our data show that the expression of Pfn2, Casp3, Pdrg1, Pea15, Ywhaz genes was modulated at 10 or 20 days. The transcript, whose expression had been evaluated with the qRT-PCR, code for proteins which belong to the following functional categories: synaptic modulation, apoptosis, signal transduction. It is interesting to note that the modulation of the expression of these genes was evident some days after environmental exploration, and not previously at 2 days after conditioning as occurred after contextual fear conditioning (CFC). Hence it is possible to hypothesize that the spatial memory processes require a longer period of elaboration than the emotional ones, fundamental for the survival of the species.
Asunto(s)
Miedo , Expresión Génica , Memoria Espacial , Animales , Condicionamiento Clásico , Hipocampo , Profilinas , RatasRESUMEN
Contextual fear conditioning (CFC) is a quick cognitive test based on the association context-aversive stimulus in which a single training leads to a long-term memory. Previously, we showed that 2 days after conditioning the expression of the genes Napa, Pnf2, Casp3, Pdrg1, Ywhaz, Stmn1, Bpgm, were positively modulated in CFC rats respect to naïve rats, explor rats which had freely explored the experimental apparatus and SO rats to which the same number of aversive shocks used in CFC paradigm had been administered in the same CFC apparatus in less time to prevent the association between painful stimuli and apparatus, whereas the genes Actr3, Pea15 and Tiprl were more expressed in SO rats and Cplx1, Trim32 and Ran genes were more expressed in explor rats. At 2 days, Tomm20 gene expression resulted positively modulated in both CFC and explor rats. Herein, we have tested the expression of these genes for a period longer than 2 days, by monitoring the modulation of transcripts within 20 days after conditioning. The expression of the transcripts was assessed by qRT-PCR.We found that three days after CFC only the genes Tiprl and Trim32 were positively modulated in CFC rats whereas the gene Tomm20 was negatively modulated in CFC rats as well as in SO and explor rats. Ten days after CFC, the expression of Trim32 was still positively modulated whereas the genes Tiprl and Tomm20 returned to the constitutive level, and the gene Ran was significantly more expressed in CFC rats than in naïve, SO and explor rats. Interestingly, 20 days after CFC, the genes Stmn1 and Tiprl again became significantly more expressed in CFC rats compared with naïve, SO and explor rats.
Asunto(s)
Condicionamiento Psicológico/fisiología , Miedo/fisiología , Expresión Génica/fisiología , Animales , Electrochoque , Masculino , Memoria a Largo Plazo , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/biosíntesis , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/genética , Neuronas/fisiología , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la PolimerasaRESUMEN
Exercise may exert beneficial effects on cognitive functions and play an important role in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases. Such effects seem to be mediated by changes in anti-oxidative status, but limited information is available on the nature of molecular pathways supporting the antioxidant effects of exercise in the brain. In this study 3-5-month-old male Wistar albino rats were subjected to three times/week moderate intensity exercise on a rodent treadmill for a period of 6 weeks. The tissue antioxidant activity towards various reactive oxygen species (ROS) was determined in the hippocampus. In addition, to identify the molecular pathways that may be involved in ROS metabolism, the expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) and sirtuins (SIRT1 and SIRT3) were measured. Our results showed a higher antioxidant activity in the hippocampus of physically trained rats compared to sedentary controls. Furthermore, exercise induced an up-regulation of NGF, possibly related to an improved redox balance in the hippocampus. These results suggest that physical exercise might prevent age-induced oxidative damage in the hippocampus.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Factor de Crecimiento Nervioso/genética , Condicionamiento Físico Animal , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Sirtuina 1/genética , Sirtuinas/genética , Animales , Expresión Génica , Masculino , Distribución Aleatoria , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , Regulación hacia ArribaRESUMEN
Anticardiolipin antibodies are circulating autoantibodies directed against phospholipids. They have been previously associated with systemic venous and arterial but not with cerebral venous thrombosis. We describe the case of a middle aged woman with circulating anticardiolipin antibodies who suffered from dural sinus transversus and jugular venous thrombosis documented by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR).
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Anticardiolipina/aislamiento & purificación , Trombosis de los Senos Intracraneales/inmunología , Infarto Cerebral/etiología , Femenino , Humanos , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Persona de Mediana Edad , Trombosis de los Senos Intracraneales/complicaciones , Trombosis de los Senos Intracraneales/diagnóstico , Lóbulo Temporal/irrigación sanguíneaRESUMEN
A woman with "mild arterial hypertension" had a cardiogenic shock a few minutes after taking the first tablet of penbutolol. Subsequently, a suprarenal pheochromocytoma was discovered (and surgically excised, with stable recovery).
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias de las Glándulas Suprarrenales/complicaciones , Penbutolol/efectos adversos , Feocromocitoma/complicaciones , Edema Pulmonar/inducido químicamente , Choque Cardiogénico/inducido químicamente , Enfermedad Aguda , Neoplasias de las Glándulas Suprarrenales/diagnóstico , Adulto , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Femenino , Humanos , Hipertensión/complicaciones , Hipertensión/tratamiento farmacológico , Penbutolol/administración & dosificación , Feocromocitoma/diagnóstico , Edema Pulmonar/diagnóstico , Choque Cardiogénico/diagnóstico , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
The Authors describe a clinical case of a patient affected by arterial hypertension of severe degree (IV grade OMS) that during therapy with ACE inhibitors and diuretics developed acute renal failure that reversed after stopping treatment. The clinical course was quite similar to acute renal failure induced by ACE inhibitors and diuretics in patient with bilateral renal artery stenosis. In interpreting the pathogenesis, the Authors suppose, beside a reductions of effective plasma flow, the coexistence of hyalinosis of renal arterioles. They underline the necessity of monitoring renal function at least in the first weeks of therapy when a treatment with ACE inhibitors and diuretics is started especially in patients with hypertension of high degree and/or reduced renal function.
Asunto(s)
Lesión Renal Aguda/inducido químicamente , Inhibidores de la Enzima Convertidora de Angiotensina/efectos adversos , Diuréticos/efectos adversos , Hipertensión/tratamiento farmacológico , Lesión Renal Aguda/diagnóstico , Adulto , Clortalidona/efectos adversos , Enalapril/efectos adversos , Humanos , Pruebas de Función Renal , Masculino , Obstrucción de la Arteria Renal/complicacionesRESUMEN
To extend our previous findings that a low-Na/high-K salt (S) reduces BP in hospitalized patients, a multicenter study was performed. After a placebo period during which patients were informed by written instruction how to avoid only foods with a high Na content, 143 out-patients (84 males and 59 females, mean age 50.7 years, range 28-69) with DBP greater than or equal to 95 mm Hg randomly received for 4 weeks either metoprolol (M) 200 mg SR qd (67 patients), or S, 2 g bid to add to foods (76 patients). At the end of this period patients with DBP still greater than 90 mm Hg combined the two treatments for a further 4 weeks. Mean blood pressure (mm Hg), HR (bpm), 24-hrs urinary Na and K excretion were measured fortnightly. In comparison to pretreatment values MBP was significantly (P less than 0.01) reduced by both treatments, although to a greater extent in the M group already at the second week, without any further decrement thereafter. In the S group MBP decreased by 4.4 mm Hg and 27/76 patients were responders (DBP less than or equal to 90 mm Hg), while in the M group it was reduced by 9.0 mm Hg and 28/67 patients were responders. In the S group urinary Na excretion was significantly (P less than 0.01) lower than in the M group, and this difference was present until the end of period 1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)