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There are few published studies on the effect of stocking density (SD) of pullets, particularly between different genetic lines. The objectives of this study were to determine if strain or SD affects musculoskeletal development of pullets and determine any impact on the productivity and keel bone health of adult hens. Lohmann Selected Leghorn Lite (LSL), Dekalb White (DW), and Lohmann Brown (LB) pullets were reared at 4 different SD (247 cm2/bird, 270 cm2/bird, 299 cm2/bird, and 335 cm2/bird) in large cages furnished with elevated perches and a platform. At 16 wk of age, the keel bone, the muscles of the breast, wings, and legs, and the long bones of the wings and legs were collected to compare keel bone development, muscle growth, and bone breaking strength (BBS) between strain (adjusted for bodyweight) and SD treatments. Stocking density did not have an effect on the metasternum length, height, or area of the keel bone, the weights of the bicep brachii, pectoralis major or pectoralis minor, or the BBS of any of the selected bones. However, strain differences were found for all keel bone characteristics, all muscle weights, and the majority of BBS measures. The keel metasternum, height, and overall area of the keel bone were found to be smaller in LB pullets compared with LSL and DW pullets (P < 0.0001); however, cartilage length and overall percentage of the cartilage present on the keel bone was greatest in LB pullets (P < 0.0001). Leg muscles were heaviest in LB pullets (P < 0.05); however, breast muscles were heavier in LSL and DW pullets (P < 0.0001). Lohmann Brown pullets had lower BBS of the tibia (P < 0.0001) and femur (P < 0.0001) compared with LSL and DW pullets, whereas DW pullets had greater BBS of the humerus (P = 0.033). Additionally, there was a higher prevalence of keel bone fractures at 50 wk of age in LB hens compared with DW (P = 0.0144). Overall, SD during rearing used in this study had little impact on the musculoskeletal growth of pullets; however, significant differences were found between strains which may reflect strain-specific behavior. Additionally, differences in keel bone development between strains may lead to differences in keel bone damage in adult hens.

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Facilitating functional recovery following brain injury is a key goal of neurorehabilitation. Direct, objective measures of changes in the brain are critical to understanding how and when meaningful changes occur, however, assessing neuroplasticity using brain based results remains a significant challenge. Little is known about the underlying changes in functional brain networks that correlate with cognitive outcomes in traumatic brain injury (TBI). The purpose of this pilot study was to assess the feasibility of an intensive three month cognitive intervention program in individuals with chronic TBI and to evaluate the effects of this intervention on brain-behavioral relationships. We used tools from graph theory to evaluate changes in global and local brain network features prior to and following cognitive intervention. Network metrics were calculated from resting state electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings from 10 adult participants with mild to severe brain injury and 11 age and gender matched healthy controls. Local graph metrics showed hyper-connectivity in the right inferior frontal gyrus and hypo-connectivity in the left inferior frontal gyrus in the TBI group at baseline in comparison with the control group. Following the intervention, there was a statistically significant increase in the composite cognitive score in the TBI participants and a statistically significant decrease in functional connectivity in the right inferior frontal gyrus. In addition, there was evidence of changes in the brain-behavior relationships following intervention. The results from this pilot study provide preliminary evidence for functional network reorganization that parallels cognitive improvements after cognitive rehabilitation in individuals with chronic TBI.

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Hydroxyapatite (HAP) is a widely used biocompatible ceramic in many biomedical applications and devices. Currently nanometer-scale forms of HAP are being intensely investigated due to their close similarity to the inorganic mineral component of the natural bone matrix. In this study nano-HAP was prepared via a wet precipitation method using Ca(NO(3))(2) and KH(2)PO(4) as the main reactants and NH(4)OH as the precipitator under ultrasonic irradiation. The Ca/P ratio was set at 1.67 and the pH was maintained at 9 during the synthesis process. The influence of the thermal treatment was investigated by using two thermal treatment processes to produce ultrafine nano-HAP powders. In the first heat treatment, a conventional radiant tube furnace was used to produce nano-particles with an average size of approximately 30 nm in diameter, while the second thermal treatment used a microwave-based technique to produce particles with an average diameter of 36 nm. The crystalline structure and morphology of all nanoparticle powders produced were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Both thermal techniques effectively produced ultrafine powders with similar crystalline structure, morphology and particle sizes.

