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Solid pseudopapillary neoplasms (SPNs) of the pancreas are rare tumors that predominantly affect young females and are typically located in the body and tail of the pancreas. Here, we present the case of a 59-year-old male with a large, heavily calcified SPN in the pancreatic head. His surgical history includes an aborted pancreaticoduodenectomy due to vascular involvement, followed by a gastrojejunostomy. Twenty years after the initial discovery, a pancreaticoduodenectomy was performed - the first of its kind - where the pancreas was completely atrophied, and no pancreaticojejunostomy was performed. Histological examination revealed typical features of SPN. This case demonstrates that even with relatively large lesions in a male patient over an extended duration, SPNs can still exhibit favorable features, highlighting the absence of specific preoperative markers for aggressive tumors. Therefore, unless there is an absolute contraindication, complete resection of all SPNs remains advisable.

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Gastric schwannomas are an exceedingly rare tumor arising from the myenteric plexus of the gastrointestinal enteric nervous system. These schwannomas are most commonly benign and reported to occur in female patients with a mean age of 58 at presentation. They are most often discovered incidentally, but can occasionally present with abdominal discomfort, obstructive symptoms, or GI bleeding. Frequently, the initial clinical consideration is for a gastrointestinal stromal tumor, which is much more common. A definitive diagnosis is made with microscopic imaging and immunohistochemical staining. Complete surgical resection, typically performed laparoscopically, is the most definitive and usually curative treatment, requiring no further follow-up. Herein, we present the first and only case of gastric schwannoma in an octogenarian and discuss an update on current diagnostic and therapeutic options.

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Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) after kidney transplantation is rare and carries a grave outcome. We present a single-center experience of all aHUS cases since the program's inception. Six patients were diagnosed with aHUS, all after kidney transplants, except for 1 patient. All had nonreactive crossmatches. Delayed graft function (DGF) occurred in 2 patients. Five patients developed aHUS after transplant; 4 (80%) of these patients manifested aHUS ≤ 14 days. All were confirmed by allograft biopsy. Genetic testing was abnormal in all patients except for 1 patient. Actual patient and graft survival during the first year was 100% and 83.3%, respectively. A single graft was lost early in the study secondary to aHUS (eculizumab was not used in the treatment process). Prophylactic and therapeutic use of eculizumab salvaged all other cases. At 1 year, mean creatinine level was 1.9 mg/dL (range, 1.3-2.5). After 6 months of eculizumab treatment (halted in 2 cases) 1 patient had recurrence 2 months later and eculizumab was restarted. However, graft function continued to worsen, and the graft was ultimately lost at 20 months after kidney transplantation. High index of suspicion, prompt diagnosis, and utilization of eculizumab are key to successful salvage of allografts in cases of aHUS after kidney transplantation. aHUS can be prevented by prophylactic use of eculizumab. It still needs to be determined when and if eculizumab therapy can be safely discontinued.

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The gap between the kidney transplant recipient list and the number of organs available for transplantation continues to grow. Pediatric donors help fill a small and valuable portion of that gap. Normally these organs are transplanted en-bloc by closing the proximal vascular caps and using the distal aorta and distal inferior vena cava (IVC) for inflow. They are however commonly injured during the donor operation making the standard operation for pediatric en-bloc transplantation not possible. This case report presents two cases in which injured small pediatric kidneys were transplanted successfully in adult patients. We are presenting two examples of common vascular injuries to small pediatric kidneys, one venous and one arterial. In both scenarios, the kidneys were transplanted using a modification to the standard technique. The two kidneys were separated and the technique of implantation was modified to allow safe transplantation. This way we were able to transplant both kidneys successfully and using a reproducible methodology. Both recipients were young adults. There were no surgical complications.

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Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is known for having unpredictable clinical behavior. Metastases can occur in unusual locations with a long-time lag after the treatment of the primary cancer. Despite being a sign of poor prognosis, aggressive metastasectomy may prolong survival. Presented is a case of delayed sequential metastases of RCC to the pancreas and the thyroid gland that occurred eight years after the radical nephrectomy. Both were resected. A history of remote nephrectomy for RCC is important and may be suggestive of metastatic disease. Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration can be diagnostic and helps in decision-making. Aggressive surgical intervention when possible is recommended.