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Tissue engineering is a multidisciplinary field that can directly benefit from advancements in nanotechnology and nanoscience. This article reviews a representative selection of commercially available procedures and techniques used to treat different degrees of skin burns. It also explores the emerging novel biocompatible inorganic nano-engineered alumina membrane in terms of skin wound healing.

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The electric form factor of the neutron was determined from measurements of the d-->(e-->,e'n)p reaction for quasielastic kinematics. Polarized electrons were scattered off a polarized deuterated ammonia (15ND3) target in which the deuteron polarization was perpendicular to the momentum transfer. The scattered electrons were detected in a magnetic spectrometer in coincidence with neutrons in a large solid angle detector. We find G(n)(E)=0.0526+/-0.0033(stat)+/-0.0026(sys) and 0.0454+/-0.0054+/-0.0037 at Q(2)=0.5 and 1.0 (GeV/c)(2), respectively.

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Today's graduate nurses are expected to enter the work environment at increased levels of competence. Skills are expected to be ingrained, and health care administrators expect new graduates to be able to think critically. Nurse educators often are looking for new and creative ways to educate students. The ambulatory surgery setting can provide a plethora of clinical tasks and situations that teach students how to gather information, make judgments, prioritize, handle multiple demands and patients, and perform clinical skills quickly and efficiently. This article describes a pilot project in which eight nursing students learned valuable clinical and critical thinking skills in the fast-paced world of ambulatory care.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of urine cytology in the investigation of men with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in the absence of haematuria. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study comprised 336 men attending a LUTS assessment clinic, who had neither macroscopic nor microscopic haematuria. One sample of urine was collected for cytology. Those with suspicious urine cytology were investigated with intravenous urography and cystoscopy. RESULTS: Five men had abnormal urine cytology results; on further investigation one of them was found to have carcinoma in situ (CIS) and one to have a transitional cell carcinoma. Three had false-positive urine cytology results. CONCLUSION: A bladder tumour or CIS was detected in 0.6% of the population tested. The cost per cancer diagnosed was GB pound 2020. Urine cytology is a simple noninvasive way of assisting accurate diagnosis of men who have LUTS in the absence of haematuria.

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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine in young children with recurrent wheezing poorly responsive to bronchodilator therapy whether flexible bronchoscopy (FB) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) provide clinically useful information, whether age-specific differences are present in bronchoscopic and BAL fluid (BALF) findings, and whether differential cellular analysis of BALF is useful in suggesting an infectious or inflammatory process. DESIGN: This was a retrospective case series with descriptive and analytical components. The study population included children referred to a large tertiary care children's hospital subspecialty service for further evaluation of recurrent wheezing. Clinical and demographic data and findings of FB and BALF studies were collected from chart review. For purposes of data analysis patients were divided into 0- to 6-, 7- to 12-, and 13- to 18-month age groups. RESULTS: Thirty otherwise healthy children, 0 to 18 months of age with recurrent wheezing, who had undergone FB were identified; and 28 were found to have positive diagnostic findings. Airway abnormalities were found in 17 (57%) and tended to be more common in the 0- to 6-month age group. In the 27 who also had BAL performed, 3 (11%) had a positive bacterial culture, 9 (33%) a positive viral culture, and 5 (19%) an elevated lipid-laden macrophage index suggesting aspiration. Differential cellular analysis was abnormal in 11 (41%), a finding that was significantly associated with a positive bacterial culture, a positive viral culture, or an elevated lipid-laden macrophage index. CONCLUSIONS: In this population of young children with recurrent wheezing poorly responsive to bronchodilator therapy, FB and BAL yielded useful diagnostic findings in most children studied. In addition, in the presence of an infectious or inflammatory process, differential cellular analysis of BALF revealed an increased percentage of neutrophils.

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It has recently been shown that the neurological mutant mouse staggerer (sg) harbors a deletion within the Rora gene that encodes the orphan nuclear receptor ROR alpha. This deletion removes an exon encoding part of the ligand binding domain of the putative receptor, generating an ROR alpha truncated protein (ROR alpha(sg)). It is unknown whether sg acts as a null or highly hypomorphic allele. To address this question, we have generated a null mutation of Rora by targeted disruption of its DNA binding domain in ES cells. The Rora-/- mice are viable but display tremor, body imbalance, small size and die between 3-4 weeks, similar to the sg mouse. Histological examination of the cerebellum of Rora-/- and sg mice showed similar defects, including small size and fewer ectopically localized Purkinje cells. Northern blot analysis of cerebellar RNA showed that ROR alpha transcripts are still expressed in the Rora-/- and sg mutants, although with altered mobilities. However, the cerebellum of the Rora-/- mutant does not express the ROR alpha protein. Attempts to complement the defect of the Rora-/- with sg failed, demonstrating conclusively that the sg defects are caused by the absence of functional ROR alpha.

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A total of 656 patients with asthma have been referred to a multispecialty pediatric asthma clinic for evaluation; 52 (7.9%): mild; 406 (61.9%): moderate; 177 (27%): severe; and 21 (3.2%): incomplete data. No significant differences in demographics or payer source were observed across disease severity levels. Only 25% of the patients with primary care providers were referred by these practitioners. Over 20% of the mild asthmatics were using inhaled bronchodilators regularly. Only 40% and 50% of the moderate and severe asthmatics, respectively, were using inhaled bronchodilators regularly, and only 19% and 36%, respectively, were on maintenance inhaled corticosteroids. Pressures to reduce subspecialty services may place some of these asthma patients at increased risk for complications from this chronic lung disease.

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Fifty-four perioperative nurses from five Midwestern hospitals completed a questionnaire about areas of interest, perceived barriers, and experience with clinical nursing research. The 22-item questionnaire explored their attitudes, education levels, perceptions of barriers, interest, experience related to nursing research, and demographic information. Fifty-eight percent of the perioperative nurse respondents reported a definite interest in clinical nursing research, 55% had not attended a nursing research class, and only 40% had ever read nursing research. The perceived barriers included lack of on-duty time to do research, lack of administrative support, and lack of recognition.

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The cytoplasmic retinoic acid (RA)-binding protein CRABP-II is expressed widely throughout early morphogenesis in mouse embryo, but its expression becomes more restricted as organogenesis progresses. CRABP-II expression remains strong in the developing limb bud suggesting a role for this protein in limb patterning. Here, we show that the CRABP-II promoter can direct expression of a lacZ transgene in a specific posterior domain during limb bud development. In order to investigate in more detail the role played by CRABP-II in RA signal transduction, we have also generated mice homozygous for a null mutation of this gene. CRABPII-/- mice are viable and fertile but show a developmental defect of the forelimb, specifically an additional, postaxial digit. This digit is generally, but not exclusively, limited to a single forepaw of an individual animal. The penetrance of the phenotype varies according to the genetic background, occurring most frequently on the inbred 129Sv background (50%), less frequently on the C57Bl/6 background (30%) and rarely on the outbred CD1 background (10%). This developmental abnormality implies a role for CRABP-II in normal patterning of the limb.

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The mobile lithotriptor is a new method of providing extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) directly to the smaller urological centres. The unit, containing a Dornier HM4 lithotriptor, has treated 135 patients with a total of 168 treatments in 2 centres in the Oxford region. The overall success rate was 87% with no serious morbidity or mortality. The results compare well with the results from larger centres and the system is cost-effective. We suggest that it is one of the best methods of providing ESWL to the smaller urological centres.

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A cDNA library was constructed from mRNA isolated from the liver of a 5-week-old female broiler chicken; at this age the level of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) mRNA was expected to be high. Three clones, of sizes 2.3, 0.86 and 0.2 kb, were isolated by using a homologous human (IGF-I) probe. The DNA sequence of these clones has been determined and the potential amino acid sequence deduced. The sequence of the mature chicken IGF-I peptide shows a high degree of homology with IGF-I from other species, providing evidence for the identity of these clones. Alternative splicing of the chicken IGF-I mRNA has been found in the region potentially encoding the leader peptide. This may give rise to two forms of prepeptide, differing in the length and nature of their leader peptide. The 0.86 kb cDNA has been used as a probe to Northern blots of chicken mRNA. A major band of approximately 0.65-0.85 kb was seen, plus several minor bands of larger molecular weights. Analysis of genomic Southern blots shows that there is one copy of the chicken IGF-I gene.

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