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Inferior outcomes are consistently observed for recipients of liver retransplantation (re-LT) versus recipients of primary transplants. Few studies have examined the incidence and impact of biliary complications (BCs) on outcomes after re-LT. The aim of this study was to compare patient and graft survival for re-LT recipients with BCs (BC(+) ) and re-LT recipients without BCs (BC(-) ). Additional aims were to determine the impact of biliary reconstruction on the incidence of BCs and to identify risk factors for BCs after re-LT. A single-center, retrospective analysis of all re-LT recipients over a decade was performed. Univariate analyses were performed, and survival was compared with the log-rank method. A multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed to determine independent predictors of death and graft failure. The BC rate was 20.9% (n = 23) for 110 re-LT cases. The average follow-up was 55 months. The survival rates for BC(-) recipients at 3 months and 1, 3, and 5 years were 95.3%, 91.7%, 85.4%, and 80.9%, respectively, whereas BC(+) patients had survival rates of 64.3%, 49.7%, 34.8%, and 29.8%, respectively (P < 0.001, log-rank). The graft survival rates at 3 months and 1, 3, and 5 years were 92.0%, 88.5%, 82.4%, and 78.0%, respectively, for the BC(-) group and 60.9%, 43.5%, 30.4%, and 26.1%, respectively, for the BC(+) group (P < 0.001, log-rank). BCs, a length of stay ≥ 12 days, and donor age were strongly associated with death and graft failure in a regression analysis, whereas retransplant indications other than chronic rejection and recurrent disease also affected graft failure. In conclusion, BCs significantly affected both patient and graft survival, with an increased risk of death and graft loss among BC(+) recipients. Early recognition, appropriate interventions, and preventative measures for BCs are critical in the clinical management of re-LT recipients.

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BACKGROUND: Presence of C4d in renal and cardiac allografts is a sign of antibody-mediated rejection and is associated with worse outcomes. The value of C4d in liver specimens is controversial. We aimed to determine the association of C4d deposition with acute cellular rejection (ACR), hepatitis C (HCV) recurrence, and clinical outcome after ABO compatible liver transplants (OLT). METHODS: Using immunohistochemical stain, 70 liver biopsies (44 study and 26 control groups) were evaluated for C4d deposition. Study group included for-cause post OLT biopsies. Staining of endothelial cells was considered positive. RESULTS: In the study group C4d was positive in 22.7% versus 3.8% in controls (P=0.03), all had portal vein deposits. In 17 biopsies with ACR, 3 had positive C4d (17.6%) versus 7/27 with HCV recurrence (25.9%) (P=0.4). In HCV recurrence, 3/7 biopsies with fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis had positive C4d (42.9%) versus 4/20 without these features (20%) (P=0.24). Out of 10 recipients with positive C4d 4 had poor outcomes versus 3/22 with negative C4d (P=0.12). CONCLUSIONS: C4d staining was significantly more frequent in post OLT biopsies compared with controls. C4d is not specifically associated with ACR and does not differentiate it from HCV recurrence but is associated with a trend toward poorer outcome.

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BACKGROUND: Controversy exists regarding the benefit of ureteral stents in kidney transplantation. We aimed to examine the association of stents with risk of ureteral complications, particularly in relationship with donor type. METHODS: Kidney transplants from 2005 to 2009 were evaluated (n=1224). Patients with previous or simultaneous nonkidney transplants, death, or lost to follow-up within 90 days were excluded, unless already developed a ureteral complication. Only cases with a single extravesical ureteroneocystostomy were included. The cohort (n=961) was divided into stent (32.2%) and no-stent (67.7%) groups. Poisson regression was used to examine the association of stent with ureteral complications (leak or stricture) and urinary tract infections (UTI). RESULTS: Ureteral complication rate was 1.9% in stent versus 5.8% in no-stent group (P=0.007). UTI rate was 14.2% with stent versus 7.9% without stent (P=0.003). Stent use was independently associated with reduction in ureteral complications (incidence rate ratios [IRR], 0.40; P=0.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.17-0.96) and an increase in UTI risk (IRR, 1.79; P=0.006; 95% CI, 1.18-2.74). Stent protective effect was primarily related to reduction in stricture risk (IRR, 0.23; P<0.05; 95% CI, 0.05-0.99). Stents were associated with a decrease in ureteral complications in deceased donor recipients (IRR, 0.34; P=0.03; 95% CI, 0.13-0.88), but not living donors (IRR, 1.24; P=0.84; 95% CI, 0.15-10.2). CONCLUSIONS: Ureteral stents are associated with a significant reduction in ureteral complications but increases UTI risk. Routine stenting in deceased donor transplants is recommended as its protective effect was observed in this group. The value of stents in living donor transplants warrants further investigation.

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